Index

Due to the unique organization of this encyclopedia the where readers can find a comprehensive list of items that index begins with a list of all the “practitioner” and relate to a specific area of the world. Some items in the “scholarly perspectives” articles, as described in the regional groupings are not indexed elsewhere. Countries “Reader’s Guide” (pp. xix), which is a good place for and topics related to individual nations have been organ- readers to learn effective ways to use this reference work. ized according to the United Nations’ system of categor- The alphabetized index follows these two lists. ization used when reporting global statistics. The regional In the index entry titles are in bold font wherever they categories illustrate the interrelationships found among appear. The entry titles appear both alphabetically and many of the people and topics discussed in the encyclo- where they provide information pertinent to other indexed pedia. These relationships demonstrate both the encyclo- subjects. The words “see also” refer to other items in the pedia’s interdisciplinary scholarship and reflect the index itself, unless they are in bold font and thus refer to exchange of ideas occurring through processes currently an entry. When “see also” refers to an entry, readers should labeled “globalization.” The regions organized and also consult the cross-references under the alphabetized alphabetized are: Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, encyclopedia entry. The word “see” directs readers to Meso-America, North America, Oceania, South America. another term under which the indicated subject matter will This encyclopedia has 520 contributors from around the be found. world. The name of each contributor is indexed alphabetic- A special feature of this index is its regional categories, ally, and their contributions are listed below their names.

Practitioner Entries Pantheist Association for Nature – PAN Christianity and Nature Symbolism 1261 377–379 Animism: Humanity’s Original Religious Planetary Dance 1281–1283 Cognitive Ethology, Social Morality, and Worldview 83–91 Qur’an, The 1321–1324 Ethics 397–399 Biocentric Religion – A Call for 176–179 Re-Earthing 1354–1358 Critical Perspectives on “Religions of the Bioregionalism 188–189 Redwood Rabbis 1352–1354 World and Ecology” 1375–1376 Black Mesa 199–202 Rewilding 1383–1384 Dharma – Hindu 479–481 214–217 Rotting Tree Fairie 634 Dirt 486–487 Cetacean 285–286 Rustlers Valley (South Africa) 1439 Dualism – A Perspective 511 Christianity (7i) – An Evangelical 1483–1484 Earth Bible 515–516 Perspective on Faith and 369–371 Sexuality and Eco-spirituality Eco-justice in Theology and Ethics Circle Sanctuary 392 1518–1519 539–542 Council of All Beings 425–429 Spirit of the Sage Council 1592 Ecojustice Hermeneutics 515 Depth Ecology 469–471 What would Jesus Drive? 318 Fascism 531 Dragon Environmental Network (United Wilderness Rites of Passage 1748–1750 Fauna Cabala 644–647 Kingdom) 506–507 World Pantheist Movement 1769–1770 Gaian Pilgrimage 683–685 Ecotopian Reflections 566–568 Geophilia 693–694 Epic 612–613 Globalization 698–700 Gardening and Nature Spirituality 687 Scholarly Perspective Entries Harmony in Native North American Harmonic Convergence and the Spiritual Traditions 741–742 Spiritualization of the Biosphere Abortion 13–14 Heavenism 516 738–741 Aesthetics of Nature and the Sacred Holocaust and the Environmental Crisis, Holy Land in Native North America 18–21 The 783–785 785–788 Animism – A Contemporary Perspective and Science 789–790 Hunting Spirituality and Animism 81–82 ’s Sacred Groves 831–833 811–812 Anthropologists 94–96 Islam and Eco-Justice 862–866 Mongolian Buddhism and Taimen Ayahuasca 141–142 Islamic Basis for Environmental Conservation 1099–1100 Bahá’í Faith 151–152 Protection 879–883 Music of Resistance 1135–1137 Biblical Foundations for Christian Jung, Carl – A Perspective 941–943 Orixa Iroko 261–262 Stewardship 173–174 Kabbalah and Ecotheology 945–950 Pagan Music 1238 Biophilia 183–188 Ladakh Buddhism 976–977 1828 Index

Lakota Sun Dance 985–987 Aboriginal Spirituality and the (Mbuti Foragers) and Bila Farmers Magic, Animism, and the Shaman’s Craft in Australia 10–12 of the Ituri Forest) 1023–1026 Abortion 13–14, 689, 865, 1286, 1295, Christianity in Africa Making of an Earthist Christian 394–396 1346, 1549, 1757 (see also Breeding Afrikaner Theology see Afrikaner Native American Languages 1160–1162 and Contraception; Fertility and Theology Natural History as Natural Religion Abortion) animals see Animals in African Legend 1164–1169 Abou El Fadl, Khaled and Ethiopian Scriptures Natural Law and Natural Rights contribution in this encyclopedia, see churches 1169–1171 Dogs in the Islamic Tradition Church of Nazareth see Church of New Academy for Nature and Culture Abraham 177, 431, 434, 755, 756, 874, Nazareth, KwaZulu – Natal (South 1380 937, 938, 939, 1125, 1321, 1751 Africa) Orthodox Spirituality 336–337 Abram, David 190–191, 635, 687, 946, Earthkeeping Churches see African Paganism: a Jewish Perspective 1329, 1519, 1755 Earthkeeping Churches – 1244–1246 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Association of (Zimbabwe) Paleolithic Religions and the Future 1256 Depth Ecology; Storytelling and Zion Church see Zion Christian Church Plastic Medicine Men 1283–1284 Wonder; Magic, Animism, and the (South Africa) and Consumption – Shaman’s Craft see Christian Contemporary Religious Responses Abravanel, R. Isaac 65, 1693 Environmentalism in Kenya 1292–1295 Achebe, Chinua see Africa – Western Kimbanguism see Kimbanguism Primate Spirituality 1303–1306 acropolis see Europe – Southern (Central Africa) Religious Naturalism 1371–1372 Adams, Ansel 14–15, 107, 490, 615, Masowe see Masowe Wilderness Restoring Eden 1381–1383 1545–1546 Apostles Restoration Ecology and Ritual Adams, Carol 16, 536 Samia Culture see Samia Culture – 1379–1381 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Western Kenya Ritual 1385–1388 Women and Animals Schweitzer, Albert see Schweitzer, Sacramental Universe 1444–1445 Adams, John Quincy see North America – Albert Sacred and the Modern World, The St. Katherine’s Monastery see St. 1446–1448 Adekunle, Julius O. Katherine’s Monastery (Mount Sacred Sites in England 1460–1462 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Sinai, Egypt) Scientology 1499–1501 Totemic Practices in Borgu; Yoruba Eastern Africa Scything and Erotic Fulfillment Culture art see Rock Art – 1507–1509 Advaita Vedanta see Hinduism Hadzabe/Sandawe Sexuality and Green Consciousness adventure see Climbing; Mountaineering; greenbelt movement see Kenya 1519–1523 Surfing Greenbelt Movement (and adjacent, Space Exploration 1585–1588 Aesthetics and Nature in China and Wangari Maathai on Reforesting Tawhid (Oneness of God) 1623–1624 Japan 16–18 Kenya) Thomas Berry on Religion and Nature Aesthetics of Nature and the Sacred International Tree Foundation see Men 166–168 18–21 of the Trees Urban Reinhabitation – CERES as Case Afrasiabi, Kaveh L Lake Victoria 1206–1207, 1469, 1561 Study (Australia) 1684–1686 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Luo people see Snakes and the Luo of Vegetarianism and Judaism 1693–1695 Islam and Post-Anthropocentrism Kenya Wilderness Religion 1745–1748 Africa Maasai see Maasai African traditional religions (ATR) 26, Matopos Hills see Zimbabwe’s Matopos 28, 73, 118, 1682, 1725 Hills A agriculture 575, 1808 Mugabe, Robert 1810 Abbey, Edward 1–3 animals see Animals in African Legend Nkomo, Joshua 1810 3 (see also Anarchism) and Ethiopian Scriptures Rhodes, Cecil 1807, 1809 Earth First! 519 (see also Earth First! and Central Africa rain see Makewanta the Rainmaker the Earth Liberation Front) art see Rock Art – Batwa/Pygmies; (and adjacent, Mbiriwiri – The Sacred death 2 (see also Death and Afterlife in Rock Art – Chewa; Rock Art – Sintu; Rainmaking Drum) Robinson Jeffers and Edward Abbey) Wenger, Susan, Yoruba Art, and the Samburu see Mount Nyiro and the desert 474–475 Oshogbo Sacred Grove Samburu sabotage (and ecotage), ethics of 538 Congo see Congo River Watershed Selassie, Haile see Selassie Haile radical environmentalism 1565 (see also cradle of humanity 413, 707, 1683 (adjacent to ) Radical Environmentalism) Kaphirintiwa see Kaphirintiwa – The spirit sites see Kasama Spirit Sites Abel 85, 87, 482, 755, 1693 Place of Creation spirits see Zimbabwe Spirit Mediums, Aboriginal Art 4–5, 1392 Ndembu religion see Ndembu Religion Guerillas and Nature Aboriginal Dreaming (Australia) 5–7, 375 Nyau see Nyau – A Closed Assocation gods and goddesses see gods, goddesses, Aboriginal Environmental Groups in Pygmies 163, 413, 954, 1047, 1211, deities and nature spirits Canada 9–10 1392, 1430, 1431 (see also Pygmies nature conservation see African Index 1829

Religions and Nature Conservation; African Independent Churches 24–26, Buddhism 242 African Earthkeeping Churches 388 31 Northern Africa African Religions and Nature Gandhi, Mohandas 31 creation myths see Creation Myths of Conservation 26–28 Hinduism 824–827 the Ancient World Afrikaner Theology 29–30 Jainism 894, 895 Egypt Afzaal, Ahmed vegetarianism 824, 1192, 1691, 1706 ancient see Egypt – Ancient contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ahmad, Ali pre-Islamic see Egypt – Pre-Islamic Ibn Al-cArabi, Shakyh Muhyiddin; contribution in this encyclopedia, see pastoralism see Saharan Pastoralists Sufism; Tawhid (Oneness of God) Islamic Law sacred groves see Sacred Groves in Africa Aggarwal, Safia Ahura Mazda see gods, goddesses, deities Southern Africa contribution in this encyclopedia, see and nature spirits AIDS see AIDS India’s Sacred Groves AIDS 26, 566, 955, 1139, 1144, 1216, apartheid 29, 30, 371, 404, 700 agriculture 1528, 1536, 1726 art see Makapansgat Cobble; Rock Art Africa see Africa Aitken, Robert see Buddhism – Engaged – Northern Sotho; San (Bushmen) agricultural revolution 84, 217 Albanese, Catherine x, 1173–1174, 1233, Apocalpytic Rock Art and animals 1364 1258, 1573 Khoisan religion see Khoisan Religion and religion contribution in this encyclopedia, see Matopo principle see Shona Women Amish 349 in the United States and the Mutopo Principle Confucianism 409, 412 Albert the Great 31 Mbeki, President Thabo 1683 Judaism 708 Albo, R. Joseph 1693–1694, 1697 Muti see Muti and African Healing; monotheism 552 Alexander, Thomas G. Muti Killings origins of and religious revolution 503 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mutwa, Credo see Mutwa, Credo Darré, Walther 450 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Native Land Act 1811 decentralist agrarianism 1490 Saints see Pollution Beliefs in South environmental decline 518, 1070, 1637, Aliens 1012, 1140, 1464, 1587, 1674 (see Africa 1712 also Mutwa, Credo) Rustlers Valley see Rustlers Valley India see Asia – Southern Alchemy 32–33, 55, 123, 124, 163, sacred stones see Etsheni Sacred Stones land value 1346 448–449, 706, 932, 940–942, San people see San (Bushmen) pesticides 270, 277, 291, 309, 310, 399, 1729–1730 Aocalpytic Rock Art; San (Bushmen) 491, 598, 687, 722, 784, 1065, 1129, Allen, Paula Gunn 33–34, 1520 Religion; San Bushmen Rainmaking 1206, 1345, 1550, 1614, 1714 Alley, Kelly D. Van der Post, Laurens see Van der Post, Rome see Europe – Southern contributions in this encyclopedia, see Laurens types River Ganga and the Clean Ganga Venda religion see Venda Witch agribusiness 797 Campaign (and adjacent, Hinduism Beliefs; Venda Religion and the Land bio-dynamic farming 451, 1597 and Pollution); Alliance of Religion water management see Water Spirits community supported see Community and Conservation 34, 1193, 1257 and Indigenous Ecological Supported Agriculture Alpha Farm 35 Management industrial Altars and Shrines 36–37 Zulu see Zulu (amaZulu) Ancestors factory farms 243, 309, 875 Africa 414, 485, 496, 819, 1452, 1561 and Ritual Exchange; Zulu technology 1539 Armenian cosmology 62 (amaZulu) Culture, Plants and irrigation agriculture 550, 571 Asante 119 Spirit Worlds; Zulu (amaZulu) organic farming 118, 133, 451, 491, Buddhist 219 Smelting; Zulu (amaZulu) War 559, 643, 691, 726, 884, 1629 burial 1298 permaculture 691, 1272, 1357, 1439 China 295 Western Africa see West Africa plantation 750 Christian 157 1725–1727 state-run 834 England 221 Achebe, Chinua 1034–1035 subsistence 349, 1191 fire 1814 Asante Religion see Asante Religion sustainable agriculture 540, 610, 964, Greece 661, 717, 719, 755 Diola see Diola 1492 Hawai’i 953 divination see Ifa Divination agroforestry revolving loan fund India 768–769 Mammy Water see Mammy Water (ARLF) 666 Indonesia 549 Ogoni see Saro-Wiwa, Kenule Beeson forestry 667 Maya 1065, 1069–1070 and the Ogoni of Ogoni land institute (Natural Systems Native American 201, 794, 990 Oru-Igbo see Divine Waters of the Agriculture) 892, 988 North America 1450 Oru-Igbo sustainable agricultural working Pagan festivals 1234 totems see totems; Totemic Practices in group 1406 pilgrimage 1458 Borgu Ahimsa 30–31 rain shrine see Makewana the Yoruba culture see Yoruba Culture abortion 654 Rainmaker African Earthkeeping Churches – as an ideal 1585, 1627, 1783 Rome 1410 Association of 22 as non-violence 53, 194, 767, 824, 907 Shinto 438, 902, 1656–1657 1830 Index

Altner, Gunter 37, 381 Christianity 1403, 1405, Christianity Animism: A Contemporary Perspective Amazonia see South America and Animals; Animals in the Bible 81–83 Amazonian Folktales 40–41 and Qur’an Anishnabeg Culture 91–93, 979 American Indians as “First Ecologists” endangered species act 174, 309, 370, American Indians see North America – 42–45 625, 935, 954, 1159, 1593 Native Americans Ammar, Nawal experimentation 1242, 1494 (see also Amish see Christianity (6c3) – contribution in this encyclopedia, see Jewish Law and Animal Anabaptist/Mennonite Traditions Islam and Eco-Justice Experimentation) amulets 103, 156, 223, 1017, 1235, 1478, Ammons, A.R. 45–46 hunting 1364 (see also Hunting and the 1543, 1658, 1702 Amte, Baba 46–47, 826 Origins of Religion; Hunting androcracy 584 ’s Tantric Neo-Humanism Spirituality; Hunting Spirituality and Anthropic Principle 94, 1495, 1744 47–49 Animism) anthropocentricism Anarchism 49–56 Islam 1214–1215, 1322, 1435 (see also affinity with Abbey, Edward see Abbey, Edward Animals in the Bible and Qur’an; Descartes 473 and Buddhism 1563 Dogs in the Islamic Traditions Guha, Ramachandra 1150 and paganism 54 Japan see Whales and Japanese Cultures Inuit 851 and social ecology 603 Judaism see in the Jewish Krutch, Joseph Wood 974 Bakunin, Mikhail 3 Tradition; Jewish Law and Animal natural laws 1170 Bari, Judy 520, 1003, 1136 Experimentation Oikos 1220 contemporary 55 locomotion 1074 Umbanda 1676 Earth First! and the Earth Liberation monotheistic traditions see Dogs in the antagonism toward Front 519–521, Abrahamic Traditions anarchist critique 50 green 58, 603, 642, 971, 1328, 1330, paganism 1251 Confucianism 408, 410, 411 1333, 1562 Paleolithic religion see Paleolithic Dragon Environmental Network 506 radical environmentalism see Radical religion environmental ethics 598, 600 Environmentalism sacrifices see sacrifices Gebara, Ivone 689 Snyder, Gary see Snyder, Gary and the symbolism 67, 819 (see also Power Heidegger, Martin see Heidegger, Invention of Bioregional Spirituality Animals) Martin and Politics women see Adams, Carol; Women and Moltman, Jürgen 1098 Analects see Confucianism Animals Nash, James 1297 Anarcho-primitivism and the Bible Animals in African Legend and radical environmentalism 518, 1326, 56–58 (see also Ferality) Ethiopian Scriptures 73–76 1719 Anatman (no self) see Buddhism Animals in the Bible and Qu’ran Schumacher, Ernest Friedrich 1491 Andean Traditions 59–62 76–78 Schweitzer, Albert 1493 Andrews, Lynn 11, 1283 Animal Rights in the Jewish Tradition Shepard, Paul 1538 Angkor Wat see Asia – Southeastern 64–66 Williams, Delores S. 1751 Anglo-Saxons see Europe – Northern Animism 78–81 bias of, western religious 68, 1400 Anima Mundi – The World Soul 63, 325, and aborigional worldviews see Christianity 68, 316, 329, 331, 332, 1265, 1673, 1729 Animism: Humanity’s Original 342, 354, 356, 357, 368, 372, 379, 394, Animals (see also organisms – fauna) Religious Worldview 397, 511, 697, 1165, 1571 Africa 1216 (see also Animals in and anthropology see Anthropology as a Eastern Orthodox 334 African Legend and Ethiopian Source of Nature Religion contrasted with ecocentrism 416, 456, Scriptures; Snakes and the Luo of and God 281 458, 518, 519, 567, 598, 600, 848, 886, Kenya) and 799, 1338, 1584, 1339, 1368 Animal Liberation Front (ALF) 64, 420, 1666–1667, 1778 contrasted with biocentrism 176–179, 1332 (see also Rodney Coronado and contemporary see Animism: A 436, 936, 1149, 1330, 1547, 1753 the Animal Liberation Front adjacent Contemporary Perspective contrasted with cosmocentricism 356, to Radical Environmentalism) hunting see Hunting Spirituality and 1540 Aquinas, Thomas see Aquinas, Thomas Animism Earth Bible 515 agriculture 1364 Nepal 1191 Fascism 641 art 1254, 1392, 1394–1395 original worldview see Animism: Islam 818, 886, 1321 (see also Islam and and Maimonides see Maimonides Humanity’s Original Religious Post-Anthropocentrism) animal taming 570, 1364 Worldview Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 1628 as pets 78, 497, 570, 1123, 1320, paganism 1231, 1249 Anti-defamation league 1246 1364–1365, 1695, 1784 see Magic, Animism and the Anthropologists 94–96, 1373 behavior see Fauna Cabala Shaman’s Craft Anthropology as a Source of Nature Buddhism see Creatures’ Release in totemism see Totemism Religion 96–98 (see also Animism; Chinese Buddhism; Jataka Tales Tylor, Edward B. 94, 618, 1389 Ecological Anthropology; Ecology and Center for Reproduction of Endangered Animism: Humanity’s Original Religious Religion; Ethnobotany; Ethnoecology, Species 1625 Worldview 83–91 Ritual and Anthropology) Index 1831 anthropology, postmodern environmental Arnold, Phillip P. Islam 867, 1605 see Ecological Anthropology contributions in this encyclopedia, see Maimonides 938 Anglicanism see Christianity (6c4) – Haudenosaunee Confederacy; Lyons, Shugendo 1767 Anglicanism (Reformation Traditions) Oren Asia Apache see North America – United Arnold, Ronald 1755–1756 Eastern Asia States, Native Americans Arrernte Increase Ceremonies (Central aesthetics and nature see Aesthetics Appiko Movement 101 Australia) 106–107 and Nature in China and Japan apocalypticism Art 107–114 Buddhism see Buddhism – East Asia; apocalyptic literature 917, 928, 929 American 490 Mongolian Buddhism and Taimen Christianity see Apocalypticism in Cole, Thomas 303, 1153, 1425 Conservation; Thai Buddhist Medieval Christianity Franck, Frederick 276 Monks; Zen Buddhism environmental 804, 1132–1133, 1329, Hudson River School 303, 490, 1425 China 1377 Romanticism see Romanticism – animals see Creatures’ Release in 362 American Chinese Buddhism Aquinas, Thomas 102–103 and science 113 environmentalism see Chinese abortion 13, 653, 655 Asian art 303 (see also Aesthetics in Environmentalism animals 356, 376 Nature in China and Japan) fengshui see Fengshui homosexuality 791 Buddhism 232, 235 nature see Chinese Traditional natural theology 210, 327, 329, 381, Confucianism 297, 410 Concepts of Nature 1177, 1406 Daoist 51 religions Aradia 103–104 Hindu 446, 586, 766, 776 Daoism see Daoism Archambault, JoAllyn Australia see Aboriginal Art; Rock Art – Confucianism see Confucianism; contribution in this encyclopedia, see Australian Aboriginal Confucianism and Bison Restoration and Native Baltic indigenous 156, 157 Environmental Ethics American Traditions burning man 246, 247 Three Gorges Dam 293 archeomythology 696 Celtic 282–285, 302 Ziran 296–297, 447, 1803, 1805 Architecture 104–105 Christian 157, 168, 301–303, 363, 585 Japan Aztec 144 (see also Christian Art) gardens see Japanese Gardens Buddhist 1667 Egyptian 576 historical sites see World Heritage Center for Maximum Potential Building golden section 109–110 Sites and Religion in Japan Systems 665–666 mandalas 109, 327, 771, 773, 898, 1457, mountains see Mt. Hiei Christian 325, 335, 724, 725 1619 nature see Japanese Love of Nature Confucianism 410 Paleolithic see Paleolithic Art; religions (see also Japanese Religions) Egypt 579 Paleolithic Religions Buddhism geodesic dome 568, 676–677 photography Zen see Zen Greek 274, 467 Adams, Ansel see Adams, Ansel Shinto green 275, 665 rock art see Rock Art – Australian altars 1733 green man see Green Man Aboriginal; Rock Art – Amaterasu 1607 Incas 822 Batwa; Pygmies; Rock Art – Chewa; dance 444–445 Islamic 866, 868, 1324, Rock Art – Hadzabe/Sandawe; Rock homosexuality 792 monastic 335, 1404 Art – Northern Sotho; Rock Art – kami see gods, goddesses, deities Roman 1443 Sintu; Rock Art – Western United and nature spirits temple 274, 467 States; San Apocalyptic Rock Art nature 17, 289 Trees see Trees – as Religious Roman 1411–1412 rituals 1607, 1731 Architecture Shamanism see Shamanism – and Art shrines see Altars and Shrines Yolunga see Yolunga Ceremonial Yoruba see Wenger, Susan, Yoruba Art Shugendo 1767–1768 Architecture and the Oshogbo Sacred Grove whales see Whales and Japanese Argüelles, José see New Age Art of Living Foundation 115–118 (see Culture contribution in this encyclopedia, see also adjacent, Shankar, Sri Ravi writers Harmonic Convergence and the on Consciousness, Nature and the Art Kawabata, Yasunari see Kawabata, Spiritualization of the Biosphere of Living) Yasunari Århem, Kaj Arthur, Shawn Matsuo Bashô see Matsuo Bashô contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Michiko, Ishimure see Ishimure, Tukanoan Indians Paganism and Technology; Tattoos Michiko Aristotle see philosophy Asante Religion (Ghana) 118–121 Minakata, Kumagusu see Minakata, Ariyaratne, Ahangamage Turdor (A.T.) Ásatrú see Heathenry – Ásatrú Kumagusu 105–106, 240, 1482, 1492 Asceticism 121–122 Miyazawa, Kenji see Miyazawa, Arnold, Ellen L Christianity 45, 99, 315, 1309 Kenji contributions in this encyclopedia, see Eastern Orthodox 335, 336 Umehara, Takeshi see Umehara, Hogan, Linda; Silko, Leslie Marmon Hinduism/Buddhism 31, 301, 828, 1150 Takeshi 1832 Index

Korea Yamuna see Yamuna Payutto, Phra Dhammapitaka see creation myth 1458 Ramanuju 172, 765, 768, 772–774 Payutto, Phra Dhammapitaka Earth Charter 1581 Shankara 772, 774 Sivaralsa, Sulak see Sivaralsa, Sulak religion (see also Buddhism – East Sikhism see Sikhism Yantra, Phra 1629 Asia) Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib) Tibet and Central Asia 1636–1638 Confucianism, influence of 408, 411 1549–1550 Iran Shamanism see Neo-Shamanism; Guru Nanak 1549–1550, 1782 Bahai’í see Bahai’í Faith; Bahai’ í Shamanism – Traditional spiritual leaders see Aurobindo, Sri Faith and the United Nations landscape see Korean Mountains trees see India’s Sacred Groves; birth control 861 Lee-Park, Sun Ai 313 Santal Region environmentalism see Islam and Mongolia see Mongolian Buddhism Varanasi 778, 826, 1356 Eco-justice; Islam and and Taiman Conservation; Teilhard villages see Ragelon Siddhi Environmentalism in Iran de Chardin, Pierre; Tibet and Central Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) 709 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein see Nasr, Seyyed Asia Vivekananda, Swami 1150, Hossein Yunnan Region see Yunnan Region 1340–1341 Zoroastrianism see Zoroastrianism Central Asia see Asia – Tibet and Central Jainism see Jainism water see Water in Zoroastrianism Asia Nepal 241, 586, 709, 768, 858, 1058, Zarathushtra 510–511 gods and goddesses see gods, goddesses, 1190–1192, 1517, 1771 Zohar 543–544, 1729 (see also deities and nature spirits 658, 859, 861–862, 1341, Kabbalah and Eco-theology) Islam see Islam 1811, 1813 Tibet martial arts see Martial Arts Kalash see Kalash Culture Bon see Bon Southern Asia seeds see Seeds in Buddhism 704 see also Buddhism – ahimsa see ahimsa Sri Lanka 105, 240, 404, 586, 858, Tibetan; Ladakh Buddhism Gandhi, Mohandas see Gandhi, 1692 Dalai Lama 1100 see Dalai Lama Mohandas Sarvodaya Shramadana movement sacred mountains 1797 gods and goddesses see gods, see Sarvodaya Shramadana Mount Everest 1457 goddesses, deities and nature spirits Movement Mount Kailas 1457 India 823–827 Ariyaratne, Ahangamage Turdor (A.T.) Western Asia Bhagwan Jambeshwar (Jambaji) see Ariyaratne, Ahangamage Attrahasis Epic 653 194–195 Turdor (A.T.) Babylon 99, 123, 431, 570, 653, 724, cows see organisms – fauna pilgrimage see Pilgrimage to Sripada 755, 1344–1346, 1521 dance see Indian Classical Dance Tantra see Tantra Enuma Elish 431, 534 environmental activists see Amte, , Bhagwan Shree 1197, fertile crescent 84, 85, 287, 552 Baba; Bahuguna, Sundarlal; Shiva, 1620 Israel Vandana Southeastern Asia see Southeast Asia anarcho-primitivism see Environmental movements see 1582–1585 Anarcho-Primitivism and the Bible Appiko Movement; Auroville; Angkor Wat 769, 770, 771, 1583 environmentalism see Israel and Chipko Movement; Ralegon Indonesia Environmentalism Siddhi Freeport see Freeport (West Papua, Israelites 74, 88, 176, 304, 434, 573, Narmada Bachao Andolan 47, 827, Indonesia) 661, 662, 791, 927, 937, 938, 1442, 1150 Gunung Mulu National Park (Borneo) 1503 (see also Hebrew Bible) Sankat Mochan Foundation 778 1046 Gordon, Aharon David see Gordon, Guha, Ramachandra 301, 1150, 1332, Mandailing people see Mandailing Aharon David 1369 People Gush Emunim see Gush Emunim Kabir 217, 1782 Penan see Manser, Bruno and the Jerusalem 56, 74, 99, 434, 571, 733, Laws of Manu 69, 480, 774, 1635 Penan of Sarawak; Penan 889–890, 989, 1021, 1091, 1811 literature Hunter-Gatherers Judaism see Judaism Ramayana 101, 445, 480, 765–777, Senoi see Senoi six-day war 732–733 778 Philippines 105, 537, 1041–1042, Zionism 25–26, 177, 890, 912, 934, Mahabharata 101, 172, 480, 1071, 1275–1277, 1408, 1583–1584 1696 765–777, 1456, 1782 Philippine Department of the Mesopotamia see Mesopotamia – Bhagavadgita see Bhagavad Gita Environmental and Natural Ancient to 2000 B.C.E. Pantanjali 1782–1785 Resources (DENR) 1071 agriculture 573, 635 peoples of India see Bishnoi; Thailand Gilgamesh 431–433, 618, 1090, 1516 of ; Santal caves see Caves – Sacred gods and goddesses see gods, Region Dai people 1796 goddesses, deities and nature spirits rivers monasteries see Siam’s Forest myths see Creation Myths of the Ganga see Hinduism and Pollution Monasteries Ancient World (and adjacent, River Ganga and monks see Thai Buddhist Monks; plants 621 the Clean Ganga Campaign) Trees – Sacred Asoka, emperor see Buddhism Index 1833

Association for Holotropic Breathwork Family, The (Children of God); Baum, Robert 789 214 (see also Breathwork) Fertility and Secularization; Process, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Association of Diviners 1790 The; Science Fiction; Scientology; Diola (West Africa); West Africa Astrology 123–124, 144, 295, 636, 706, Technological Immortality; Utopian Baumann, John 771, 932, 940, 1728–1729 Communities contribution in this encyclopedia, see Astronauts 125–126, 684, 1210, 1586 Baker, Don Alpha Farm astrophysics see Science contribution in this encyclopedia, see Beat Generation Writers 161–162 Astroshamanism see Shamanism Korean Mountains (see also Snyder, Gary – and the Athavale, Pandurang Shastri 126–127, Baker-Fletcher, Karen 367, 610 Invention of Bioregional 1613–1614 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Spirituality) Attenborough, David 1074, 1357 Christianity (7g) –; Behn, Sarja 155, 826 ATWA (Air, Trees, Water and Animals) Walker, Alice Bekoff, Marc 72, 165 127–128 Bakken, Peter contribution in this encyclopedia, see Atwood, Margaret 256, 260 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Cognitive Ethology, Social Morality, Au Sable Institute 129, 370, 589, Sittler, Joseph A. Jr.; Stewardship and Ethics 1213 Bakunin, Mikhail 49–50 Bellah, Robert 488–489, 1173, 1630 Aurobindo, Sri 130–131, 132, 615 Balaam 75, 756–757 Bellarsi, Franca Augustine, Saint see Christianity Balée, William L. contribution in this encyclopedia, see Auroville 131, 132–133 contribution in this encyclopedia, Beat Generation Writers Auschwitz see Europe – Western see Ethnobotany (with Merideth Benavides, Gustavo Australia see Oceania Dudley) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Australian Poetry 137–138 Baltic Indigenous Religions 155–158 Ecology and Religion Autobiography 138–140, 249, 858 Banda, Dr. Hastings Kamazu 1216–1217 Benedict, Saint see Christianity Avebury see Europe – Northern Banda, Mangadzi 1028–1029 Benedictines see Roman Catholic Averroes 1258, 1260, 1278 Banyacya, Thomas 200–201, 796 Religious Orders Ayahuasca 39, 141–142, 597, 620–621, Barbe Baker, St. Richard 152, 1081 Bennett, David 743, 1432–1433, 1527 Bari, Judi see Anarchism contribution in this encyclopedia, see axis mundi 57, 491, 590, 635, 989, 1398, Barlow, Connie 613, 630 Birch, Charles 1503 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Bennett, John G. 162, 546–547, 731 Aztecs see MesoAmerica Evolutionary Evangelism (with Benson, Robert W. Aztec Religion – Pre-Colombian Michael Dowd) contribution in this encyclopedia, see 143–147 (see also adjacent, Flower Barnhill, David Landis 1373 U’wa Indians (Columbia) Song – Xochicuicatl; A Song of contributions in this encyclopedia, see Bentham, Jeremy 601, 1429 Sorrow – Icnocuicatl; The Fall of Aesthetics in Nature in China and Berdnyk, Oles 1189 Tenochtitlan; Tlatelolco) Japan; Buddhism – East Asia; Berg, David Brandt see Moses David Japanese Gardens; Kawabata, Berger, Helen Yasunari; Le Guin, Ursula K.; Matsuo contribution in this encyclopedia, see B Bashô; Matthiessen, Peter; Rexroth, EarthSpirit Community Babylon see Asia – Western Kenneth Bergmann, Sigurd 382, 407 Backes, David Barsam, Ara contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Altner, Gunter; Architecture; Olson, Sigurd F. Schweitzer, Albert Christianity in Europe; Composting Bacon, Frances see Science Bartlett, Brian Berkes, Fikret 1368, 1650 Bacon, Roger 1209, 1278 contributions in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Back to the Land Movements 148–151, Domanski, Don; Lilburn, Tim James Bay Cree and Hydro-Quebec 1329 Barth, Karl 342–343, 347, 382 (and adjacent, TEK In Our Common Baha’ í Faith (apocalypticism) Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch Future) 151–152 158, 307, 338, 339–340, 973, 1546, Berman, Morris 163–164, 1762 Baha’ í Faith and the United Nations 1770 (see also Bartholomew in His Berman, Phyllis 1714 153–154 Own Words) Bernard, Penelope S. Bahn, Paul G. Bartholomew in His Own Words 159 contributions in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Bassett, Libby Watkins, T.H.; Zulu Ancestors and Burial Practices – Prehistoric; contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ritual Exchange; Zulu Culture, Plants Cannibalism – Paleolithic; Environmental Sabbath and Spirit Worlds Makapansgat Cobble; Paleolithic Art; Bateson, Gregory 160, 266, 558, 615, Bernbaum, Edwin Paleolithic Religions 1342, 1437 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Bahuguna, Sunderalal 101, 154–155, Baugh, Tom Sacred Mountains 300–301, 775, 826, 1550, 1626–1627 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Berry, Evan Bainbridge, William Friends – Religious Society of contributions in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see (Quakers) Social Science on Religion and Nature 1834 Index

(with James D. Proctor); Wilson, Holy Spirit 378, 704 biodynamic garden 692, 1406 Edward O. literalism 435–436, 1575 Bioneers Conference 183 Berry, Thomas 164–166 Muir, John 1127 Biophilia 180, 183–188, 605 American Teilhard Society 1377 Scopes Trial see Scopes Trial and conservation biology 415, 1754 contribution in this encyclopedia, see stewardship see Biblical Foundations for advocates 436 Thomas Berry on Religion and Nature Christian Stewardship Daly, Mary 444 166–168 trees 1660 Geophilia 693 creation-centered theology 332, use in Israel 889 Bioregionalism 188–189 680–681, 1406, 1591, 1616, 1785 Women’s Bible 361 and environmental ethics 1328–1329 criticisms of 1212–1213, 1570 Biblical Foundations for Christian Berg, Peter 188, 190, 1564, 1567 Genesis Farm see Genesis Farm Stewardship 173 biodiversity, conservation of see Green Sisters Movement see Green Biehl, Janet 13, 50, 55, 1569–1570 Biodiversity Sisters Movement Bigfoot 174–175 compared with Geophilia 693 Miriam McGillis and Genesis Farm 612, Binet, Rene 735 deep ecology 457–458, 1174 (see also 691 Bingham, Reverend Sally 309 Deep Ecology) shamanic personality 428 Biocentrism (see also Biocentric Religion, globalization, opposition to see universe story 426, 630, 681, 1326, 1378 A Call For ) Globalization Berry, Wendell 151, 169–170, 249, 310, and abortion 13–14 House, Freeman 188, 1329, 1564 540, 811, 988, 1080, 1753 and Christianity 366, 378 indigenous peoples, principles of see Best, Steven contrasted with anthropocentrism 598, Indigenous Environmental Network; contribution in this encyclopedia, see 936 Indigenous Religions and Cultural Watson, Paul – and the Sea Shepherd deep ecology see Deep Ecology Borrowing; Indigenous Activism and Conservation Society Gaia Mass 682 Environmentalism in Latin America; Bestiary 170–172, 1254 Goodall, Jane see Goodall, Jane Natural History and Indigenous Betcher, Sharon V. Gorbachev, Mikhail 1682 Worldviews; World Conference of contributions in this encyclopedia, see Jackson, Wesley S. 892 Indigenous People Commons and Christian Ethics; left biocentrism see Left Biocentrism industrialism, opposition to 54, 569, 846, Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle; Spirit and Muir, John 1127 1002, 1370 Nature Qur’an, The 1321 knowledge, local see Traditional Bey, Hakim (Wilson, Lamborn) 55, radical environmentalism 1327, Ecological Knowledge; Traditional 1347 1330–1333, 1355, 1719 (see also Ecological Knowledge among Bhagavadgita (Bhagavad Gita) 127, Radical Environmentalism) Aboriginal Peoples in Canada 172, 300,481, 765, 772, 774, 780, 1149, Sierra Club 1547 natural law see Natural Law and Natural 1368, 1614, 1783 song writers 1134 Rights; Natural Law Party Bhatt, Chandi Prasad 300–301, 827 Biocentric Religion, A Call For 176–179 North America see Bioregionalism and Bhikku, Santikaro biocosmic theory of ethnogenesis 1437 the North American Bioregional contribution in this encyclopedia, see biogenetic law 735 Congress Buddhadasa Bhikku Biodiversity 179–181 Radical Environmentalism 458, 521 Bible, The Africa 49, 958–959 (see also Biodiversity reinhabitation 691, 726 abortion 654, 661, 668 and Religion in Equatorial Africa) Snyder, Gary see Snyder, Gary – and the Anarcho-primitivism see Anarcho Amazon 208 Invention of Bioregional Spirituality Primitivism and the Bible cultural diversity 1338 and Politics animals see Animals in the Bible and Christianity 353, 373, 377, 542, 1308, social movement see Back to the Land Qu’ran; Dogs in the Abrahamic 1444 Movements Traditions Confucianism 412 watersheds 133, 202, 244, 1201, 1380 Catholic religious orders see Roman conservation of 193, 521, 774–775, 831, (see also Columbia River Watershed Catholic Religious Orders 869–170, 938, 1171, 1482, 1491, 1647, Pastoral Letter) Cowboy Spirituality 430–431 1662, 1798 (see also Conservation Bioregionalism and the North American creation see Creation Story in the Biology; Biophilia) Bioregional Congress 190–191 Hebrew Bible; Creationism and criticisms of 1332 Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage Creation Science decline 133, 699, 1169, 1277, 1539 Sites 192–193 Earth Bible see Earth Bible 534 Birch, Charles 194 Ecofeminism see Ecofeminism and Iran 869–870 Bishnoi 101, 194–195, 300, 774, 826 Biblical Interpretation Radical Environmentalism 521 Bison Restoration and Native American Evangenicalism see Christianity (7i) – sacred sites 1069 Traditions 196–197 An Evangelical Perspective on Faith seeds see Seeds in South Asia Black Elk 44, 72, 197–199, 795, 826 and Nature Southeast Asia 1583 Black Mesa 199–202, 519, 787, 794, genetic engineering see Jewish Law and Wilson, Edward O. 546, 1746 796 Genetic Engineering Biodiversity and Religion in Equatorial Blackwelder, Brent Hebrew Bible see Hebrew Bible; Judaism Africa 182–183 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Index 1835

Brower, David (with Gavin van Horn); Brady, Veronica Buddha Amitabha see gods, goddesses, A Christian Friend of the Earth contributions in this encyclopedia, see deities and nature spirits Blackfoot Cosmos as Natural Philosophy Australian Poetry; Wright, Judith Buddha Mahavairocana see gods, 202–205 Brahman see Hinduism goddesses, deities and nature spirits Blackfoot confederacy see North America Bramwell, Anna 451, 643 Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 230–231, 1543 – United States Bratton, Susan Power Buddhahood of Grasses and Trees Blain, Jenny contribution in this encyclopedia, see 231–232 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Christian Art Buddhism Heathenry – Ásatrú (and adjacent Brazil see South America animals 69–70, 814, 824 (see also Seidr); Sacred Sites in England (with Brazil and Contemporary Christianity Creatures’ Release in Chinese Wallis, Robert J.) 213–214 Buddhism) Blair, John Breathwork 214–217, 1329, 1513 anarchism 50–55, 519 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Breeding and Contraception 217–219 art 16–18, 111 Britain (400–1100) (see also population) and Beat Writers 161 (see also Snyder, Blake, William 51, 205–206, 316, 482, abortion see Abortion Gary – and the Invention of 596, 641, 1146, 1422–1423, 1611, 1615 abstinence 26, 99, 121, 122, 513, 549, Bioregional Politics and Spirituality) Blavatsky, Helen Patrovna 206–207, 864 Asoka, emperor 234, 480, 767, 770, 287, 1012, 1180, 1632–1633, 1728, fertility see Fertility and Abortion; 1706 1730 Fertility and Secularization beliefs Bleich, Rabbi J. David see Judaism Malthus, Thomas Robert see Malthus, anatman (no self) 241, 443, 1122, 1637, Bly, Robert 1081, 1134 Thomas Robert 1706 Bodhi Farm 1354 Brent, Morgan asceticism 227 Boff, Leonardo 48, 207–208, 213–214, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Buddha nature 231, 237–238 332, 358–359, 404, 512, 783, 1406, Ayahuasca compassion 238–239, 438, 972, 978, 1409 Brigit, Saint (Brigid or Brigantia) 351, 1121–1122, 1192, 1352, 1553, 1580, Bohane, Ben 219–220, 392, 854, 856 1692 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Britain see Europe – Northern dependent co-arising 1019 Moro Movement (Guadalcanal, Britain (400–1100) 221–224 dharma 53, 231, 232, 237, 242, 680, Solomon Islands) Broch, Harald Beyer 1352, 1482 Bohm, David 208–209, 582, 946, 1266, contribution in this encyclopedia, see emptiness 17, 46, 161, 229, 231, 848, 1303, 1632 Fishers 898, 976, 1495 Bols, Rijk see ECOtherapy Brook Farm 148, 224–225, 1653 enlightenment, (philosophical) 116, Bon (Tibet) 209 Brower, David 3, 140, 200, 225–226, 310, 161, 231, 237, 240, 858, 900, 933, Bonaventure see Christianity 906, 1545–1547 1049–1050, 1121–1122, 1192, 1657 Bond, George Brown, Lester 540 impermanence 18, 234, 377, 581 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Brown, Vinson 227 interconnectedness 364, 847, 899 (see Sarvodaya Shramanada Movement Bruno, Giordano 32, 736, 1258, 1639, also Indra’s Net) Book of Changes see Confucianism 1729 karma 219, 228, 233, 235, 438, 654, Book of Nature 137, 210–211, 256, 400, Bryan, William Jennings 436, 454, 1502 1706 463, 595, 1215, 1278, 1422, 1502, 1623, Bryant, Page 528, 1512 mindfulness 51, 52, 111, 234, 239, 242, 1635, 1679, 1728 see also Christianity Bryce National Park 387 244 (7h) – Natural Theology; Religious Bube, Paul Custodio non-dualism 237 Naturalism contributions in this encyclopedia, see reincarnation 443, 654, 1797 Bookchin, Murray 50, 55, 191, 457–458, Abortion; Cobb, John B. Jr; Jackson, Bon see Bon 473, 580, 603, 725, 1328, 1569, S. Wesley “Wes”; Land Institute Buddha see Buddha 1570–1571 Buber, Martin 52, 227, 746 Buddhadasa Bhikkhu see Buddhadasa Boniface, Saint see Christianity Buchholz, Rogene A Bhikkhu Boone, Daniel see North America – United contribution in this encyclopedia, see East Asian see Buddhism – East-Asian States The Protestant Ethic (with Sandra aesthetics see Aesthetics and Nature in Borsodi, Ralph 150, 1490–1491 B. Rosenthal) China and Japan Research Center for the 21st Bucko, Raymond A. Mahayana 235, 848 Century 211–212, 243, 1581 contribution in this encyclopedia, see monasticism see Thai Buddhist Monks; botanical dimensions 1072 Lakota Siam’s Forest Monasteries Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) 212, Buddha, The 227–229 scriptures and texts 1077 and anarchism 50–51 Heart Sutra 17, 898 Bowman, Marion 658 and elephants 586 Lotus Sutra 1057, 1097, 1123 contributions in this encyclopedia, see footprint see Pilgrimage to Sripada Shingon Buddhism 898, 1458 Celtic Spirituality; Druids and nature 232–233, 1265, 1662 economics see Economics on poverty 90 engaged see Buddhism – Engaged Boy Scouts see Scouting statues 277 Aitken, Robert 240, 243, 519, 1801 1836 Index

Buddhist Alliance for Social Buijs, Gina Capra, Fritjof 266–267, 289, 641, 1002, Engagement (BASE) 240 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1303, 1593, 1611 Buddhist Peace Fellowship 240–241, Venda Witch Beliefs capitalism see Economics 243 burial practices see death Caputi, Jane 532, 1521 international network of engaged Burial Practices (Prehistoric) 246 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Buddhists 240, 243 Burning Man 246–247 Dirt; Sexuality and Green Macy, Joanna see Macy, Joanna Burning Times 1239 (adjacent to Pagan Consciousness Nhat Han, Thich see Nhat Han, Thich Music) cargo 212, 846, 847, 1076–1077, Seed, John see Seed, John Burroughs, Edgar Rice 1497 1762 211, 240, 243, 1199 (see Burroughs, John 247–249, 595, Caribbean also Soka Gakkai and the Earth 1172–1173 Cuba Charter) Burton-Christie, Douglas Santeria see Santeria gardens 898 contributions in this encyclopedia, see culture see Caribbean Cultures goddess worship 704 Christian Nature Writing; Haiti Hinayana 235 Contemptus Mundi (adjacent to Iwa Dambalah Wedo (Serpent Rainbow) Huayan 237 Christianity (4) – Early Church 268, 1659 issues (Fathers and Councils)); Christianity Vodou see Trees in Haitian Vodou abortion 14, 652, 654 (4) – Early Church (Fathers and Jamaica breeding 217, 219 Councils) Rastafarianism see Rastafarianism; homosexuality 789, 792 Butala, Sharon 249–250, 1080 Rastafarian Activism; Selassie, vegetarianism see Vegetarianism and butterfly effect 288 Haile (see also Cuero, Delfina) Buddhism Byers, James H. Trinidad see Mother Earth and the Earth Jataka tales see Jataka Tales (and contribution in this encyclopedia, see People adjacent, Great Monkey Jataka) Ethics and Dialogue Caribbean Cultures 267–269, 819, 1052, meditation see meditation Group (with James Nash) 1058, 1105, 1659 metaphysics see metaphysics Byrne, Peter 175, 660 Carson, Rachel 269–271, 291, 595, 598, monasticism see Buddhism – East 1494 (see also adjacent, Carson on Sea Asia Spirituality) Mongolian Buddhism see Mongolian C Carson on Sea Spirituality 270 Buddhism and Taimen Conservation caboclos see South America – Amazonia Casas, Bartolomé de las 271–272, 991 nature, perspectives on 233, 253, 292, Caddy, Eileen and Peter 288, 658–659, Castaneda, Carlos 98, 272–273, 1528 900 (see also Buddhahood of Grasses 1633 Castro, Adrian and Trees) Caesar, Julius see Europe – Southern contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ifa North America see Buddhism – North Cain 85, 87, 222, 256, 482, 497, 591, 635, Divination America 755, 937, 1693–1694 Cathars 513–514, 1405 Naropa University see Naropa California Institute of Integral Studies cathedral forests see forests University 131, 251, 1329, 1514, 1593, 1616 Cathedral Forest Action Group 520 Sakyamuni see Buddha Callenbach, Ernest 252, 564–566, 1474 Cathedral of St. John the Divine 165, Shingon Buddhism see Buddhism – East contribution in this encyclopedia, see 166, 273–274, 352, 682, 683, 1158, Asia Ecotopian Reflections 1755 Tantric practices 236 Callicott, J. Baird 252–254, 458, Cato Institute 1756 tension with Islam 874 599–600, 604–605, 1103, 1233, Cattell, Maria Tibetan 209, 249, 704, 978, 1636–1637, 1377–1378, 1648 contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1692, 1797 (see also Buddhism – contribution in this encyclopedia, see Gardening and Nature Spirituality; Tibetan) Natural History as Natural Religion Samia Culture Dalai Lama see Dalai Lama Campbell, Heidi Caves – Sacred (Thailand) 276–277 Ladakh Buddhism see Ladakh contribution in this encyclopedia, see Celestine Prophecy 278–280, 804 Buddhism Motion Pictures (with Heather Celtic calendar 283 worldview 90, 289, 680 Elmatti) Celtic Christianity 222, 280–281, 351, Zen see Zen Buddhism Campbell, Joseph 254–255, 510, 615, 509, 853–854, 857 Kigen, Dogen see Kigen, Dogen; Dogen 616, 942, 1607, 1749 Celtic Spirituality 282–283, 1403 Kigen’s Mountains and Rivers Sutra Canaanites 176, 573, 756 Central Arizona Project see North America (excerpts); Mountains and Rivers Canada see North America – United States Sutra by Zen master Dogen Kigen Canada Nature Writing 258–260 Center for Action and Contemplation 1406 zazen 900, 1800, 1802 Candomblé of Brazil 260–265 (see also Center for Ecotherapy 563 Buddhism – East Asian 231, 236–239 adjacent, Orixa Iroko) Center for Education and Research in Buddhism – Engaged 239–241 Cannibalism 745, 1088, 1113, 1488, Environmental Strategies (CERES) Buddhism – North America 242–244 1695 (see also Cannibalism 1685 Buddhism – Tibetan 244–245 (Paleolithic)) Center for Health, Environment and buffalo see organisms – fauna Cannibalism (Paleolithic) 265–266 Justice 541 Index 1837

Center for Human Ecology (Edinburgh, after the first indexed Christianity entry, Christianity (7g) – Womanism 367 Scotland) 284–285 “Eastern versus Western”, which appears Christianity (7h) – Natural Theology Center for Maximum Potential Building immediately below this note. After this 368–369 655–656 outline of the main entries is indexed, a Christianity (7i) – An Evangelical Cetacean Spirituality 285–286 subsequent index section beginning with Perspective on Faith and Nature Champ, Joseph “Christianity” provides details. 369–371 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Christianity (8) – Ecumenical Movement Disney (with Rebecca Self Hill); Media Christianity – Eastern versus Western International 371–372 (with Stewart M. Hoover); Theme 314–315 Christianity (9) – Christianity’s Parks (with Rebecca Self Hill) Christianity (1) – Introduction 316–317 Ecological Reformation 372–375 Channeling 287–288, 428, 446, 636, 637, Christianity (2) – Jesus 317–319 (see also Christianity (index details) 657, 1012, 1193, 1195, 1199, 1536, adjacent, What Would Jesus Africa see Africa – Christianity 1605, 1673, 1817 Drive?) Anabaptist/Mennonite see Christianity Chaos 288–289 (see also Chaos, Creation, Christianity (3) – New Testament (6c3) – Anabaptist/Mennonite and the Winter Garden; Complexity 319–323 Traditions Theory) Christianity (4) – Early Church (Fathers Anglicanism see Christianity (6c4) – Chaos, Creation, and the Winter Garden & Councils) 324–326 (see also Anglicanism 289–290 adjacent, Contemptus Mundi) animals see Christianity and Animals Chappel, Christopher Key Christianity (5) – Medieval Period (see also Cathedral of St. John the contributions in this encyclopedia, see 326–328 Divine; Christianity and Animals; Buddha; Jainism; Yoga and Ecology Christianity (6a) – Roman Catholicism Elephants; Nile Perch; Hyenas; Chappell, David W. 328–332 Vegetarianism – Christian) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Christianity (6b1) – Christian antagonism toward 372, 350, 489, Soka Gakkai and the Earth Charter Orthodoxy 333–337 (see also 518, 589, 735, 1183, 1247, 1636, Chartres Cathedral see Europe – Western adjacent, Eastern Orthodox 1755 Chávez, César Estrada – and the United Monasticism; Orthodox Spirituality; anti-materialism see Contemptus Farm Workers 290–292, 1578, Common Declaration on the Mundi; Dualism; Dualist 1703–1704 Environment: Common Declaration of Aquinas, Thomas see Aquinas, Thomas Chidester, David 460 John Paul II and the Ecumenical art see Christian Art contributions in this encyclopedia, see Patriarch His Holiness Bartholomew I) Augustine Animism; Mutwa, Credo Christianity (6b2) – Greek Orthodox abortion 655 Children of God see Family, The 338–340 apocalypse 99 Chinese Environmentalism 292–293 Christianity (6c1) – Reformation book of nature 210 Chinese Religions see Confucianism; Traditions (Lutheranism and city metaphor 104 Taoism Calvinism) 340–343 fall, the 312 China see Asia – Eastern Christianity (6c2) – Calvin, John – and medieval Christianity 327–328 Chinese Traditional Concepts of Nature the Reformed Tradition 344–348 (see on animals 68, 77 294–299 also adjacent entry Reformed Tradition sexuality 1520, 1522 Chipko 101, 154, 155, 195, 300–301, 535, it its Own Words, The) Australia see Australia 686, 774, 775, 776, 826, 827, 1136, Christianity (6c3) – Anabaptist/ Benedict, Saint 274, 329, 1403–1404, 1300 Mennonite Traditions (Reformation 1405 Chidester, David 460 Traditions) 348–351 (see also Bible, the see Bible, the contributions in this encyclopedia, see adjacent, David Kline on Amish Book of Nature see Book of Nature Animism; Mutwa, Credo Agriculture) Bonaventure, Saint 167, 327, 670, 1660 Chouinard, Yvonne 1119 Christianity (6c4) – Anglicanism Calvin and the Reformed Tradition see Christ, Carol 301, 534, 648, 1522, 1570, (Reformation Traditions) 351–352 Christianity (6c1) – Reformation 1593 Christianity (6c5) – Methodism Traditions (Lutheranism and Christian Art 157, 301–303 (Reformation Traditions) 352–353 Calvinism); Christianity (6c2) – Christian Camp Meetings 304 Christianity (7a) – Theology and Ecology Calvin, John and the Reformed Christian Environmentalism in Kenya (contemporary introduction) 354–355 Tradition 305–306 Christianity (7b) – Political Theology Catholicism, Roman see Christianity (6a) Christian Fellowship Church (Soloman 355–357 – Roman Catholicism Islands) 306, 1076–1077 Christianity (7c) – Liberation Theology Benedict, Saint 274, 329, 725, 1403, Christian Friend of the Earth, A 307–310 357–360 1405 Christian Nature Writing 310–312 Christianity (7d) – Feminist Theology bishop’s Conferences 331, 655 (see also Christian Theology and the Fall 312–314 360–362 Columbia River Watershed Pastoral Christianity (7e) – Creation Spirituality Letter) Editors’ Note: the main entries on 363 nuns see Genesis Farm; Green Sisters Christianity are organized historically and Christianity (7f) – Process Theology Movement; Roman Catholic by a numbered outline, and these begin 364–365 Religious Orders 1838 Index

Pope, John Paul II 156, 159, 307, Episcopalian Christianity see (see also Christian Fellowship Church 329–332, 354, 400, 671, 1159, 1406, Christianity (64c) – Anglicanism (Solomon Islands)) 1703 (see also Common Declaration (Reformed Traditions) Middle Ages see Christianity – Medieval on the Environment: Common Episcopal Ecological Network 352 miracles 319–321, 437, 463, 928, 933, Declaration of John Paul II and the Episcopal Power and Light 309, 352, 1180, 1240, 1321 Ecumenical Patriarch His Holiness 541 monasticism see Eastern Orthodox Bartholomew I, adjacent to eschatology 323, 342, 354–355, 783, Monasticism (adjacent to Christianity (6b1) – Christian 1572 (see also Creation’s Fate in the Christianity (6b1) – Christian Orthodoxy) New Testament) Orthodoxy; Religious Orders purgatory 157, 662, 1224, 1781 ethics see Commons and Christian in the Roman Catholic Tradition religious orders see Roman Catholic Ethics; Population, Consumption and (see also Christianity (4) – Early Religious Orders Christian Ethics Church) Vatican 13, 193, 331, 363, 586, 670, Europe see Europe – Christianity Mormons see Church of Jesus Christ, 689, 788, 998, 1094, 1464, 1627 Evangelicalism see Au Sable Institute; Latter-Day Saints Celtic see Celtic Christianity; Celtic Biblical Foundations for nature mysticism see nature mystics; Spirituality Environmental Stewardship; nature mysticism (see also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Christianity (7i) – An Evangelical Christianity’s Contemplative Saints see Church of Jesus Christ of Perspective on Faith and Nature; Traditions) Latter-Day Saints Evangelical Environmental Network; nature writing see Christian Nature Clement of Alexandria 73, 325, 402, Restoring Eden; Sierra Treks; Writing 814 Stewardship; Target Earth New Testament 56–57, 77, 103, 308, 375, contemplative traditions see Prayer and Fall, The see Fall, The 791, 907, 1301, 1403, 1459, 1492 (see Contemplative Traditions Feminist Theology see Christianity (7d) also Christianity (3) – New creation see Christianity (7e) – Creation – Feminist Theology; Christianity Testament; Creation’s Fate in the Spirituality; Creationism and (8g) – Womanism New Testament) Creation Science; Creation’s Fate in Francis of Assisi see Francis of Assisi North America see North America – the New Testament gospels, synoptic 320 Christianity over 71, 76, 259, 308, 313, holy grail 33, 514 Oceania see Oceania – Christianity 319, 322–323, 328, 331, 341–342, Holy Spirit 320–322, 345–346, 352, Orthodoxy see Christianity (6b1) – 393, 454, 473, 502, 570, 915–917, 354–355, 378, 382, 674, 759, Christian Orthodoxy 1068, 1168, 1201, 1284, 1390, 1428, 1054–155, 1067, 1098, 1207–1208, Greek Orthodox see Christianity (6b2) 1519, 1689, 1695, 1735 1275 (see also Christianity and Nature – Greek Orthodoxy ex nihilo 28, 281, 348, 385, 928, 1258, Symbolism) Bartholomew I see Bartholomew I, 1260, 1679, 1747 Image of God (imago Dei) 70–71, 76, 327, Green Patriarch; Common criticisms of see White, Lynn – Thesis of 333–334, 353–354, 356, 366, 375, 381, Declaration of John Paul II and Early Church see Christianity (4) – Early 454, 716, 939, 1167–1168, 1466, 1689 the Ecumenical Patriarch his Church (Fathers and Councils) Interfaith organizations see Interfaith Holiness Bartholomew (adjacent Eastern see Christianity (6ba) – Center on Corporate Responsibility; to Christianity (6b1) – Christian Christian Orthodoxy Interfaith Council for Environmental Orthodoxy) ecotheology see Christianity – theology Stewardship Icons 61, 109, 336, 577, 1536, 1594 ecumenics see Christianity (8) – Irenaeus 312, 324–325, 336, 513, 1045 Protestant ethic see Protestant Ethic Ecumenical Movement Jesus (Christ) see Christianity (2) – Jesus Reformation Traditions see International; Eco-justice in (and adjacent, What Would Jesus Christianity(6c1) – Reformation Theology and Ethics: Eleventh Drive?); Jesus and Traditions (Lutherism and Commandment Fellowship; Floresta; Cosmic Christology Calvinism); Christianity (6c2) – Gaian Mass; Moltman, Jürgen; World Cosmic Christ 89, 123, 354, 356, 363, Calvin, John – and the Reformed Council of Churches and Ecumenical 670, 854 Tradition Thought cosmic cross 325 Roman Catholicism see Catholicism – Eden, Garden of see Eden and Other cosmic redemption 342–343 Roman Gardens; Eden’s Ecology; Restoring incarnation 217, 310–311, 317, South America see South America (see Eden 319–321, 324, 327, 329, 333, 354, also Christianity (7c) – Liberation environmental groups, influence upon 377, 437, 759, 1008, 1072, 1558 Theology) see Au Sable Institute; A Christian Mary 108 (see also Mary in Latin statements of environmental concern see Friend of the Earth; Earth Ministry; America; Virgin of Guadalupe) Columbia River Watershed Pastoral Sierra Treks; Target Earth Medieval see Christianity (5) – Medieval Letter; Common Declaration of John Climbers for Christ 1042 Period Paul II and the Ecumenical Patriarch environmental justice see Eco-justice in Mesoamerica see Meso-America – his Holiness Bartholomew (adjacent Theology and Ethics; Eco-justice Christianity to Christianity (6b1) – Christian Hermeneutics; Environmental Justice Methodism see Christianity (6c5) – Orthodoxy) and Environmental Racism Methodism (Reformation Traditions) stewardship see Stewardship Index 1839

theology contributions in this encyclopedia, see Community Education Technical ecotheology see Christianity (7a) – Anarchism; Social Ecology Advocates 48 Theology and Ecology Clement of Alexandria see Christianity Community Supported Agriculture (Contemporary Introduction); Clemmer, Richard 404–405, 525 Christianity (9) – Christianity’s contribution in this encyclopedia, see Complexity Theory 288, 405–407, 1020, Ecological Reformation; McDonagh, Hopi-Navajo Land Disputes 1536 Sean Clifton, Chas Composting 407, 525, 634, 691,726, 1407 feminist theology see Christianity (7d) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Confucianism 407–411 – Feminist Theology; Christianity Aradia; Bigfoot; Analects 408 (8g) – Womanism 540–541, 869–870, 1159, agriculture 409, 412 liberation theology see Christianity (7c) 1214, 1292, 1647–1648 anthropocentrism 253 – Liberation Theology Climate Change Program 1152, 1766 Berry, Thomas 164 natural theology see Book of Nature; Clinton, Bill see North America – United Book of Changes 410, 412, 650 Christianity (7h) – Natural Theology States dance 445 Pauline theology 77, 314, 511, 513, Coalition for Environmentally environmental ethics see Confucianism 1444 Responsible Economics 393 and Environmental Ethics political theology see Christianity (7b) Cobb, John 343, 353, 364, 372, 393–397, Fei, Han 655 – Political Theology; Christianity 555–556, 601, 892, 1297, 1747 Homosexuality 792 (7c) – Liberation Theology contributions in this encyclopedia, influence on art 16, 238 process theology see Christianity (7f) – see The Making of an Earthist Mengzi (Mencius) 297, 408–410, 1803 Process Theology; Cobb, John B. Jr. Christian (adjacent to Cobb, John); Neo-confucianism 969 (and adjacent, The Making of an Process Philosophy; Sustainability virtue and ecology 1706–1707 Earthist Christian); Schweitzer, and the World Council of Churches) Confucianism and Environmental Ethics Albert coca see organisms – flora 411–413 Unitarianism see Unitarianism coffee see organisms – flora Congo River Watershed 413–415 United Church of Christ 318, 540, 630, Coffey, Jane Conradie, Ernst 791, 1152, 1277 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see womanism see Christianity (7d) – Orixa Iroko Afrikaner Theology Feminist Theology; Christianity (7g) Cognitive Ethology, Social Morality, and Conroy, Dan 589, 1213 – Womanism Ethics 397–399 Conservation Biology 45, 415–417, 521, Christianity and Animals 375–377 Coldwater Springs see North America – 580, 600, 1327, 1374 Christianity and Nature Symbolism United States Con-spirando Women’s Collective 377–379 Cole, Juan 418–420, 537, 689 Christianity and Sustainable contribution in this encyclopedia, see Constant, Alhonse-Louis see Levi, Eliphas Communities 379–381 Baha’i Faith Consumerism see Economics Christianity in Europe 381–383 Cole, Thomas see Art Cook, Captain James 953, 1200 Chryssavgis, John Coleridge, Samuel Tyler see Europe Cook, Jonathan contributions in this encyclopedia, see Colligan-Taylor, Karen contributions in this encyclopedia, see Bartholomew I, Ecumenical contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ammons, A.R.; Desert Writers Patriarch; Orthodox Spirituality; Miyazawa, Kenji (Western United States) Christianity (6b1) – Christian Columbia River Watershed Pastoral Cooper, James Fenmore 42, 43, 139, 1153, Orthodoxy Letter 399–401, 540 1211, 1425, 1488 383–384, 520, Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow Contemptus Mundi 324, 1705 (adjacent 1174, 1243, 1264, 1328, 1499 (CFACT) 1757 to Christianity (4) – Early Church Church of Euthanasia 384–385 Common Declaration on the (Fathers and Councils)) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Environment: Common Declaration of Corbett, Jim 685 Saints 383–388 John Paul II and the Ecumenical Cornelius, Agrippa 933, 1729 Church of Nazareth Baptists (KwaZulu Patriarch His Holiness Bartholomew I Cornwall Declaration 849–850, Natal, South Africa) 388–390 339–340 (adjacent to Christianity 1756–1757 1484 (6b2) – Greek Orthodox) Coronado, Rodney – and the Animal Cicero see Europe – Southern Commons and Christian Ethics 410–404 Liberation Front 1331–1332 Cihuacoatl – Aztec Snakewoman compassion Corpus Christi 61, 348 390–391, 1052 Buddhism see Buddhism Corrington, Robert 420, 1259–1260, 1292 Circle Sanctuary 392–393, 1235 toward nature 818, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Circles, Lone Wolf see Hardin, Jesse toward animals 1027, 1062, 1339, 1429, Unitarianism Cistercians see Roman Catholic Religious 1435, 1692, 1705 Cosmology 420–424 Orders Islam 860, 873–875 Africa Civilian Conservation Corp see North Jataka tales 903 Central Africa 414 America – United States Judaism 919, 1638 Mbuti 1316 Clark, John 55, 603, 1328, 1570 communalism 306, 1472 West Africa 1510 1840 Index

and Ecosophy T 560–563 creationism see Christianity Malthus, Thomas Robert; Sagan, Carl; and Sri Ravi Shankar 116 Creationism and Creation Science Wallace, Alfred Russel Aymaran 62 435–437 Daly, Mary 361, 444, 534, 1520, 1522 Aztec 147 Creation’s Fate in the New Testament Daly, Herman see Economics Bishnoi 195 437–438 Dance Calvinistic 29 Creatures’ Release in Chinese Buddhism and bees 646–647 Candomblé 261 438–439 bear dance 717, 1096 Chinese 164, 412, 649, 1368 cremation see death cosmic dance 290 Christian 325, 1367 Critical Perspectives on “Religions of the deer dance 1298, 1781–1782 ecology-based 208 World and Ecology” 1375–1376 Donga 1795 economic 56 Croce, Paul Jerome Gaian Mass 682 gift 57 contributions in this encyclopedia, see ghost dance see Ghost Dance Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch 731 Creationism and Creation Science; Indian dance see Bharata Natyam; Hildegard of Bingen 762 James, William Masai; Indian Classical Dance Hindu 643, 1521, 1539 Crockett, Davey see Motion Pictures Indian folk dance 1031 holistic 1722 Cronon, William 438, 1315 Nyau 1216 Inuit 851–852 Crop Circles 439–440, 525, 1113, 1674, planetary see Planetary Dance Kabbalistic 948 (see also ) round dance 1541–1542 Laguna Pueblo 33 Crovetto, Helen Shiva see Dance of Shiva Lardil 1337 contribution in this encyclopedia, spiral 976, 1351, 1620 Maasai 1017 see Ananda Marga’s Tantric sun dance 795, 1253, 1657 (see also Maya 1060 Neo-Humanism Lakota Sun Dance) medieval 931 Crowley, Aleister 706, 1021, 1231, 1484, trance dance 1347–1348, 1473 New see Swimme, Brian 1739 white deerskin dance 701 Norse 592 cryonics 1625 Daneel, Inus (M.L.) 21, 1055 Odinist 1218 Cuero, Delfina 440–441 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Penan 1047, 1267 cults 178, 217, 221, 267–268, 466, 503, African Earthkeeping Churches Samia 1470 577, 585, 782, 846–847, 1076, 1499, Daoism 447–450 transcendent 1738 1510, 1517, 1658, 1671, 1686, 1703, Anarchism 50, 51, 54, 519, 1328 cosmetics 66, 921, 1235, 1510, 1644 1762, 1790, 1806–1807 (see also Art 16, 111, 238 Cosmic Christ see Christianity (2) – Utopian Communities) criticisms of 1496 Jesus Currier, Mary dancing 445 Council of All Beings 191, 243, 417, contribution in this encyclopedia, see dao 16, 295–297, 410, 902, 989, 1169, 425–429, 457, 460, 521, 558, 612, 803, Anima Mundi – The World Soul 1706, 1802–1805 1019, 1327, 1355, 1357, 1376 Curry, Patrick Daode jing 447, 448, 1803 Cousteau, Jacques 1074, 1681 contribution in this encyclopedia, see deep ecology 456 Covenant of the Unitarian Universalist Middle Earth Homosexuality 792 Pagans 429–430 Cusa, Nicolas of 441, 1258 Lao Tzu (Laozi) 1, 50, 289 447, 448, 1050 Coward, Harold cultural materialism 96, 545, 744, nature 292, 901–902, 1169, 1803 (see contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1342 also Chinese Traditional Concepts of Population and Consumption Cyborgism 441–442 Nature) Cowboy Spirituality 430–431 qi 16, 17, 295, 296, 411, 412, 417, cows see organisms 448–449, 649–650, 1050, 1057, Craddock, Elaine D 1368–1369, 1707 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Dahl, Arthur 152, 1770 Radical Environmentalism 519, 1328 Chipko Movement (with Vinay Lai); contributions in this encyclopedia, see reproduction 655 Shakti Baha’i Faith and the United Nations; Way of Celestial Masters 448 Cradle of Humanity see Africa – Central Brown, Vinson; Klingenthal Yin/yang 50, 289, 295–296, 410, 447, Cranston, C.A. Symposia; Men of Trees (East Africa); 449, 649, 792, 901, 1001, 1021, 1121, contribution in this encyclopedia, see World Wide Fund for Nature 1496, 1707, 1803 Quaker Writers in Tasmania Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) 443 Zhuangzi see Zhuangzi (Australia) Earth Summits 1681 Darling-Smith, Barbara Crawford, Harriet environmental concern 243, 1769 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see in exile 240, 978, 1636 Ruether, Rosemary Radford Mesopotamia – Ancient to 2000 Mongolia 1100 Darlington, Susan M. B.C.E on population 122 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Creation Myths of the Ancient World peace plan in Tibet 241, 243, 1637 Thai Buddhist Monks 431–434 Dalton, Lisle Darré, Walther 450–451, 643 Creation Story in the Hebrew Bible contributions in this encyclopedia, see Darrow, Clarence 1502 434–435 Darwin, Charles; Linnaeus, Carl; Darwin, Charles 451–454 Index 1841

and creationism 435 technology see Technological deities see gods, goddesses, deities and and religion 79 Immortality nature spirits and Wallace, Alfred 1711–1712 see Wicca; Wicca – Dianic Deloria, Vine 198, 464–465, 600 Darwinism see Creationism and Zoroastrianism 1814 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Creation Science; Darwin, Charles; Zulu 1815–1816, 1820, 1822–1824 Sacred and the Modern World, The Haekel, Ernst; Scopes Trial Death and Afterlife in Robinson Jeffers Delphic Oracle 465–468 ethics 1166–1167 and Edward Abbey 455 Delumeau, Jean 551 evolution 83, 397, 583, 628, 1435 De Boeck, Filip DeMallie, Raymond J. opposition to 1269, 1302 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see science and technology 1209 Neo-Paganism and Ethnic Black Elk Social Darwinism 531, 641, 1506 Demons 43, 48, 49, 74, 209, 221, 223, 228, David, Moses 636 DDT see pesticides 259, 321, 468–469, 590, 621, 721, 829, Davis, Andrew Jackson 287, 1180 Deegalle, Mahinda 1288, 1520 Davis, John 190 contributions in this encyclopedia, see dependent co-arising see Buddhism; contributions in this encyclopedia, see Mt. Hiei (Japan); Pilgrimage to Buddhism – Engaged Naropa University; Transpersonal Sripada (Sri Lanka) Depth Ecology 469–471 Psychology; Wilderness Rites of Deep Ecology 456–459 Descartes, René 168, 601,1307, 1589, Passage ahimsa 31 1591, 1746 (see also Descartes, René – Davis, Mark 520 and social ecology 725 and the Problem of Cartesian Dualism ) contribution in this encyclopedia, see anima mundi (world soul) 63 Descartes, René – and the Problem of Freeport (West Papua, Indonesia) Bioregionalism 190–191, 1174 Cartesian Dualism 471–474 (with Alexandra Szalay) Buddhism 244, 1004, 1019 desert fathers 316, 474, 1403–1405 Davis, Richard Church of All Worlds 383 Desert Writers (Western United States) contribution in this encyclopedia, see conflict with Judaism 936 474–475 Torres Straight Islanders Conservation Biology 415–417 Devall, Bill see Deep Ecology Davy, Barbara Jane Council of All Beings 558, 612 (see also Devas see gods, goddesses, deities and contributions in this encyclopedia, see Council of All Beings) nature spirits Cyborgism; Nature Religion depth ecology see Depth Ecology Devereaux, Paul 527, 1475 Dawson, Jan Devall, Bill 456, 457, 460, 600, 601, Devi, Savitri 475–477 contributions in this encyclopedia, see 675 devil see Satanism Perelandra; and Earth First! 416, 519, 1136 Devil’s Tower (Mato Tipi, Bear’s Lodge) Ecofeminism ecofeminism see Ecofeminism – Historic 477–479 Death and Afterlife in Robinson Jeffers and International Evolution DeMallie, Raymond J. and Edward Abbey Ecopsychology 558 contribution in this encyclopedia, see death (see also Church of Euthanasia) environmental ethics 473 (see also Black Elk animals in Judaism 921–922 Environmental Ethics) DeWitt, Calvin 211, 1158, 1213, 1757 Buddhism 978, 1706, 1801 Findhorn Foundation/Community 659 contributions in this encyclopedia, see burial practices 455, 719, 1107, 1700 (see Fox, Warwick 458, 538, 558, 1329, 1655 Au Sable Institute; Biblical also Burial Practices (Prehistoric); Friluftsliv see Friluftsliv Foundation for Christian Green Death Movement) indigenous practices 846 Stewardship; Christianity (7i) – An cremation 134, 549, 720, 723, 779, 905, influence on ecopsychology 558 Evangelical Perspective on Faith and 1089, 1601, 1813 Institute see Deep Ecology, Institute for Nature Dominicans 1406 Ireland 857 Dharma – Hindu 69, 105, 172, 479–481, Fall, The 916–917 Jung, Carl 942 654, 763, 765, 823, 827, 829, 1294, funerals 296, 510, 672, 722 Left Biocentrism see Left Biocentrism 1706 (see also Hinduism) Hinduism 779, 1777 Mountaineering 1119 Dharma – Buddhist see Buddhism holocaust 784 Naess, Arne see Naess, Arne Diana 103, 481–482, 1410–1411, 1508, hunting 806–807 platform see Deep Ecology Platform 1742, 1800 Hyenas 814–815 Sessions, George see Deep Ecology Dianetics 1499–1500 in MesoAmerica 1087 Platform; Environmental Ethics Diatta, Alinesitoue 485, 1727 Marshall, Robert 1048 Spinoza, Baruch 933 Dickens, Charles 1209 Natural Death Centre 722 Deep Ecology – Institute for 460–461, and Levellers 482–483 (see also near death experiences 527, 1447 1019, 1281–1282 adjacent, Diggers’ Song) Pantheism 1749 Deep Ecology Platform 457, 458, Diggers’ Song 483 pollution 1286 601, 1003, 1149 (adjacent to Deep Dillard, Annie 249, 310, 311, 483–484, practices regarding see Burial Practices; Ecology) 1079–1080 Green Death Movement Deere, Phillip 461–462 Diola (West Africa) 484–486 (see also Romanies 1416 see forests West Africa) Sun Dance 986 Deism 210, 287, 394, 453, 462–464, Dirt 486–487, 769 symbolic 1749 1176, 1178, 1257 disequilibrium societies 546 1842 Index

Disney, Walt, and Companies Droogan, Julian and the Earth Liberation Front; 487–488, 814, 1074, 1157 (see also contribution in this encyclopedia, see Radical Environmentalism) Theme Parks) Neo-Wessex Archeology Earth literacy 530, 691, 726, 1366 Epcot 488, 490, 491 Druids and Druidry 274, 282, 283, Earth Ministry 524–525, 540 Eisner, Michael 491 507–509, 661, 710, 754, 853–854, Earth Mysteries 525–528, 556, 693, motion pictures see Motion Pictures 1236–1237, 1247, 1264, 1461, 1660 1091–1092, 1600 Disney Worlds at War 489–493 Drums and Drumming 268, 509–510, EarthSpirit Community 529–530, 1264 Divine Waters of the Oru–Igbo 1037, 1816 (see also Pagan Music; Eastern Orthodox Monasticism 334 (Southeastern Nigeria) 494–496 Washat Religion) (adjacent to Christianity (6b1) – divination 123, 141, 144, 268, 295, 296, Duncan, Isadora 444, 735 Christian Orthodoxy) 297, 414, 422, 466, 619, 620, 621, 692, Dualism 510–512, 765, 772, 841, 941, Eaton, Heather 532–533 753, 821, 940 948, 1035, 1210, 1360, 1406, 1519, contribution in this encyclopedia, see (see also Ifa Divination) 1563, 1589, 1591, 1689 United Nations’ “Earth Summits” Dodge, Jim 188, 1328–1329 (see also Descartes, René – and the (with Bron Taylor and Iain S. Maclean) Dogen 239, 745, 1801 (see also Problem of Cartesian Dualism) Eckhart, Meister Johannes 363, 806, 813, Mountains and Rivers Sutra by Dualist Heresies 512–514 1258 Japanese Soto Zen Master Dogen Duncan, David James 667, 668, 1080 Eco-apocalypticism 1132–1133 Kigen (and adjacent, Dogen Kigen’s Duchrow, Ulrich Ecocentrism see Left Biocentrism Mountains and Rivers Sutra contribution in this encyclopedia, see Eco-church 530–531, 1213 (excerpts)) Globalization Ecofascism 458, 531–532, 603, 641 Dogs in the Abrahamic Traditions Dudley, Meredith Ecofeminism 497–498 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Adams, Carol see Adams, Carol Dogs in the Islamic Tradition 498–500 Ethnobotony (with William Balée) bioregionalism 190 dolphins see organisms Dundzila, Vilius Rudra Bible see Ecofeminism and Biblical Dolphins and New Age Religion contribution in this encyclopedia, see Interpretation 500–501 Baltic Indigenous Religions Center for Human Ecology 284 Domanski, Don 502 Dunn, Meghan Christianity see Christianity (7d) – Domestication 56, 67, 85, 133, 365, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Feminist Theology; Christianity (8g) 502–504, 635, 651, 660, 673, 1043, Fuller, Buckminster – Womanism 1758 Durkheim, Emile 95, 548, 852, 989, 1020, Con-spirando Women’s Collective Dominicans see Roman Catholic Religious 1311, 1344, 1449 418–419 Orders dwarves 592, 1092, 1218, 1224–1225 critique 1109 Donaldson, Laura Dwyer, Jim Cyborgism 442 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Deep Ecology 457 Harmony in Native North America Callenbach, Ernest Environmental Ethics 599, 602 Donga Tribe 504–506, 521, 557, 603, feminist spirituality 1330–1331 1328 Gebara, Ivone 689 Doniger, Wendy 597, 1661 E gender assumptions 473 Dorothy Maclean 659 (adjacent to earth acupuncture 527 Greenham women’s peace camp 536 Findhorn Foundation/Community) Earth Bible 515–516, 532, 533 Griffin, Susan 251 Doty, William G. Earth Charter 193, 212, 243, 365, 516– Hildegaard of Bingen 361 contributions in this encyclopedia, see 517, 542, 707, 843, 959, 1213–1214, history see Ecofeminism – Historic and Campbell, Joseph; Jung, Carl – A 1373, 1378, 1681–1682, 1765 International Evolution Perspective (see also Soka Gakai and the Earth in Europe 382 Douglas, Mary 95, 421, 468, 486, 664, Charter) Judaism 912, 945 1021 earth citizenship 681 Merchant, Carolyn see Merchant, Carolyn Dowd, Michael 613, 630, Earth Community Network see Gaia on nature 1521 (see also Merchant, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Foundation and Earth Community Carolyn) Evolutionary Evangelism (with Network Plaskow, Judith 532, 536 Connie Barlow) Earth Day 43, 44, 117, 243, 307, 394, 530, Plumwood, Val 458, 538, 1367, 1519 dowsing 113, 527, 563, 692, 1180, 1673 542, 598, 599, 601, 602, 780, 909, 935, Ruether, Rosemary Radford see Ruether, dowsers 527 1512, 1587, 1691 Rosemary Radford Dragon Environmental Network (United Earthdream 1348 54 Kingdom) 506–507, 521, 554, 556, Earth First! see Radical Theosophy see Theosophy and 1328 Environmentalism Ecofeminism Dragon Eco-magic (DREM) Earth First! and the Earth Liberation urban 689 554 Front 518–523 Ecofeminism and Biblical Interpretation Draper, Brad Earth Island Institute 225 532–533 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Earth Liberation Front 54, 603, 651, Ecofeminism – Historic and Rock Art – Western United States 1326–1328, 1547 (see also Earth First! International Evolution 533–538 Index 1843 ecocide 384, 784 dominance in world affairs 396, 1294, Edwards, Jonathon see North America – eco-crisis 371 1766 Christianity Eco-justice in Theology and Ethics globalization 698 (see also Egypt see Africa – Northern 539–543 Globalization) Egypt – Ancient 575–577 Eco-justice Hermeneutics 515 human development index 699 Egypt – Pre-Islamic 577–580 Eco-kabbalah 543–544, 947 Index of sustainable ecological welfare Ehrenfeld, David 416, 580–581, 910 eco-kosher movement 568 396–397 Ehrlich, Gretel 249, 581 Ecological Anthropology 544–547, 605, International Monetary Fund (IMF) 371 Ehrlich, Paul 84, 394, 599 1373, 1647 (see also Ecology and Judaism see Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle Einstein, Albert 94, 406, 582, 681, 1278, Religion; Rappaport, Roy A.; Harris, Malthus, Thomas Robert see Malthus, 1611 Marvin) Thomas Robert Eisenberg, Evan 635, 910 ecological footprint 275, 436, 666 poverty 105, 117, 122, 269, 358–359, Eiseley, Loren 582–584 eco-navy 728 404, 415, 666, 823, 870, 939, 957, Eisenberg, Evan 635, 910 eco-praxis 382 1150, 1296, 1305, 1454, 1763, 1769 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Eco-village Training Center 639 Roman Empire see Europe – Eden’s Ecology Ecological Buddhism see Buddhism – Southern Eisler, Riane 584 Engaged Smith, Adam see Economics Eisner, Michael see Disney Ecological Indian see American Indians subsistence 810, 1778, 1803 El niño 615 as “First Ecologists” sustainable 589, 988, 1409 1469 (see Elat Chayyim see Judaism ecological poetics 6, 7, 134–135, 1084 (see also Christianity and Sustainable Elephants 140, 176, 182, 415, 457, also Aboriginal Dreaming) Communities) 584–588, 768, 814, 815, 824, 1483 ecological reformation 316–317 (see also Trade Related International Property Eleusis 433, 597, 717, 1250, 1686 Christianity (9) – Christianity’s rights (TRIPS) 699 Eleventh Commandment Fellowship Ecological Reformation; A Manifesto World Bank 34, 314, 371, 396, 415, 699, 588–589, 973, 1213 for North American Middle-Class 836, 837, 869, 973, 1071, 1099, 1366, Eliade, Mircea xiii–xiv, 108, 137, 164, Christians) 1581, 1616, 1771 464, 486, 589–590, 989, 1103, 1449, Ecology and Religion 251, 548–553, 605, Eco-paganism 507, 556–557 (see also 1520–1521, 1525, 1529, 1533–1534, 1373 Donga Tribe; Dragon Environmental 1555, 1784 Eco-magic 506–507, 554, 556–557, 1741 Network; Eco-magic; Earth First! and Ellul, Jacques 56, 590–591, 1020 Economics 555–556 the Earth Liberation Front; Neo- Ellwood, Robert alternative models 511, 591, 1004, 1317, Paganism and Ethnic Nationalism in contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1336, 1408, 1150, 1221, 1674, 1736 Eastern Europe; Neo-Paganism in the Blavatsky, Helen Patrovna; Eliade, and eco-justice 539, 609 Ukraine) Mircea; Theosophy and oil 1293 Eco-pagan anarchists 591 Elmatti, Heather Buddhist 555, 599, 1004, 1491 Ecopsychology 63, 457, 460, 557–559, contribution in this encyclopedia, see capitalism 945, 1329–1330 Motion Pictures (with Heidi Campbell) criticisms of 48, 51, 858, 1003–1004, eco-ritual 557 Elohim 574, 746, 926, 948, 1240, 1133, 1346, 1553, Ecosophy T 560–563, 600, 1149–1150 1672–1674 effects of 1776 eco-terrorists 3, 1720 elves 82, 221, 637, 752, 1092, 1113, 1218, greening global 380 (see also Green Ecotherapy (by Hans Andeweg and Rijk 1224, 1249, 1633 Politics) Bols) 563–564 Elves and Land Spirits in Pagan Norse religion 1309–1310 Eco-Thomism 102, 331 Religion 592–593 Christianity 170, 329–330, 403, 436, Ecotopia 252, 564–566 (see also Elvey, Anne 555 (see also Christianity and Ecotopian Reflections; Ecotopia – The contributions in this encyclopedia, see Sustainable Communities) European Experience; Utopian Ecofeminism and Biblical support of 454 Literature) Interpretation; Geneology and community based 725 Ecotopian Reflections 566–568 of Place (Australia) consumerism 22, 30, 35, 128, 148, 151, Ecotopia – The European Experience Emenhiser, JeDon A. 241–243, 315, 546, 555, 556, 568, 588, 568–569 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 774, 846, 895, 938 ecotourism 457, 597, 1116 G-O Road (Northern California) consumption see Population and Eco-womanists 537 (see also Christianity Emerson, Joseph 1039 Consumption – Contemporary (7g) – Womanism) Emerson, Ralph Waldo 594–595 (see Religious Responses; Population, Ecumenical Movement see Christianity also Natural History as Natural Consumption and Christian Eden see gardens Religion; Nature Religion in the United Ethics Eden and Other Gardens 569–572 States; Thoreau, Henry David; corporate responsibility see Interfaith Eden’s Ecology 572–575 Transcendentalism; Whitman, Walt) Center on Corporate Responsibility Edwards, Felicity American romanticism 1425 criticism of 501, 988, 1031, 1639 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Christianity 1679 Daly, Herman 372, 396, 397, 555, 599, Aurobindo, Sri; Knowledge, Knowing manifest destiny 1040 602, 1297 and Nature mountains 1119 1844 Index

Native Americans 1179 Environmental Justice and Christianity; Christianity (5) – Pantheism 15, 248 Environmental Racism; National Medieval Period slavery 1179, 1180 Council of Churches, Eco-Justice Natural Theology see Christianity (7h) Transcendentalism 148, 1176, 1179, Working Group (USA)) – Natural Theology 1182, 1744, 1747 Environmental Justice and organizations see Centre for Human vanishing landscapes 1152, 1153 Environmental Racism 165, 367, 603, Ecology Emissaries of Divine Light 595, 1199 608–610 orthodoxy see Christianity (6b1) – emptiness see Buddhism Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Christian Orthodoxy; Christianity endangered species act see animals 525, 609, 666, 1014, 1214, 1756 (6b2) – Greek Orthodox Engel, J. Ronald 1768 environmental racism 242, 367, 537 (see Christianity; (6a) – Roman contribution in this encyclopedia, see also Environmental Justice and Catholicism Biosphere Reserves and World Environmental Racism) people, influential Heritage Sites Environmental Sabbath 611, 1444 Albert the Great see Albert the Great Engels, Frederick see philosophy Environmentalism (and nature religion) Altner, Günter see Altner, Günter Enlightenment, the see Europe 97, 98, 258, 279, 638 Aquinas, Thomas see Aquinas, Thomas Enlightment (philosophical) see Epcot see Disney Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch Buddhism Epic of Evolution 165, 491, 612–616, 158–159, 307, 338, 339–340, 973, Engaged Buddhism see Buddhism – 691, 707, 1326, 1372, 1376, 1683 (see 1546, 1770 Engaged also adjacent, Epic Ritual) Bridget see Bridget England see Europe – Northern Epic Ritual 612–613 Cusa, Nicholas of see Cusa, Nicholas of Entheogens 33, 596–597, 619, 751, 813, Epstein, Mikhail 1694 Francis of Assisi see Francis of Assisi 1072, 1312, 1326, 1336, 1532 (see also contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hildegard of Bingen see Hildegard of Leary, Timothy; McKenna, Terrence) Russian Mystical Philosophy (with Bingen Environmental Ethics 597–606 Adrian Ivakhiv) McDonagh, Sean see McDonagh, Sean asceticism 122 equinoxes 123, 158, 167, 283, 422, 445, Moltmann, Jürgen see Moltmann, Buddhism see Buddhism – North 510, 649, 721, 781, 853, 1237, 1244, Jürgen America 1248, 1299, 1361, 1381, 1601 Palmer, Martin see Palmer, Martin Callicott, J. Baird see Callicot, J. Baird Erhlich, Paul and Anne 1034 Schweitzer, Albert see Schweitzer, Christianity 215, 615–616, 1194, Albert emerging ethics 314 –375 1514 Steiner, Rudolf see Steiner, Rudolf – problem with see White, Lynn – Thesis of essentialism, gender 441, 705 and Anthroposophy Confucianism see Confucianism and Estes, Clarissa Pinkola 616, 1645 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre see Environmental Ethics Ethics and Sustainability Dialogue Group Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre Cronon, William 438, 1315 616–617 politics and political theology see deep ecology see Deep Ecology Ethnobotany 617–621, 1647 Diggers and Levelers; Christianity Descartes, René see Descartes, René and Ethnoecology 547, 622–623 (see also (7b) – Political Theology the Problem of Cartesian Dualism Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo – and Protestant Reformation see Christianity history see Natural History as Natural Ethnoecology in Colombia) (6c1) – Reformation Traditions: Religion ethnography 95, 97, 1230 Christianity (6c2) – Calvin, John Indigenous people see Traditional Etsheni Sacred Stones 623–624 and the Reformed Tradition Ecological Knowledge Europe Scotland see Northern Europe – Scotland Islam see Islam and Environmental Celtic Spirituality see Celtic Spirituality Coleridge, Samuel Tyler 43, 351, 1423, Ethics; Islam and Environmentalism Christianity see Christianity in Europe 1652 in Iran Anglicanism see Christianity (6c4) – Eastern Europe Judaism see Tikkun Olam – A Jewish Anglicanism Baltic religion see Baltic Indigenous Imperative Annabaptist/Mennonite Traditions see Religions Leopold, Aldo 1180 Christianity (6c3) –Anabaptist/ Blavatsky, Helen Petrovna see Blavatsky, Naess, Arne see Naess, Arne Mennonite Traditions; Book of Helen Petrovna nonduality 774 Nature Fedorov, Nikolai see Russian Mystical Pagan see Pagan Environmental Ethics architecture see Green Man Philosophy Radical Environmentalism see Radical ecumenical movement see Christianity Gorbachev, Mikhail 516, 1188 Environmentalism (8) – Ecumenical Movement Ivanov, Porfyrii Korniiovych 1189, 1438 Rolston III, Holmes see Rolston III, Holmes International; Sustainability and Koliada Viatichei see Koliada Viatichei scholarship see Religious Studies and the World Council of Churches; Kropotkin, Peter see Kropotkin, Peter Environmental Concern World Council of Churches and paganism see Neo-Paganism and Ethnic Venice Declaration of Environmental Ecumenical Thought Nationalism in Eastern Europe; Ethics 159 globalization see Globalization Neo-Paganism in Ukraine; Slavic environmental justice 189, 290, 291, 309, Ireland see Northern Europe – Ireland Neo-Paganism 367, 400, 541, 674, 781, 840, 858, 877, Medieval Christianity see philosophy see Russian Mystical 935, 1213, 1329, 1409, 1714 (see also Apocalypticism in Medieval Philosophy; Gurdjieff, Georges Index 1845

Ivanovitch; Ouspensky, Pyotr sacred sites see Earth Mysteries; religion see Roman Natural Religion; Demianovich Glastonbury; Sacred Sites in Roman Religion and Empire Pravoslavia movement 1188 England; Stone Circles; Vatican see Christianity (6a) – Roman Ridnovira (Ukraine Native Faith) 1188 Stonehenge Catholicism Romania Wallace, Alfred Russel see Wallace, Western Europe gypsies see Romanies Alfred Russel France shamanism see Shamanism – Neo Wicca see Wicca Chartres Cathedral 274, 975 Slavokia Scotland 1503–1506 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques see Rousseau, religion see Slavic Religion; Slavic faerie faith see Faerie Faith in Jean-Jacques Neo-Paganism Scotland; Rotting Tree Faerie Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre see Pogacnik, Marko see Pogacnik, Marko Findhorn Community see Findhorn Tielhard de Chardin, Pierre Soviet Union 298, 562, 1003, 1586, 1682 Foundation/Community van Gennep, Arnold 1388, 1451, 1600, Stalin, Joseph 298, 1100 human potential organizations see 1749 Tolstoy, Leo 52, 1640 Centre for Human Ecology; Germany Vernadsky, Vladimir I 679, 730, Findhorn Foundation/ Auschwitz 193, 355, 642, 653 783–784 739–740, 1437 Community Devi, Savitri see Devi, Savitri Enlightenment, the 63, 211, 228, 328, stone circles see Stone Circles Himmler, Reichsfuhrer Heinrich 476, 351, 368, 369, 453, 462–464, 471, 512, Ireland 853–857 (see also Brigit) 526, 641 580, 641, 670, 1033, 1053–1054, 1176, Celtic Religion see Celtic Hitler, Adolf 355, 450, 451, 476, 477, 1181–1184, 1421, 1424, 1428, 1539, Christianity; Celtic Spirituality 562, 640, 642, 1245, 1498 1653, 1676 Ecotopias see Ecotopia – the National see National European Parliament for the Green Party European Experience Socialism 1120 music see Burning Times (adjacent to Nazism see National Socialism European Youth For(est) Action 568 Pagan Music) Odinism see Odinism gods/goddesses see gods, goddesses, Renaissance, the 467, 526, 571, 697, Odinist Fellowhip 1219 deities and nature spirits 933, 949, 972, 990, 1021, 1277, 1278, Trier’s Cathedral see Green Man Holocaust 477, 934–935, 1103, 1625 1728–1729 Inquisition 513–514, 1239 Indo-Europeans see Proto-Indo Romanticism see Romanticism in Spanish conquest 61, 391, 1059, 1085, Europeans European History; Romanticism in 1088, 1475, 1670 Northern Europe European Literature Spanish revolution 50 Druidry see Druids and Druidry Southern Europe Wordsworth, William 139, 453, 813, Heathenry see Heathenry – Ásatrú Greece 1404, 1419–1420, 1422–1424, 1747 Iceland 593, 728, 751–753, 1218–1220, acropolis 717–718 Yeats, William Butler 508, 633, 706, 710, 1708–1709 Cicero 715, 1169 1224 Norway classical see Greece – Classical; Evangelical Environmental Network 275, Frilufsliv see Frilufsliv Greco-Roman World 318, 370, 624–625, 624, 850, 973, Naess, Arne see Naess, Arne creation myths see Creation Myths of 1152, 1158, 1621,1757 Norse Religions see Elves and Land the Ancient World Everest, Mount 34, 683, 805, 1457, 1797 Spirits in Pagan Norse Religion Delphi see Delphic Oracle (see also Messner on Everest and Saami see Saami Culture landscape see Greece – Landscape Cosmos, adjacent to Mountaineering) trees see Trees – Northern and Middle mountains Evola, Julius 625–627, 1187 Europe Olympus, Mount 716, 717, 719, 721, evolution and evolutionary biology see United Kingdom 738, 1457 Science Britain Parnassus, Mount 466, 717, 1457 Evolutionary Biology, Religion, and 54 myths see Myths of the Ancient Stewardship 627–629 Anglo-Saxons 221, 222, 991, 1041 World Evolutionary Evangelism 629–631 archaeology see Neo-Wessex Odysseus 433, 1050, 1509 Explorer Petroglyphs (Western United Archaeology paganism see Greek Paganism States) 632 Avebury 283, 508, 1460–1461, philosophers see philosophy Exxon 309, 310, 491, 849, 1756 1599–1600 Ptolemy, Claudius 123, 715 Ezekiel 309, 434, 516, 571, 724, 757, 947, Beowulf 174, 221–222, 751 Pythagoras 110, 288, 814 1443, 1674 environmental organizations see Sophists 711–712 Douga Tribe; Dragon Virgil 1402, 1413, 1422 Environmental Network Italy F middle ages see Britain 400–1100 art see Art Faarlund, Nils 675 politics see Diggers and Levelers geography see Lake Pergusa factory farms see agriculture (and adjacent, Diggers’ Song) Roman empire Faerie Faith in Scotland 633, 1504 (see Prince Charles see Prince Charles agriculture 1280, 1412 also adjacent, Rotting Tree Faerie) raves see Raves Caesar, Julius 908, 1660 Fall, The 634–636 roman influence see Roman Britain Jesus see Jesus and Empire Annabaptists and Mennonites see 1846 Index

Christianity (6c3) – Annabaptist and LeGuin, Ursula K. see LeGuin, Ursula K. Finch, Martha Mennonite Traditions Pinkola, Clarissa see Pinkola, Clarissa contribution in this encyclopedia, see garden of Eden see Eden and Other Spretnek, Charlene see Spretnek, Puritans Gardens; Eden’s Ecology Charlene Findhorn Foundation/Community Judaism 932 see Jewish Walker, Alice see Walker, Alice 658–660 (see also adjacent, Intertestamental Literature Wicca see Wicca – Dianic Dorothy Maclean) nature 1174 (see also Christianity and Feminist Spirituality Movement Fire 660–663 Nature Symbolism; Wilderness 647–649 and Promethius 89, 433 Religion) Con-spirando Women’s Collective see Anishnabeg Culture 91–92 New Testament see Christianity (3) – Con-spirando Women’s Collective Aztecs 144–145 New Testament Cyborgism see Cyborgism ceremonial 158, 1065, 1243, 1273, 1473, Reformed Traditions see Christianity Feminine Principle of Creation 103 1486, 1523, 1811, 1814 (6c1) – Reformation Traditions goddess spirituality 703 divine/celestial 63, 206, 714, 755, 1087, (Lutherism and Calvinism) Starhawk see Starhawk 1465 Rousseau, René 1428 feminist theology see Christianity (7d) – domestic 57 science 1209 Feminist Theology Hinduism 763, 764, 766, 767, 770, 1191 theology see Christian Theology and the Fenech, Louis E. internal 721, 1050, 1522 Fall; Christianity (7a) – Theology and contribution in this encyclopedia, see Jainism 893, 894 Ecology (Contemporary Sikhism Yellowstone 1157 Introduction); Christianity (7d ) – Fengshui 292, 293, 296, 649–650, 692, Fisher, Andy 1329 Feminist Theology 1091 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Fall of Tenochtitlan; Tlatelolco, The 146 Ferality 650–652 Ecopsychology (adjacent to Aztec Religion – Pre- Ferguson, Marilyn 804, 943, 1195, Fishers 120, 663–665, 749, 1583, 1646 Colombian) 1303 (see also Fly Fishing; Sohappy, David – Family, the (Children of God) 636–637, Ferlat, Anne and Salmon Spirituality) 1197 contributions in this encyclopedia, see fishing 41, 120, 213, 267, 438, 718, 953, Fantin, Shaneen Kalash Culture (Northwestern 1206, 1560, 1578 (see also Fishers; Fly contribution in this encyclopedia, see Pakistan); Paganism – Mari (Mari El Fishing) Yolngu Ceremonial Architecture Republic, Russia) Fisk, Pliny 665–666 (Australia) (with Paul Memmott) fertility see Abortion; Breeding and flora see organisms – flora Fantasy Literature 637–638, 1250 Contraception; Fertility and Floresta 666–667 Farrar, Janet and Stewart 1236–1237 Abortion; Fertility and Flower song – xochicuicatl 144, 146 Farm, The 149, 639, 1199 Secularization; Judaism and the (adjacent to Aztec Religion – Fascism 603, 626, 639–643 (see also Population Crisis; Population and Pre-Colombian ) Ecofacism) Consumption – Contemporary Fly Fishing 667–669 political, religion as a see Ecofascism; Religious Responses; Population, Foltz, Richard C. Fascism Consumption, and Christian Ethics contributions in this encyclopedia, see Faulkner, William see North America – Fertility and Abortion 652–656 Islam; Islam and Environmentalism United States Fertility and Secularization 657–658 in Iran; Islam, Animals and Faulstich, Paul Fiala, Andrew Vegetarianism; Izzi Dien; Nasr, contributions in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Seyyed Hossein; Pure Brethren; Aboriginal Art – Warlpiri; Creation Myths of the Ancient World; Water in Islam; Water in Ethnoecology; Geophilia; Natural Ovid’s Metamorphoses Zoroastrianism History and Indigenous Worldviews; Ficino, Marsilio 63, 933, 1130, 1278, foraging societies 112, 144, 313, 456, Rock Art – Australian Aboriginal; 1729 664, 801, 835 (see also Huaorani; Sacred Space/Place fiction see Apocalyptic Literature; Penan Hunter-Gatherers; Pygmies Fauna see Animals; organisms Fantasy Fiction; Utopic Literature (Mbuti Foragers) and Bila Farmers of Fauna Cabala 644–647 Field, David N. the Hari Forest; San (Bushmen) Feast of the Dead 1236 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Religion) (see also Feminist Spirituality Christianity (6c2) – Calvin, John and Foreman, Dave see Radical Movement) the Reformed Tradition Environmentalism Christianity see Christianity (7d) – Field, Steven forests Feminist Theology; Christianity (7g) contribution in this encyclopedia, see cathedral 274, 278, 518 (see also – Womanism Fengshui Cathedral Forests and the Felling of Daly, Mary see Daly, Mary fig tree see organisms – flora Sacred Groves) Ecofeminism see Ecofeminism Figueroa, Robert Melchior deforestation 30, 38, 44, 274, 314, 546, Feminist Spirituality Movement see contributions in this encyclopedia, see 624 Feminist Spirituality Movement Chávez, César – and the United Farm and Confucianism 410 Goddess worship see Goddesses – Workers; Environmental Justice and and Neo-Humanism 48 History of Environmental Racism Athonite peninsula 335 Index 1847

collapse of Maya civilization 835 Fox, Selena see Wicca Fuller, Robert in Africa/biodiversity 180, 576, 820 Fox, Stephen 417, 1544 contribution in this encyclopedia, see in the Amazon 41, 213, 836 Fox, Warwick see Deep Ecology Peyote in the Caribbean 269 Foyn, Svend 1732 funerals see death in Hawai’í 749 Francis of Assisi, Saint 670–672 (see also in India 101, 300 Gaian Mass) chipko 768, 775, 823, 827 animals 77, 122, 377, 570 G smudging ceremony 569 festival 276, 352, 682 Gaard, Greta 533, 538 environmental protection Franciscans 1405–1406 Gabriel, Angel 862, 929, 1200 Africa see Kenya’s Greenbelt mysticism 329 Gaia 679–680 Movement; Sacred Groves of Africa nature 327 Church of All Worlds see Church of All California see G-O Road; Redwood White, Lynn 1168 Worlds Rabbis Franciscans see Roman Catholic Religious 1013 India see Appiko; Chipko Movement; Orders foundation see Gaia Foundation and India’s Sacred Groves Franck, Frederick see Art Earth Community Network Iran 1814 Franklin, Benjamin 352, 463, 707, 748, Gaia Liberation Front 385 Israel see Israel and Environmentalism 1015 hypothesis 33, 63, 383, 1587 Latin America 1409 Frazer, James xiii, xvii–xix, 94–95, 672, Institute 275 Thailand 1629 (see also Siam’s Forest 744, 1020–1021, 1311, 1389, 1411, Lovelock, James see Lovelock, James Monasteries) 1508 mass 1755 (see also Gaian Mass) national parks 1152–1153 Freeman, Nick pilgrimage see Gaian Pilgrimage nature spirits 819 contribution in this encyclopedia, see raves 1347 rainforests 28, 38, 182, 238, 840 (see also Graves, Robert von Ranke re-earthing 1355–1356 Rainforests) Freemasons 489, 1022, 1243, 1728 (see Gaia Foundation and Earth Community reforestation 894, 909, 1357, 1366, 1406, also Masons, Fraternal Order of) Network 680–682 1408, 1514, 1629 (see also Kenya Freeport (West Papua, Indonesia) 672 Gaian Mass 682–683, 1755 Greenbelt Movement; Men of the French, William Gaian Pilgrimage 683–685 Trees; Restoration Ecology and contributions in this encyclopedia, see Gaines, Betsy Ritual) Christianity (6a) – Roman contribution in this encyclopedia, see religion see Religious Campaign for Catholicism; Frances of Assisi; Mongolian Buddhism and Taiman Forest Conservation; Trees – as Moltmann, Jürgen; Rousseau, Conservation Religious Architecture Jean-Jacques Galeano, Juan Carlos Seed, John see Seed, John Freud, Sigmund 163, 673, 808, 989, contribution in this encyclopedia, slash and burn 666, 835 1034, 1229, 1311 (see also Jung, Carl – see Amazonian Folktales (and trees A Perspective; Magic; Wonder Toward adjacent, Mapinguari) Europe see Trees – Northern and Nature) Gandhi, Mohandas 685–686 Middle Europe Friends Committee on Unity with Nature ahimsa 31, 53, 894 Haiti see Trees in Haitian Vodou (FCUN) 674 autobiography 139 1658–1659 Friends of the Earth 225, 226, 307, 507, Bhagavadgita 172, 1149 music see Tree Music 675, 906, 1346 (see also A Christian Ecosophy T 1149–1150 ordaining 1388, 1629 (see also Trees – Friend of the Earth; A Salvadorian environmentalism 826, 1150 as Religious Architecture) Reflection on Religion, Rights, and Greenpeace 727–728 organizations Nature) Sarvodaya 53, 105 (see also Sarvodaya Tree of Peace Society 748 Friends – Religious Society of (Quakers) Sramadana Movement) Trees for Life 658, 660 361, 674–675, 727, 1178, 1198, satyagraha 53, 139, 155, 826, 1046, sacred 95, 119, 157, 261, 273–274, 434, 1474 (see also Quaker Writings in 1481, 1515, 1627 590, 619, 718, 724, 768, 800, 963, Tasmania) Singh, Puran 1550 986, 1115, 1413, 1453–1454, 1470, Friluftsliv 675 Ganga (Ganges) River see Asia – Southern 1477, 1643, 1657, 1659, 1682 (see Frömming, Urte Undine Gardner, Gerald B. 1247, 1739–1740, also Trees – Sacred) contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1742 Wise Use Movement see Wise Use Volcanoes (with Judith Schlehe) Gardening and Nature Spirituality Movement Frugality 122, 316, 374, 487, 1296, 1403, 687 Forum on Religion and Ecology 1367, 1704, 1785 (adjacent to Virtues and gardens 1378–1379, 1746 Ecology in World Religions) Chinese 297 Foundation for Shamanic Studies see Fruitlands 148, 675–676 Eden see Eden and Other Gardens; Harner, Michael – and the Foundation Frye, Northrop see North America – Eden’s Ecology; Restoring Eden for Shamanic Studies Canada floating 143 Fox, George 674 Fuller, Buckminster 109, 665, 676–678, gardening see Gardening and Nature Fox, Matthew 89, 165, 332, 363, 456, 512, 1586 Spirituality 669–670, 857, 1213, 1762 Fuller, Margaret 224, 676, 1425 in art 110–111 1848 Index

Islam see Gardens in Islam Global Education Association 1408 Parvati 480, 486, 767–769, 1294, 1415 Japan 955, see Japanese Gardens global ethics 411, 517, 542, 1170 (see also Red Machchendranath 1192 landscapes, sacred 1080, 1458 Earth Charter) Sarasvati 704, 763–764 Gardens in Islam 688 Globalization 698–700 Shiva 36, 586, 642, 766, 767, 769, Garrard-Burnett, Virginia and nature 299, 374 824, 826, 1031, 1356–1357, 1524, contributions in this encyclopedia, see effects of 181, 360, 461, 840, 841 1626 Mayan Catholicism; Mayan International Forum on Globalization Vac 764 Protestanism 1539 Vayu 1191, 1415 Gaskin, Stephen 639, 1199 opposition to 54, 380, 459, 700, 912 (see Vishnu 194, 195, 709, 765–766, Gebara, Ivone 213, 313, 359, 419, 512, also Anarchism; Earth First! and the 767–768, 770, 772–774, 824, 826, 532, 533, 689–690 Earth Liberation Front; Economics) 829, 1191, 1517, 1606 Geertz, Clifford 549, 989 Transnational Corporations (TNC) 309, originating in Western Asia Genealogy and Spiritualities of Place 699, 841, 1468 Ahura Mazda 661, 1555, 1812–1814 (Australia) 690 World Trade Organization (WTO) 380, Amesha Spentras (6 interconnected General Systems Theory see Science 699, 1198, 1468 spirits) 1812, 1814 Genesis Farm 165, 404, 691–692, 1406 global warming 44, 212, 227, 309, 318, Anahita (Nahid) 1716, 1812 genetic engineering see Science 541, 728, 740, 839, 958, 1044, 1340 Innana (Ishtar) 704, 1090, 1771 genius loci 104, 554, 557, 687, 1320, Glock, Charles 1198 Marduk 431, 1090 1420, 1461 Glover, James M 1048, 1129 Patet Apam (guardians of the river) geodesic dome see Architecture contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1716 Geomancy 104, 295, 296, 525–526, 576, Marshall, Robert; Murie, Olaus J. originating in Europe 626, 692, 771, 969, 1091, 1284, 1600 Gnosticism 512–513, 704, 724, originating in Greece and Italy geomorphology see Delphic Oracle 1257–1258, 1671 Aphrodite 704, 714, 1291, 1410, 1509, Geophilia 693–694 G-O Road (Northern California) 701–702 1716 Gerstenfeld, Manfred gods, goddesses, deities and nature spirits Apollo 466–468, 619, 716–719, contributions in this encyclopedia, see devas 35, 288, 554, 659, 771, 1136, 1269, 1227–1228, 1291, 1402, 1410, Hebrew Bible; Judaism and 1633 1732, 1808 Sustainability; Paganism – A Jewish originating in Africa Artemis 481, 704, 716–717 719, 810, Perspective Apep/Apophi 432, 1205 1411, 1518 Gestalt therapy 615, 1194 Eng’ai (Ng’ai, Nkai, Enkai) 1016–1018 Athena 619, 704, 716–719 Ghost Dance 198, 199, 510, 695–695, Inkosi yeZulu 1773 Cinyras 1228 785, 1096, 1713 Isis 575, 704, 1239, 1250 Daphne 1227–1228 Gilmore, Peter H. Makewana see Makewana the Demeter (Ceres) 433, 619, 704, 717, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Rainmaker 981, 1107, 1685–1686, 1740 Satanism Mammy Water see Mammy Water Diana see Diana Gimbutas, Marija 301, 527, 528, 534, 584, Mwari 1055 Dionysus (Bacchus) 302, 444, 719, 593, 635, 696, 981, 1310–1311, 1557, Neith/Nit 1205–1206 724, 1227, 1411–1412, 1518 1595 Nyang’ idi 1561 Echo 1228 Ginsberg, Allen 55, 160–161, 1384 Omieri 1561–1562 Europa 1228 Gitau, Samson Osiris 432, 578–579, 704, 724, 1206, Ge (earth) 466, 679, 716 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1622, 1657 Hyacinthus 1228 Christian Environmentalism in Re/Ra 575, 1206 Io 1228, 1289 Kenya Sobek/Sebak 576, 1205–1206 Jupiter (Jove) 433, 1227–1229, 1401, Glacken, Clarence James 274, 696–697, Thunga 1029–1030 1410, 1412 1108, 1598, 1736 Yoruba gods/goddesses 1780 Mars 1410–1411 Glass, Matthew originating in Asia Myrrha 1228 contributions in this encyclopedia, see originating in East Asia Narcissus 1227–1228 Deloria, Vine Jr.; Devil’s Tower (Mato Buddha Amitabha 236 Persephone 433, 687, 704, 980–982, Tipi or Bear’s Lodge); Law, Religion Buddha Mahavairocana 232 1285, 1685–1686 and Native American Lands; Ebisu 1730 Prometheus 89, 433 Manifest Destiny; Mother Earth; Kami 36, 113, 899–903, 1121, 1368, Pygmalion 1228 Mount Rushmore; National Parks and 1656–1657, 1722 Semele 1227 Monuments Shu 1795–1796 Venus 575, 1227–1228, 1410–1411, Glassman, Bernard 243–244 originating in South Asia 1509 Glastonbury 697–698 AvalokiteYvara 1636 Zeus 433, 717, 719, 1413, 1457, Glazier, Stephen D. Bhu-devi 766 1555 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ganesh 69, 586, 768, 824 originating in Germany Rappaport, Roy A. Kali 704, 142, 1250, 1619 Midgard 752, 1218, 1517 Glen Canyon Dam 226, 1546 Lakshmi 586, 765, 766, 768, 773, Odin 593, 1554, 1660 see also Odinism Glen Canyon Institute 226 1514–1515 Yggdrasil 751–752, 754, 1218, 1660 Index 1849

originating in Norway Gould, Rebecca Kneale Griffin, Roger elves and land spirits see Elves and contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Land Spirits in Pagan Norse Back to the Land Movements; Berry, Fascism Religions Wendell; Book of Nature; Burroughs, Griffin, Susan 54, 251, 534, 535, 729, Freyja 592, 752, 1218 John; Christianity (7h) – Natural 1109 Freyr 592, 752 Theology; Deism; Emerson, Ralph Griffin, Wendy Thor 592, 1517, 1558 Waldo; Thoreau, Henry David; contributions in this encyclopedia, see Vanir 592, 752–754, 1218 Transcendentalism Wicca–Dianic; Z-Budapest originating in Meso-America see Grand Canyon 200, 225, 794, 796, 1129, Grim, John 96, 1264, 1376–1378 Mesoamerican Deities 1546, 1755 Grimes, Ronald L. originating in North America Grau, Marion contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hawaii contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ritual Kanaloa 748–749, 953 Christianity (6c4) – Anglicanism; Grobbelaar, Frik 1439 Lono 748, 750, 953 Jubilee and Jubilee 2000; Oikos contribution in this encyclopedia, see Pele 1709 Graves, Robert von Ranke 596, 637, 710, Rustlers Valley (South Africa) Native American tribes 1247 Groff, Stanislav 214–216, 729, 1654–1655 Great Spirit 43, 200, 796, 830, 851, Great Chain of Being 328, 339–342, 352, Gross, Rita M. 987, 1274 376, 940, 1010, 1269, 1744 contributions in this encyclopedia, see originating in Oceania great cosmic liturgy 166–168 Buddhism – Tibetan; Feminist Tane 1200, 1231, 1287 Great Monkey Jataka, The Spirituality Movement; Goddesses – sea goddesses see Sea Goddesses and (Mahakapijataka) 904–905 History of Female Water Spirits Great Spirit see gods, goddesses, Grounds, Richard A. sky gods 534, 1077 (see also Sky) deities and nature spirits – North contributions in this encyclopedia, see Goddesses – History of 702–705 America Native American Languages; Yuchee goddess spirituality 288, 301, 696, 1248, Great White Brotherhood of Ascended Culture and the Euchee Language 1351, 1570 (see also Christ, Carol; Masters 1671 Project (Southeastern United States) Gimbutas, Marija) Greco-Roman World 711–716 Gruenschloss, Andreas Goethe 641, 735, 1423, 1459 Greece – Classical 716–718 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Gold, Ann Grodzins Greek Landscape 719–720 Aztec Religion – Pre-Colombian; Lost contribution in this encyclopedia, see Greek Paganism 720–722 Worlds Seeds in South Asia Green, Arthur 544, 1705 Gudmarsdottir, Sigridur Golden Dawn 706, 1021–1022, 1054, contributions in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1243, 1739 Eco-Kabbalah; Hasidism and Nature Corrington, Robert S.; Trees golden section see Art Mysticism (Northern and Middle Europe) Golding, William 679, 1587 Green Cross International 516, 1682 Gudorf, Christine E Goldtooth, Tom 838 Green Death Movement 407, 722–723 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see (see also death) Breeding and Contraception Indigenous Environmental Network Green Gulch Zen Center 243, 244 Guenther, Mathias Gombe Stream Research Center 707 Green Man 506, 557, 637, 723–724, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Gomes, Carolos Valerio A. 1134, 1656–1658 Khoisan Religion; San (Bushman) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Green Politics 725–726 Religion; The Trickster Rubber Tappers (with Richard H. see Asia – Southern Guha, Ramachandra see Asia – Southern Wallace) Green Sisters Movement 691, Gulen, Fethullah 729–730 Goodall, Jane 72, 139, 140, 398, 602, 726–727 Gumilev, Lev 1437–1438 706–708, 1682–1683 greenhouse gases 309, 839, 843, 958, Gupta, Roxanne Kamayani contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1292, 1294 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Primate Spirituality greening of religion see Environmental Indian Classical Dance Goodenough, Ursula 165, 1302, 1590 Ethics; Religious Environmentalist Gurdjieff, George Ivanovitch 162, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Paradigm; Religious Studies and 730–732, 1225 Religious Naturalism Environmental Concern (and adjacent, Guru Nanak see Asia – Southern Gorbachev, Mikhail see Europe – Eastern Critical Perspectives on “Religions of Gush Emunim 732–734 Gordon, Aharon David 708, 909, 934 the World and Ecology”); United Gutierrez, Gustavo 358 Goshalas (Home for Aged Cattle) 709, Nations’ “Earth Summits”; White, Gypsies see Romanies 825 Lynn – Thesis of gospels, synoptic see Christianity Greenpeace 44, 227, 727–728, 780, 1075, Gottleib, Alan M. 1756 1132, 1720 H Gottleib, Roger 1522 Greenway, Robert 558 Habel, Norman contribution in this encyclopedia, see Gregersen, Niels Henrik contributions in this encyclopedia, The Holocaust and the contribution in this encyclopedia, see see Eco-Justice Hermeneutics Environmental Crisis Whitehead, Alfred North (adjacent to Earth Bible); Heavenism 1850 Index

(adjacent to Earth Bible); Earth Origins; Music of Resistance; Power Hazare, Anna 1341 Bible Animals; Rewilding; Sexuality and healing Haberman, David Eco-spirituality Africa 264 (see also Muti and African contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hardy, Thomas 736–737 Healing; Muti Killings) Yamuna Harjo, Joy 737, 994 Ayurvedic medicine 586 Habito, Ruben L.F. Harmonic Convergence 11, 738, 804 (see herbal medicine 261, 485, 819, 1144, contribution in this encyclopedia, see also Harmonic Convergence and the 1793, 1816, 1181 (see also Zen Buddhism Spiritualization of the Biosphere) Ethnobotony; Zulu (amaZulu) Hackett, Rosalind Harmonic Convergence and the Culture, Plants, and Spirit Worlds) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Spiritualization of the Biosphere sauna see Sauna Somé, Malidome Patrice 738–741 Heath, Jennifer Hadith see Islam Harmony in Native North American contributions in this encyclopedia, see Hadith and Shari’a on Man and Nature Spiritual Traditions 741–742 Chaos, Creation and the Winter 876 Harner, Michael 620, 1441, 1528–1529 Garden; Eden and Other Gardens Hadsell, Heidi (see also Harner, Michael – and the Heathenry – Ásatrú 751–754 (see also contributions in this encyclopedia, see Foundation for Shamanic Studies ) adjacent, Seidr) Brazil and Contemporary Harner, Michael – and the Foundation Heavenism 516 (adjacent to Earth Bible) Christianity; World Council of for Shamanic Studies 743–744 Hebrew Bible 539, 661, 754–757, Churches Harris, Adrian 557 907–908, 915, 926, 1169, 1245, 1346, Haeckel, Ernst 358, 359, 643, 735–736, contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1442, 1590 1278 Dragon Environmental Network Hegel, G.W. Friedrich 403, 453, 758–759, Hagelin, John 1171–1172 (United Kingdom); Eco-Magic 1005, 1174, 1278, 1589 Hahn, Eduard 503 Harris, Marvin 95, 96, 545, 709, Heidegger, Martin 138, 420, 457, Hahne, Harry 744–745, 1342 759–761, 1677 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Harrison, Paul 1769 Helenistic literature see Roman Religion Christianity (2) – Jesus; Christianity contributions in this encyclopedia, see and Empire (3) – New Testament; Jewish World Pantheist Movement Helmers, Marguerite Intertestamental Literature; Types of Hart, John contributions in this encyclopedia, see Intertestamental Literature (adjacent contributions in this encyclopedia, see Diana; Labyrinth; Sante Fe, New to Jewish Intertestamental Literature) Columbia River Watershed Pastoral Mexico hair 223, 391, 445, 724, 1028, 1034–1036, Letter; Deere, Phillip; Fisk, Pliny; Henig, Martin 1279, 1346, 1356, 1511 Indigenous Voices from Kari Oca contributions in this encyclopedia, see Hale, John R. (adjacent to World Conferences on Roman Britain; Roman Natural contribution in this encyclopedia, see Indigenous People); Sacramental Religion Delphic Oracle Universel; Sohappy, David and Henning, Glen 1607–1612 Hall, Sian Salmon Spirituality; World contribution in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Conference of Indigenous Peoples Surfing (with Bron Taylor) Etsheni Sacred Stones; Rock Art – (Kari Oca, Brazil) Heraclitus see philosophy Sintu; Weather Snake Harvey, Graham Hernandez, Nimachia Hallman, David 541 contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hallman, Max O. Animism – A Contemporary Blackfoot Cosmos as Natural contribution in this encyclopedia, see Perspective; Michell, John; Philosophy Nietzsche, Friedrich Otherworlds; Paganism – Hessel, Dieter T. 369, 1705 hallucinogens 33, 423, 619–620, Contemporary; Stonehenge contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1359–1360, 1370 (see also Hasidism see Judaism Eco-Justice in Theology and Ethics Ethnobotany; Ethnoecology; Hasidism and Nature Mysticism 745–746 Hetch Hetchy Dam see North America – Entheogens; Huxley, Aldous; Leary, Hatutasi, Veronica United States (see also Muir, John) Timothy; Peyote) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hill, Anne Halprin, Anna 444, 1281–1282 Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Hammond-Tooke, William David (with Elizabeth Johnson and Gary W. Pagan Music (and adjacent, Burning contribution in this encyclopedia, see Trompf) Times) Pollution Beliefs in South Africa Haudenosaunee see North America Hillman, James 942, 1329 Hancock, Ian Haudenosaunee Confederacy 746–748, Hilltop youth 734 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1378 Hildegard of Bingen 99, 329, 361, 363, Romanies (Gypsies) Hawai’i 528, 739, 748–750, 952–954, 761–762, 1403, 1519, 1523 Hardin, Garrett 599–600, 602–603, 1034 1230, 1287, 1457, 1609–1610 Hillary, Sir Edmond 34 Hardin “Wolf”, Jesse 1134 Hayes, Randy 1355, 1513 Himmler, Reichsfuhrer Heinrich see contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Europe – Western Bioneers Conference; Drums, Hopiland to the Rainforest Action Hinduism 762–776 Drumming, and Nature; Music and Its Network abortion 219, 654 Index 1851

Advaita Vedanta see Vedanta Adams, Carol; Christianity (7d) – Kimbanguism (Central Africa) (with animals 68–69 (see also Goshalas) Feminist Theology; Ecofeminism – Faith Warner); Muti and African atman 774, 826, 1258, 1706 Historic and International Evolution; Healing; Muti Killings beliefs Estés, Clarissa Pinkola; McFague, Huaorani 509, 799–802 ahimsa see Ahimsa Sallie; Merchant, Carolyn; Sjöö, Hubbard, L. Ron 177, 1499–1501 (see also dharma see Dharma-Hindu Monica Scientology – In Two Scholarly karma 68–69, 90, 824–825, 1191, 1193, Hodgson, Dorothy L. Perspectives) 1370 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hudson, Nancy maya 772, 1356, 1495, 1706 Maasai contributions in this encyclopedia, see moksa 779, 1294 Hoeppe, Götz Christianity (5) – Medieval; Cusa, reincarnation 68 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Nicholas of Bhagavadgita see Bhagavadgita Sky Hudson River Valley School see Art Brahman 772, 774, 824, 1179, 1191, Holmes, Steven J. Huffman, Kirk 1258, 1497, 1651, 1746 contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ganesh see gods, goddesses, deities and Autobiography; Muir, John Kogi (Northern Colombia) nature spirits Hogan, Linda 311, 487, 781, 794–795 Hughes, J. Donald 601 goddess worship 704 (see also Goddesses Holidays 30, 158, 649, 721, 781–782, contributions in this encyclopedia, see – History of) 1351, 1679 Egypt – Ancient; Greece – Classical; gods/goddesses see gods, goddesses, Holism 208, 238, 282, 359, 411–412, 638, Roman Religion and Empire deities and nature spirits – originating 689, 782–783, 946, 1007, 1559 Hultkrantz, Ake 1301, 1363, 1441 in South Asia Holocaust see Europe Human Potential Movements see New Age homosexuality 792 Holocaust and the Environmental Crisis, human rights 701, 788, 797, 836–837, nagas 36, 768–769 The 783–785 839, 841–842, 846, 913, 933, 998, 1171, pollution see Hinduism and Pollution Holy Grail see Christianity 1178, 1297, 1468, 1580, 1682 (see also (and adjacent, River Ganga and the Holy Land United Nations Declaration of Human Clean Ganga Campaign) Abrahamic Religions 785 Rights) Polytheism see Polytheism Israel 887–888, 930–931 (see also Israel humanism 177, 259, 271, 272, 580, 760, prakriti see Prakriti and Environmentalism) 886, 1183, 1259, 1677 (see also Ananda purusha 116, 764, 771, 773, 824, 1300, Mormons 149 Marga’s Tantric Neo-Humanism) 1524, 1539 North America see Holy Land in Native Hume, Lynne 813, 1455 North America contribution in this encyclopedia, see renunciation 31, 774, 825, 828, 1300 pilgrimage see pilgrimage Paganism in Australia Rig Veda 69, 619, 764, 1269, 1760 Holy Land in Native North America Humphreys, Michael Llewellyn Shakti see Shakti 785–789 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Shiva see gods, goddesses, deities and Homosexuality 789–793, 814 (see also Religious Campaign for Forest nature spirits adjacent, Homosexuality and Science) Conservation soma 141–142, 208, 596, 619, 764 Homosexuality and Science 789–790 Hundredth Monkey 802–805 (see also Tantra see Tantra Hooks, Bell 367 adjacent, Monkeys in the Field) Vedanta 172, 772–774, 1181, 1651 Hoover, Stewart Hunt, Richard Vedas 69, 476, 480, 596, 654, 823, 1191, contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1514 Media (wth Joseph G. Champ) Raymo, Chet Vishnu see gods, goddesses, deities and Hopi see North America – United States hunter/gatherer cultures see foraging nature spirits Hopi–Navajo Land Dispute 793–795 societies worship practices 36 Hopiland to the Rainforest Action hunting yoga see yoga; Yoga and Ecology Network 795–798 and indigenous people 891 Hinduism and Pollution 777–779 (see Hopkins, Samuel Taylor 1039 ethics 891 also adjacent, River Ganga and Hopkins, Gerard Manley 310, 316, predators 185, 186, 585, 800, 801, 808, the Clean Ganga Campaign) 798–799, 1008, 1407 813, 1129, 1157, 1364, 1365, 1667 Hinshaw, Robert horoscopes see New Age prey 28, 39, 45, 196, 313, 348, 366, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hosken, Liz 806–808, 852, 1472, 1516 van der Post, Laurens contribution in this encyclopedia, see religion see Hunting and the Origins of 247, 636, 639, 779–780, 1354, Gaia Foundation and Earth Religion 1536 Community Network (with Fiona shamanism 800 Hippocratic tradition 712, 715 Worthington) spirituality see Hunting Spirituality; Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael see Hoskins, Richard Hunting Spirituality and Animism Judaism contributions in this encyclopedia, see Hunting and the Origins of Religion Hitler, Adolf see Europe – Western African Religions and Nature 805–808 Hobbes, Thomas see philosophy Conservation (with Faith Warner); Hunting Spirituality 809–810 Hobgood-Oster, Laura Biodiversity and Religion in Hunting Spirituality and Animism contributions in this encyclopedia, see Equatorial Africa (with Faith Warner); 811–812 1852 Index husbandry 403, 422, 437, 443, 1248, environmental justice 609–610 Institute for the Harmonious Development 1310 environmental sustainability 39, 97, of Man 731 Hutton, Ronald 1237–1247, 1600, 1740 180, 421, 422, 545, 600, 835, 837 (see Institute of Noetic Sciences 849–850, Huxley, Aldous 475, 596, 601, 812–813, also Water Spirits and Indigenous 1586, 1587 (adjacent to Space 1291–1292, 1313 Ecological Management (South Exploration) Hviding, Edvard Africa) Internet 385, 501, 517, 547, 612, 690, 804, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Haudenosaunee see Haudenosaunee 1003, 1141, 1143, 1147, 1242, 1248, Christian Fellowship Church Hogan, Linda see Hogan, Linda 1371, 1484, 1602 (Solomon Islands) Indigenous Peoples’ Earth Charter 1765 Intertestamental Literature, Types of hydro-electric power 38, 155, 200, 836, Maori see Oceania – New Zealand 402, 913–918 1277, 1468, 1578 (see also Tehri Dam) Latin America see Indigenous Activism Inuit 850–852, 896, 1103, 1510, 1525, Hyenas – Spotted 266, 813–816, 1560 and Environmentalism in Latin 1732–1734 America Ireland see Europe – Northern Native Americans see North America – Irenaeus see Christianity I United States Isaiah 99–100, 223, 303, 309, 434, 662, Ibn Al-cArabi, Shaykh Muhyiddin on nature 629, 700, 1059 (see also 755–757, 1154, 1442, 1699 817–818, 859 Mayan Spirituality and Isenberg, Shaya Iceland see Europe – Northern Conservation) contribution in this encyclopedia, see icons see Christianity – Orthodoxy Penan see Penan; Manser, Bruno and Perennial Philosophy (with Gene Ifá Divination 818–820 the Penan of Sarawak Thursby) Illich, Ivan 1492, 1507 religious beliefs see Animism; Animism Ishimure, Michiko 857–858 Illyn, Peter 1381–1383 – a Contemporary Perspective; Islam 858–862 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Indigenous Religions and Cultural animals see Animals in the Bible and Restoring Eden (with Bron Taylor) Borrowing Magic, Animism and the Qur’an; Islam, Animals and Immergut, Matthew Shaman’s Craft; Mayan Spirituality Vegetarianism contributions in this encyclopedia, see romanticism see Romanticism and anthropocentrism see Islam and Post- Church of Euthanasia; Krueger, Fred Indigenous People Athropocentrism (with Laurel Kearns) Shiva, Vandana see Shiva, Vandana environmentalism see Islam and Imperialism, European 29, 207, 298–299, traditional ecological knowledge see Environmental Ethics; Islam and 1179 Traditional Ecological Knowledge; Environmentalism in Iran impermanence see Buddhism Traditional Ecological Knowledge environmental justice see Islam and incarnation see Christianity Among Aboriginal Peoples in Eco-Justice Incas 820–823 Canada; Yunnan Region (Southwest environmental leaders see Izzi Dien, India see Asia – Southern China and Montane Mainland Mawil Y. Indian Classical Dance 776, 828–830 Southeast Asia) environmental protection see Islamic Indian Guides 830 Indigenous Voices from Kari Oca 1763 Basis for Environmental Protection Indian Shaker Religion 831, 1776 (adjacent to World Conference of foundations see Islamic Foundation for India’s Sacred Groves 831–833 Indigenous Peoples) Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Indigenous Activism and Indra’s Net 237, 847–848, 1384 Islamic Foundation for Science and Environmentalism in Latin America industrialization 218, 299, 449, 769, 862, Environment 833–838 1245, 1278, 1424, 1750 Gabriel, Angel 862 Indigenous Environmental Network Ingalsbee, Timothy gardens see gardens 838–844, 1765 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hadith 71, 858–861, 862, 864, 890, 1606, Indigenous Knowledge Systems see Fire 1715 (see also Islam, Animals and Ethnoecology; Traditional Ecological Intelligent Design see Creationism Vegetarianism; Islam and Knowledge Interfaith Center on Corporate Environmental Ethics) Indigenous Religions and Cultural Responsibility 393, 848 homosexuality 792 Borrowing 845–847 Interfaith Council for Environmental Ibn Al-cArabi, Shaykh Muhyiddin see Indigenous Societies Stewardship 625, 849–850, 1756 Ibn Al-cArabi, Shaykh Muhyiddin Colombia see Reichel-Dolmatoff, International Consultancy of Religion, law see Islamic Law Gerardo – and Ethnoecology in Education and Culture (ICOREC) 1193, Mecca 75, 178, 584, 730, 878, 1115, Colombia 1257, 1770 1124, 1334, 1555, 1622 conferences 748 (see also Indigenous International Monetary Fund (IMF) see Muhammad see Muhammad, The Voices from Kari Oca; World Summit Economics Prophet of Islam of Indigenous People) International Network of Engaged mysticism see Rumî, Jalaluddin; Sufism environmental organizations see Buddhists see Buddhism – Engaged oneness of God see Tawid Aboriginal Environmental Groups in International Society for Environmental perspectives on nature see Islam on Man Canada; Indigenous Activism and Ethics 1400 and Nature; Hadith and Shari’a on Environmentalism; Indigenous International Whaling Commission 1720, Man and Nature Environmental Network 1731–1732, 1734 Qur’an, The see Qur’an, The Index 1853

science see Islamic Foundation for Jainism 654, 823–826, 892–895, 1368 913–918 (see also adjacent entry Types Science and Environment (see also India) of Intertestamental Literature) vegetarianism see Islam, Animals, and Jambho-ji 774 Jewish Law and Animal Vegetarianism James Bay Cree and Hydro-Quebec Experimentation 918–921 water see Water in Islam 895–896 Jewish Law and Environmental Islam and Eco-Justice 862–866 James, George A. Protection 921–923 Islam and Environmental Ethics contributions in this encyclopedia, see Jewish Law and Genetic Engineering 866–868 Amte, Baba; Appiko Movement 923–925 Islam and Environmentalism in Iran (India); Athavale, Pandurang; Jewish Renewal see Judaism 869–872 Shastri; Auroville; Bahuguna, Jianchu, Xu Islam and Post-Antropocentrism Sundarlal; Ralegon Siddhi; contribution in this encyclopedia, see 872–873 Swadhyaya; Tehri Dam Yunnan Region Islam, Animals and Vegetarianism James, William 484, 596, 679, 897–898, Johns, David 803 873–875 1183, 1290, 1590, 1655 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Islam on Man and Nature 875–879 (see James, William Closson Berman, Morris; Ehrenfeld, David; also adjacent, Hadith and Shari’a on contributions in this encyclopedia, see Noble, David F. Man and Nature) Canada; Canadian Nature Writing Johnson, Elizabeth 1076, 1366, 1591 Islamic Basis for Environmental Jansdotter, Maria contribution in this encyclopedia, Protection 879–893 contributions in this encyclopedia, see see Bougainville (Papua New Islam Foundation for Ecology and Christ, Carol P.; Eisler, Riane Gunea) (with Veronica Hatutasi and Environmental Sciences 884 Japan see Asia – Eastern Garry W. Trompf) Islam Foundation for Science and Japanese Gardens 898–899, 955 Johnson, Greg Environment 884–885 Japanese Love of Nature 899–900 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Islamic Law 500, 603, 792, 858, 860, Japanese Religions 900–903, 1124 Ghost Dance; Rock Climbing; 885–886, 1322 Jasper, David Romanticism and Indigenous Israel and Environmentalism contributions in this encyclopedia, Peoples; Savages 887–890 see Romanticism in European Jordan III, William R. Israel see Asia – Western Literature contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ital lifestyle 1345–1346 Jataka Tales 227, 229, 903–905 (see also Restoration Ecology and Ritual (and Ivakhiv, Adrian adjacent, Great Monkey Jataka, The adjacent, New Academy for Nature contributions in this encyclopedia, see Mahakapijataka) Culture) Crop Circles; Earth Mysteries; Jeffers, John Robinson 15, 417, 906 Jubilee and Jubilee 2000 925 (see also Glastonbury; Harmonic (see also Death and Afterlife in Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle) Convergence; Neo-paganism in Robinson Jeffers and Edward Judaism Ukraine; Russian Mystical Abbey) animals see Animal Rights in the Jewish Philosophy (with Mikhail Epstein); Jeffreys, David Tradition; Jewish Law and Animal Sedona; Slavic Religion contributions in this encyclopedia, see Experimentation Ivanov, Porfyrii Korniiovych see Europe – Egypt – Pre-Islamic Bleich, Rabbi J. David 65, 922, 1698 Eastern Jell-Bahlsen, Sabine contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ives, Christopher contributions in this encyclopedia, see Jewish Law and Animal contribution in this encyclopedia, see Divine Waters of the Oru-Igbo; Experimentation; Vegetarianism and Japanese Love of Nature Mammy Water Kabbalah; Vegetarianism and Rabbi Iwa Dambalah Wedo (Serpent rainbow) Jensen, Molly Abraham Isaac Kook see Caribbean – Haiti contributions in this encyclopedia, see creation stories see Creation Stories in Izzi Dien, Mawil Y. 890 Allen, Paula Gunn; Griffin, Susan; the Hebrew Bible Shiva, Vandana Elat Chayyim 1714 Jensen, Tim environmentalism see Israel and J contributions in this encyclopedia, see Environmentalism; Jewish Jackson, President Andrew see North Alliance of Religion and Environmentalism in North America; America – United States Conservation (ARC); Network on Jewish Law and Environmental Jackson, S. Wesley “Wes” 313, 540, Conservation and Religion; Palmer, Protection 892 Martin environmental leaders see Redwood Jackson, William Henry 303, 1042, 1154 Jesuits see Roman Catholic Religious Rabbis Jacobsen, Knut A Orders genetic engineering see Jewish Law and contributions in this encyclopedia, see Jesus see Christianity Genetic Engineering Ahimsa; Bhagavadgita (and adjacent, Jesus and Empire 907–908 haNasi, Rabbi Yehudaha 65 Great Monkey Jataka, The Jerusalem see Asia – Western Hasidism see Judaism – mysticism Mahakapijataka); India; Jataka Tales; Jewish Environmentalism in North Hebrew Bible see Hebrew Bible Naess, Arne; Prakriti America 909–913 Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael 924, Jain, Anrudh 653 Jewish Intertestamental Literature 1698 1854 Index

Holocaust see Holocaust and the Kalash Culture (Northwestern Pakistan) (see also adjacent, Wangari Maathai on Environmental Crisis 950–951 Reforesting Kenya) Intertestamental literature see Jewish Kalland, Arne 902 Kerouac, Jack 160–162 Intertestamental Literature; Types of contributions in this encyclopedia, see Kerridge, Richard Intertestamental Literature Dolphins and New Age Religion; The contribution in this encyclopedia, see Jubilee see Jubilee and Jubilee 2000; Religious Environmentalist Hardy, Thomas Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle Paradigm; Whales and Japanese Keyes, Ken 804 Kook, Rabbi Abraham Isaac 66, 544, 733, Culture; Whales and Whaling Keyfitz, Nathan 656–657 887, 909 (see also Vegetarianism and Kami see gods, goddesses, deities and Khalid, Fazlun M. 884, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook) nature spirits contribution in this encyclopedia, see kosher see Eco-Kosher Kant, Immanuel see philosophy Islamic Basis for Environmental Maimonides see Maimonides Kaphirintiwa – The Place of Creation Protection; Islamic Foundation for mysticism see Eco-Kabbalah; Hassidism (Central Africa) 951–952, 1028–1029 Ecology and Environmental Sciences and Nature Mysticism; Kabbalah and Kaplan, Jeffery 1246 Khoisan Religion 961–962 Ecotheology contribution in this encyclopedia, see Khuttajitto, Phra Prajak 1629 paganism see Paganism and Judaism; Devi, Savitri Kierkegaard, Soren see philosophy Paganism: A Jewish Perspective Kapu in Early Hawaiian Society Kiernan, James P. Passover 497, 909, 1240, 1713 952–954 contribution in this encyclopedia, see population see Judaism and the Karamanolis, George African Independent Churches Population Crisis contribution in this encyclopedia, see Kigen, Dogen see Mountains and Rivers sabbath see Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle Greco-Roman World Sutra by Japanese Soto Zen Master Schachter-Shalomi, Rabbi Zalman 544, Karman, James Dogen Kigen (and adjacent, Kigen, 912, 1713–1714 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Dogen Mountains and Rivers Sutra Jeffers, John Robinson (excerpts)) 1121 reconstructionist 791, 908, 1714 Kasama Spirit Sites (Northern Zambia) Kimbanguism (Central Africa) 962–963 reform 177, 219, 791, 911 954–955 King, Sallie B. renewal 708, 910, 934, 1713–1714 Kasof, Joseph contribution in this encyclopedia, see Sharnberg, Rabbi Lester 911, 1353 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Nhat Hahn, Thich Steinberg, Rabbi Naomi 911, 1353 Leary, Timothy kinship contributions in this encyclopedia, see Kato, Sadamichi 1093 biological or ecological 373–374, 492, Redwood Rabbis contribution in this encyclopedia, see 517, 533, 559, 668, 711 sustainability see Judaism and Umehara, Takeshi kinship ethics 986, 1327, 1332, 1563 Sustainability Kawabata, Yasunari 955–956 Kirn, Marda Tikkun Olam see Tikkun Olam – A Kaza, Stephanie 1264, 1373, 1706 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Jewish Perspective contribution in this encyclopedia, see Dance Torah 57–58, 64–65, 791, 926, 928, Buddhism – North America Kline, David 963–964 (see also David 931–934, 939, 1240, 1459, 1638, Kearns, Laurel Kline on Amish Agriculture, adjacent 1713–1714 (see also Vegetarianism, contributions in this encyclopedia, see to Christianity (6c3) – Anabaptist Judaism, and God’s Intention) Earth Ministry; Krueger, Fred (with Mennonite Tradition) Tu bi sh’vat 544, 909, 911, 946, 1081, Matthew Immergut); North American Klingenthal Symposia 964 1714 Coalition on Religion and Ecology; Klippstein, Leeona vegetarianism see Vegetarianism and Wise Use Movement contribution in this encyclopedia, see Judaism; Vegetarianism and Keepers of Lake Eyre (South Australia) Spirit of the Sage Council Kabbalah; Vegetarianism and Rabbi 956–957 Knights Templar 1021, 1053, 1499 (see Abraham Isaac Kook Keepin, Will also Magic) Judaism and Sustainability 937–938 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Knowledge, Knowing and Nature Judaism and the Population Crisis Breathwork 965–966 938–939 Keller, Catherine 355, 362 Kogi (Northern Columbia) 966–967 Julian of Norwich 363, 484, 1249, Kellert, Stephen R. 605, 810 Koliada Viatichei 967–968 (see also 1404 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Neo-Paganism and Ethnic Nationalism Jung, Carl – A Perspective 940–943 Biophilia in Eastern Europe) Jung, Carl Gustav 32–33, 160, 164, 263, Kenrick, Justin Kontos, Alkis 1292 1265, 1329, 1655, 1690 (see also Jung, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Koran see Qur’an Carl – A Perspective) Pygmies (Mbuti Foragers) and Bila Korean Mountains 968–969 Farmers Korp, Maureen Kent, Stephen A. contributions in this encyclopedia, see K contribution in this encyclopedia, see Art; Shamanism – and Art Kabbalah see Judaism – Mysticism Scientology – In Two Scholarly Kraft, Kenneth Kabbalah and Eco-theology 945–950 Perspectives contribution in this encyclopedia, see Kabir see Asia – Southern Kenya Movement 957–961 Buddhism – Engaged Index 1855

Kraus, James Bishnoi (, India); Chipko Environmental Ethics; Natural History contribution in this encyclopedia, see Movement (with Elaine Craddock); as Natural Region; Nature Religion in Merwin, W.S. (William Stanley) Gandhi, Mohandas the United States) Kratophany 108, 112 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 452 autobiography 139 Krech III, Shepard land ethics 600, 138 (see also Back to the conservation 1226 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Land Movements; Environmental environmental ethics 598, 1167, 1374 American Indians as “First Ethics; Leopold, Aldo) hunting 811 Ecologists” land intrinsic value theory 1326 Kresge, Anrea A. Back to the Land Movements see Back to Land Ethic 252, 253, 456, 458, 598, 600, contribution in this encyclopedia, see the Land Movements; Thoreau, 1167, 1180, 1204 Fox, Matthew; Target Earth Henry David National Parks 1157 Krishna, P. Land Institute 892, 988 (see also Land nature spirituality 180, 519, 1354, 1369 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Institute) religion 1166, 1168, 1169, 1179, 1374, Krishnamurti, Jiddhu landscape see Landscape 1377 Krishnamurti, Jiddhu 813, 970–971 Native Americans see Holy Land in Leopold II, King 1429–1431 Kropotkin, Peter 52, 453, 971–972, Native North America; Law, Religion, Lerner, Berel Dov 1564 and Native American Lands; contributions in this encyclopedia, see Krueger, Fred 972–973, 1212–1213, Hopi-Navajo Land Dispute open land Gordon, Aharon David; Jewish Law 1365 movement see Open Land Movement and Environmental Protection; Krutch, Joseph Wood 973–974, 1261 sacred space/place see Sacred Space/ Vegetarianism and Rabbi Abraham Kuckertz, Heinz Place Isaac Kook contribution in this encyclopedia, see Landscapes 988–990 (see also Art; Letcher, Andy Xhosa – Speakers’ Traditional Geophilia; Greek Landscape) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Concept of God Langton, Katherine Eco-Paganism Kumar, Satish contribution in this encyclopedia, see Levertov, Denise 351, 1008 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Findhorn Foundation/Community Levi, Eliphas 1021–1022 Schumacher, Ernest Friedrich language see Gimbutas, Marija; Lévi-Strauss, Claude 95, 421, 618, 1211, Kumba Mela 1778 Indigenous Environmental Network; 1429, 1644, 1646, 1817 Kundali Yoga see Yoga Native American Languages; Yuchee Levinger, Rabbi Moshe 732–733 Kürti, László Culture and the Euchee Language Lewis, C.S. 260, 1268, 1498 contribution in this encyclopedia, Project liberalism see neo-liberalism; see Shamanism (Neo) – Eastern Lao Tzu (Laozi) see Daoism Schleiermacher, Frederick Europe Larsen, David K. Liberation Theology see Christianity (7c) contributions in this encyclopedia, see – Liberation Theology Evangelical Environmental Network; Liddy, Mags L Interfaith Council for Environmental contribution in this encyclopedia, see La Barre, Weston 807, 1274, 1313 Stewardship Ecotopia – the European Experience Laband, John Laubach, Marty Light, Andrew contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Zulu (amaZulu) War Rituals Covenant of the Unitarian Buber, Martin La Bella Farm 674 Universalist Pagans Lilburn, Tim 1008–1009 Labyrinth 113, 571, 975–976 Laugrand, Frédéric Limbaugh, Rush 1757 Ladakh Buddhism 976–979 (see also contribution in this encyclopedia, see Lincoln, Abraham 489–490, 1042 adjacent, Ladakh Project) Inuit Lindisfarne Association 680, 1158 Ladakh Project 977 laws of ecology 178–179, 1538, 1719 Linnaeus, Carl 368, 1009–1010, LaDuke, Winona 536, 609, 979–980 Laws of Manu see Asia – Southern 1084 contribution in this encyclopedia, see law of octaves 731 Lion King see Motion Pictures; Disney Holy Land in Native North America Law, Religion, and Native American Worlds at War LaFleur, William 14, 654 Lands 990–999 Lishka, Dennis Lake Havasu 200 LeGuin, Ursula 566, 637, 638, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Lake Pergusa (Sicily) 980–982 1000–1001 Mountains and Rivers Sutra by Lake Victoria see Africa – Eastern Leakey, Louis 139, 707, 1304 Japanese Soto Zen Master Dogen Lakota 196–197, 445, 464, 478, 695, 785, Leary, Timothy 738, 1002–1003, 1329 Kigen (and adjacent, Dogen Kigen’s 786, 787, 983–985, 997, 1104–1105, Lease, Gary Mountains and Rivers Sutra 1118, contribution in this encyclopedia, see (Excerpts)); Watsuji, Tetsuro; 1535, 1592 (see also Black Elk; Lakota Hunting and the Origins of Religion Zhuangzi Sun Dance) Left Biocentrism 1003–1004 Littlewood, Roland Lakota Sun Dance 985–987, 1657 legio maria 1207, 1561 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Lal, Vinay 1550 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 1005 Mother Earth and the Earth People contributions in this encyclopedia, see Leopold, Aldo 1005–1007 (see also Livingston, David 1430, 1500 1856 Index

Locke, John see philosophy Magic, Animism, and the Shaman’s Craft Lodahl, Michael M 1023–1026 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Maasai (Tanzania) 1016–1018, 1208, Magliocco, Sabina Christianity (6c5) – Methodism 1708 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Lodrick, Deryck O. Maathai, Wangari 305–306, 538, 815, 961 Altars and Shrines; Ritualizing and contributions in this encyclopedia, see (see also Kenya Green Belt Movement Anthropology Domestication; Goshalas and adjacent, Maathai, Wangari on Magowan, Fiona Loeffler, Jack 519 Reforesting Kenya) contribution in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Yolungu Waters of Being (Australia) Abbey, Edward; Black Mesa (New Maathai, Wangari on Reforesting Maguire, Daniel C. 13–14, 1377 Mexico) Kenya contribution in this encyclopedia, see Loomis, Mildred 150, 1491 MacGillis, Miriam 165, 426, 612, 1406 Fertility and Abortion Lomer, Beverley (see also Genesis Farm) Maier, Harry O. contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mack, John 1146–1147, 1674 (see also contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hildegard of Bingen UFOs and Extraterrestrials) Jesus and Empire Long, Mark C. Maclean, Dorothy see Dorothy Maclean Maimonides 1026–1027 contribution in this encyclopedia, see (adjacent to Findhorn Foundation/ and neighbors 922 Levertov, Denise Community) and use of resources 937–938 Lopez, Barry 311, 1010–1011, 1080 Maclean, Iain S. animals 65, 66, 68, 71, 919, 1698 Lorentzen, Lois Ann contributions in this encyclopedia, on religion and science 931–932 contributions in this encyclopedia, see see Boff, Leonardo; Christianity (7c) Makapansgat Cobble 1027–1028 Boff, Leonardo (with Iain S. Maclean); – Liberation Theology; Holism; Makewana the Rainmaker (Central Gebara, Ivone; Sierra Treks; Virgin of Smuts, Jan Christiaan; United Malawi) 1028–1030 (see also Guadalupe Nations’ “Earth Summits” (with adjacent, Mbiriwiri – The Sacred Lost Worlds 1011–1013 Bron Taylor and Heather Eaton); Rainmaking Drum) Lotus Sutra see Buddhism Zion Christian Church (South Making of an Earthist Christian 394 Loubser, Johannes Africa) (adjacent to Cobb, John) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Maclean, Norman 311, 668, 1080 Makrides, Vasilios N. Venda Religion and the Land Macy, Joanna 1019 (see also Sarvodaya contributions in this encyclopedia, see Lovelock, James 33, 63, 275, Shramadana Movement; Buddhism – Christianity – Eastern versus 383,406, 505, 528, 637, 679, 721, 730, Engaged; Deep Ecology; Seed, Western; Christianity (6b2) – Greek 1013, 1587 (see also Gaia; Gaia John) Orthodox; Greek Paganism Foundation and Earth Community contribution in this encyclopedia, see Maldharis of Gujarat (India) 1030–1032 Network) Council of All Beings Malinowski, Bronislaw 95, 663–664, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Council of all Beings 457, 558, 612, 1020 Gaian Pilgrimage 1355, 1376 Malthus, Thomas Robert 453, 653, Low, Juliette Gordon 1505, 1507 despair and empowerment work 558 1032–1034 LSD see Entheogens; Leary, Timothy Institute for Deep Ecology 460 Mammy Water 495, 1034–1036, 1510 Lubis, Abdur-Razzaq meditation 243 Mandailing People (Sumatra) contribution in this encyclopedia, see nuclear weapons 241 1037–1038 Mandailing People (Sumatra) science and spirituality 251, 1426 Mandalas see Art Lucas, George see Motion Pictures Madera, Lisa Marie Manicheans 314, 325, 511, 513, 679, 968, Lucas, Phillip Charles contributions in this encyclopedia, 1257, 1406 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Andean Traditions; Mary in Manifesto to North American Christians see Eleventh Commandment Latin America; Shamanism – 1044–1045 Fellowship Ecuador Manser, Bruno and the Penan of Lucifer 469, 633, 1672 (see also Magic 1020–1022 Sarawak 1045–1048; (see also Satanism) Age of Magic 384 Penan Hunter-Gatherers Luo, Kenya 816, 1207 and astrology 1729 (Borneo)) Lutts, Ralph H. black 263, 841, 1476, 1673, 1702, Manson, Charles see ATWA (Air, Trees, contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1709 Water, and Air) Nature Fakers Controversy; Scopes Eco-magic 507, 556, 557 (see also Maori see Oceania – New Zealand Trial Eco-Magic; Golden Dawn) Mapinguari 40 Lyons, Dana 521, 1136 Kabbalah 932–933 Margiis, Ananda 48–49 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Knights Templar 1021, 1053, 1499 Marshall, Robert 1048–1049, 1156, Tree Music shamanism see Magic, Animism, and 1719, 1750 Lyons, Oren 747–748, 1014–1015, the Shaman’s Craft Martial Arts 412, 1049–1051 1378–1379 sympathetic magic 505, 1254, 1702 Martens, Susan contribution in this encyclopedia, see thelemic 1021, 1022, 1484 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Haudenosaunee Confederacy use of plants 619–620 Chinese Environmentalism Index 1857

Martin-Schramm, James B. McDaniel, Jay 353, 364, 1264, 1373 Hinduism 1706 (see also yoga; Yoga and contribution in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ecology) Population, Consumption and Christianity (7f) – Process Theology; peace 1483 Christian Ethics Prayer and the Contemplative prayer see Prayer and the Marx, Karl see philosophy Traditions; Prigogine, Ilya Contemplative Traditions Mathews, Freya McDonagh, Sean 856, 1070–1071, transcendental see Transcendental contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1276 Meditation Urban Reinhabitation – CERES as contribution in this encyclopedia, see Meine, Curt 416–417, 1374 Case Study Philippines, The contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mary see Christianity McFague, Sally 343, 361, 362, 368, 377, Leopold, Aldo Mary in Latin America 1051–1053 533, 535, 555, 610, 1071–1072, 1296 Melanesia see Oceania Maryknoll see Roman Catholic Religious contribution in this encyclopedia, see Melanesia – Eco-Missiological Issues Orders Manifesto for North American 1075–1076 masks 1216, 1235, 1393, 1396, 1480, Christians Melanesia – New Religious Movements 1524–1525, 1558, 1781 McGinnis, Michael Vincent 1076–1077 Maslow, Abraham 615, 1654–1655 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Melanesian Traditions 1077–1078 Masons, Fraternal Order of Bioregionalism; Shepard, Paul Memoir and Nature Writing 1053–1054 McGregor, Davianna Pomaika`i 1079–1080 Masowe Wilderness Apostles contribution in this encyclopedia, see Memmott, Paul 1054–1056 Hawai’i contributions in this encyclopedia, see master units 49 McGuane, Tom 668–669 Arrernte Increase Ceremonies Mather, Cotton 210, 1178 McGuire, Mark (Central Australia); Rainbow Serpent Matsuo Bashô 20, 956, 1056–1057 contribution in this encyclopedia, see (North Wesley Islands, Australia); Matthiessen, Peter 1058–1059, 1080 World Heritage Sites and Religion in Yolgnu Ceremonial Architecture Mauss, Marcel 1020 Japan (Australia) (with Shaneen Fantin) maya see Hinduism McIntosh, Alastair 284–285, 634 Men of the Trees (East Africa) 152, 1081 Maya see Meso-America contributions in this encyclopedia, Menache, Sophia Maya Religion (Central America) see Faerie Faith in Scotland (and contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1059–1062 adjacent, Rotting Tree Fairie); Animals in the Bible and Qur’an; Maya Spirituality (Guatemala Scything and Erotic Fulfillment; Dogs in the Abrahamic Traditions Highlands) 1062–1065 Scotland Men’s Movement 1081–1082 Mayan Catholicism 1066–1067 McKenna, Terence 1072–1073, 1225, Mendieta, Eduardo Mayan Protestantism 1067–1068 1347 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mayan Spirituality and Conservation McKenzie, Michael Casas, Bartolomé de las (Western Highlands, Guatemala) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Menelik 74 1068–1070 Explorer Petroglyphs (Western Mengzi (Mencius) see Confucianism Mazzeo, Tilar J. United States); Indian Shaker Merchant, Carolyn 473, 532, 534–536, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Religion; Seattle (Sealth), Chief; 1083, 1108–1109, 1315, 1367, 1521 Romanticism – American Washat Religion (Drummer-Dreamer Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 1023 Mbiriwiri – The Sacred Rainmaking Faith); Yakama Nation Merwin, W.S. (William Stanley) 1084 Drum 1029 (adjacent to Makewana the McKibben, Bill 318, 1377 Meso-America Rainmaker) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Associación de Agricultores Ecológicos McDaniel, Jay 313, 353, 364, 1264, 1373 What Would Jesus Drive? (adjacent to (ASAECO) 1070 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Christianity (2) – Jesus); Spirit and environmentalism see Indigenous Christianity (7f) – Process Theology; Nature Walking Paths Activism and Environmentalism in Prayer and the Contemplative Mechling, Jay Latin America Traditions contributions in this encyclopedia, see Incas see Incas Mburu, Gathuru Indian Guides; Scouting Mexico contribution in this encyclopedia, see Meeker, Lloyd (Uranda) 595 Tenochtitlan 143, 147, 390–391, 1052, Kenya Green Belt Movement Media 1073–1075 1085 (see also adjacent, The Fall of McAllister, Judy meditation Tenochtitlan/Tlatelolco) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Art of Living Foundation see Art of Yoeme ritual see Yoeme (Yaqui) Ritual Dorothy Maclean (adjacent to Living Foundation; Shankar, Sri Ravi Zapata, Emiliano 1703 Findhorn Community/Foundation) on Consciousness, Nature and the Art Zapatista movement 1067 McCarthy, Kate of Living rainforests see Rainforests contribution in this encyclopedia, see breathwork see Breathwork; religion Daly, Mary Re-Earthing Aztec see Aztec Religion – McCay, Mary A. Buddhism 18, 51, 161, 232–233, 239, Pre-Colombian; Flower Songoo – contribution in this encyclopedia, see 241–242, 1202, 1457, 1513, 1543, Xochicuicatl; A Song of Sorrow – Carson, Rachel 1629, 1800 Icnocuicatl 1858 Index

Christianity in Meso-America Brook Farm; Emissaries of Divine 610, 670, 742, 804, 805, 834, 838–839, Casas, Bartolomé de las see Casas, Light; Farm, The; Fruitlands; Hippies; 1102–1105 (see also Deism; Bartolomé de las MOVE; Open Land Movement; Indigenous Environmental Network) Catholicism see Mayan Catholicism; ; School of Living; Mother Earth and the Earth People Roman Catholicism in Latin Tolstoy Farm (Trinidad) 1105–1107 America Minakata, Kumagusu 1093–1094 Mother Nature Imagery 1107–1110 Liberation Theology see Christianity mindfulness see Buddhism Motion Pictures 489, 1074, 1111–1113 (7c) – Liberation Theology miracles see Christianity actors nature and religion in El Salvador see Mirsky, Seth Wayne, John 44, 1042–1043 Salvadoran Reflection on Religion, contribution in this encyclopedia, see directors and writers Rights, and Nature Men’s Movement Lucas, George 1498 Quakers see Friends – Religious Mitchell, Edgar 125, 1586, 1587 Speilberg, Steven 478, 1625 Society of (Quakers) Mitchell, Elyne 1094 movies Protestantism see Mayan Mitchell, Joni 1132 Disney 491 Protestantism Miwok People 1094–1096 Bambi 491, 1365 deities see gods, goddesses, deities and Miyamoto, Yotaro Davy Crockett 488, 490, 1043, 1425 nature spirits contribution in this encyclopedia, see Pocahontas 492, 1112 sacrifice see Mesoamerican Sacrifices Japanese Religions The Lion King 488, 491, 814, 1112 Mesoamerican Deities 1084–1087 Miyazawa, Kenji 1097–1098 martial arts 1049 Mesoamerican Sacrifice 1087–1088 moksa see Hinduism Star Wars 1012, 1498–1499, 1587 Mesopotamia – Ancient to 2,000 B.C.E. Molesky-Poz, Jean Mount Nyiro and the Samburu (East 503, 573, 621, 635, 1088–1091 (see contributions in this encyclopedia, Africa) 1114–1117 also Creation Myths of the Ancient see Cuero, Delfina; Maya Spirituality Mount Rushmore 1042, 1017–1018 World) Moltmann, Jürgen 342–343, 347, 358, Mountaineering 1046, 1119–1120, 1192, Messner, Reinhold 1119 (see also adjacent 382, 783, 1098–1099 1545 (see also adjacent, Messner on Messner on Everest and Cosmos) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Everest and Cosmos) Messner on Everest and Cosmos 1120 Christianity (7b) – Political Theology Mountains and Rivers Sutra by Japanese (see also Rock Climbing) Monaghan, Patricia Soto Zen Master Dogen Kigen Metaphysics contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1120–1122 (see also adjacent, Dogen American Metaphysical Movement Brigit; Chaos; Gaia Kigen’s Mountain and Rivers Sutra 288 Mongolian Buddhism and Taimen (excerpts)) Buddhist 237–238 Conservation 1099–1100 MOVE 1122–1123, 1346 Deep Ecology 458 monism 161, 735, 817, 933, 1188, Moyers, Bill 254, 811, 1014, 1374, Fascism 640 1257–1258, 1260 1378 Monist 859 Monkeys in the Field 803 (adjacent to Moyniham, Michael Nursi, Said 1215 Hundredth Monkey) contributions in this encyclopedia, see of interconnection 491, 804, 1112, 1249, monkeywrenching 128, 519 (see also ATWA; Darre, Walther; Evola, Julius; 1332, 1350, 1544, 1563, Abbey, Edward – sabotage) Odinism of nature see Kawabata, Yasunari Monserud, Bruce Mpoke, Leina Perennial Philosophy 1269 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see process 1590 Bennett, John G. Mount Nyiro and the Samburu (with Spinoza, Baruch 1589 Montejo, Victor 834 Jacob Wanyama and Asenath Thomist 330 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Omwega) Whitehead, Alfred 465, 1737 Maya Religion Mt. Hiei (Japan) 113, 1121, 1123–1124 Metz, Baptist 358, 783 Moore, Michael D. Mt. Olympus see Europe – Southern Metzner, Ralph see psychology contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mt. Parnassus see Europe – Southern Mexico see Meso-America Hopkins, Gerard Manley Mt. Shasta see North America – United Michael, Archangel 469, 642, 1672 Mora, Pat 1100–1101 States Michell, John 526–527, 1091–1092, Morton, John Muhammad, The Prophet of Islam 1601 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1124–1125 (see also Islam) Middle Earth 637, 752, 1092–1093, Totemism Muir, John 1126–1127 1225 Mormonism see Church of Jesus Christ, Autobiography 139 Miles, Kathryn Latter Day Saints environmentalism 1507 see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Moro Movement (Guadalcanal, Solomon Environmental Ethics; Sierra Club Blake, William; Whitman, Walt Islands) 1077, 1101–1102 John Muir Institute for Environmental Miller, James Moses 21, 226, 257, 434, 661, 755–756, Studies 601 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 787, 907, 939, 1245, 1321, 1456, 1516, National Parks see National Parks and Daoism 1594–1595 Monuments Miller, Timothy Mother Earth 9–10, 93, 156, 200, 216, on wilderness xi–xii, 20–21, 168, 178, contributions in this encyclopedia, see 228, 283, 290, 300, 407, 442, 461–462, 225, 595, 1459 Index 1859

religion 1154, 1747 (see also Nature Nagas see Hinduism European 211 Religion in the United States) Narmada Bachao Andolan see Asia – Hindu 792, 829 Mukonyora, Isabel Southern Latin America 833 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Narayanan, Vasudha 1294–1295 Mexican 1703 Masowe Wilderness Apostles contributions in this encyclopedia, see Russian 968 Mulcock, Jane 12 Dharma – Hindu; Hinduism Zulu 1141 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Naropa University 1150–1151 Native American Languages 1160–1162 Indigenous Religions and Cultural Nash, Kate 537 (see also Yuchi Culture and the Euchee Borrowing Nash, James 343, 353, 368, 377, 1297 Language Project) Müller, Friedrich Max 1128, 1310, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Native American Spirituality 737, 1144, 1760 Christianity (1) Introduction; 1162–1163, 1274 Murie, Olaus J. 1128–1129, 1751 Christianity (9) – Christianity’s Native Faith Association (ORU) 1188 Murphy, Patrick D. Ecological Reformation; Ethics and natural death movement see Green Death contributions in this encyclopedia, see Sustainability Dialogue Group (with Movement Harjo, Joy; Ishimure, Michiko; H. James Byers); Natural Law and Natural History and Indigenous Minakata, Kumagusu; Mora, Pat; Natural Rights; Frugality (adjacent to Worldviews 1163–1164 Ortiz, Simon J. Virtues and Ecology in World Natural History as Natural Religion Murray, Margaret 1237, 1247, 1739 Religions) 1164–1169 Music 1129–1130 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 859, 867, 868, Natural Laws (laws of ecology) 461–462, drums see Drums and Drumming; 1125, 1151, 1270, 1706 1166, 1538 Mbiriwiri – The Sacred Rainmaking Natadecha-Sponsel, Poranee Natural Law Party 1171–1172 Drum (adjacent to Makewana the contribution in this encyclopedia, see nature mystics 671, 679, 1326, 1383, Rainmaker) Caves – Sacred (Thailand) (with Leslie 1744 Grateful Dead 1132 E. Sponsel) natural philosophy see philosophy environmental activism see Music and National Council of Churches, Eco- naturalism, ecstatic 420, 1259–1260 Eco-activism in America; Lyons, Justice Working Group (USA) 1152 natural theology 210, 311, 327, 341–343, Dana; Winters, Paul; Music of National Parks and Monuments (United 349–350, 356, 368, 381, 394, 452, Resistance; Tree Music States) 1152–1157 462–463, 512, 914, 945, 947, 1653 origins see Music and Its Origins National Religious Partnership for the (see also Book of Nature; Christianity paganism see Pagan Music Environment 275, 276, 307, 352, (7h) – Natural Theology; Religious songs see Diggers’ Song (adjacent to 541–542, 624, 849, 850, 911, 1152, Naturalism) Diggers and Levelers); Flower Song 1158–1159 Nature Fakers Controversy 1172–1173 and Song of Sorrow (both entries National Socialism (see also ATWA; Nature Religion xiii, x, xii–xiii, xv, located adjacent to Aztec Religion) Fascism; Nationalism) xvii–xviii, xx, 1173–1175 Music and Eco-activism in America as political religion 642, 1244 Alpha Farm 35 1131–1133 criticisms of 967 anthropology see Anthropology as a Music and Its Origins 1133–1135 Darre, Walter see Darre, Walter Source of Nature Religion Music of Resistance 1135–1137 Devi, Savitri see Devi, Savitri Britain 221–222 Muti and African Healing 182, EcoFascism see EcoFascism Celtic 282, 284 1137–1138 Haekel, Ernst 735 (see also Haekel, Circle Sanctuary see Circle Sanctuary Muti Killings 1138–1139 Ernst) Disney 493 Mutwa, Credo 1139–1147 Heidegger, Martin see Heidegger, Martin Druidry see Druids and Druidry Myers, Ched Himmler, Reichsfuhrer Heinrich see Earth First 519, 521 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Europe – Western – Germany Graves, Robert Von Ranke see Graves, Anarcho-Primitivism and the Bible; Hitler, Adolf see Europe – Western – Robert Von Ranke Fall, The Germany Heathenry see Heathenry – Ásatrú holocaust see The Holocaust and the Leary, Timothy see Leary, Timothy Environmental Crisis Muir, John see Muir, John N misperceptions of 1219 Neo-paganism see Neo-Paganism Nachmanides 65–66, 925, 1697 neo-Nazism 1187, 1246 Scottland see Faerie Faith in Scotland Naess, Arne 1149–1150 paganism and environmentalism 1241, United States see Nature Religion in the and Gandhi, Mohandas 686, 1149–1150 1245 United States Bhagavadgita 173 romanticism 211 Nature Religion in the United States conservation biology see Conservation Nationalism (see also Fascism; 1175–1184 Biology Neo-Paganism and Ethnic Nationalism nature mysticism (see also Pantheism) contribution in this encyclopedia, see in Eastern Europe) criticisms of 603, 1328 Ecosophy T Afrikaaner 29 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 484 (see also Deep Ecology see Deep Ecology American 1117 Transcendentalism) Ecosophy T see Ecosophy T Christian 489 Hassidism see Hassidism and Nature mountaineering 1119 Eco-nationalism 134 Mysticism 1860 Index

numinous 3, 20, 51, 91–93, 165–166, New Age 1193–1197 (see also New Nichols, William 168, 232, 292, 295, 298, 299, 634, 641, Religious Movements) contributions in this encyclopedia, see 732–733, 1080, 1759 Argüelles, Jose 60, 739, 804, 1672 Kline, David; Sanders, Scott Russell Perennial Philosophy 601 astrology see Astrology Nicholson, Shirley 680, 1632–1633 Reclus, Elisée 52, 1352 Australia see Aboriginal Spirituality Nietzsche, Friedrich 137, 255, 472, 625, Saint Francis 1405 (see also Francis of and the New Age in Australia 643, 760, 1203–1205, 1677 Assisi) Campbell, Joseph see Campbell, Joseph Nihilism 289, 315 Spinoza, Baruch see Spinoza, Baruch Castaneda, Carlos see Castaneda, Carlos Nile Perch 1205–1208 (see also Zaehner, R.C. 640 channeling see Channeling organisms) nature spirituality 49, 50, 54, 392, 415, criticism 1554 Nkomo, Joshua see Africa – East 417, 490–493, 519, 522, 598, 603, 674 dolphins see Dolphins and New Age Noah 64–65, 172, 302–303, 304, (see also Gardening and Nature Religion 309, 357, 434, 436, 585–586, 756, 886, Spirituality) Emissaries of the Divine Light see 916, 919, 938–939, 1400, 1458, 1693, Hundredth Monkey 804 Emissaries of the Divine Light 1698 nature writing 139, 188, 248–249, 271, Esalen Center see Esalen Center Noble Savage 10, 42, 741, 968, 998, 1105, 484, 582, 730, 736, 1058 (see also faerie faith see Faerie Faith in Scotland 1208–1209, 1425, 1488, 1556 (see also Canadian Nature Writing; Christian Findhorn Foundation see Findhorn Noble Savage and the “Ecologically Nature Writing; Hardy, Thomas; Foundation/Community Noble” Savage) Memoir and Nature Writing; Williams, Gestalt Therapy 615, 1194 Noble Savage and the “Ecologically Terry Tempest) Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch see Noble” Savage 1210–1212 Navajo see North America – United States Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch Noble, David F. 1209–1210 Navarro, Ricardo A. Harmonic Convergence see Argüelles, Noel, Daniel C. 255 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Jose; Harmonic Convergence contributions in this encyclopedia, see Salvadorian Reflection horoscopes 124, 771 Space Exploration (and adjacent, Naylor, D. Keith human potential movements 279, 615, Institute of Noetic Sciences) contributions in this encyclopedia, see 804, 1194 Noll, Richard 942 Pinchot, Gifford (and adjacent, Pinchot Hundredth Monkey see Hundredth contributions in this encyclopedia, see on Church and Country) Monkey Haeckel, Ernst; Jung, Carl Gustav Nazism see National Socialism Jung, Carl see Jung, Carl non-anthropocentrism see biocentrism, Ndembu Religion (South-Central Africa) labryinth see Labryinth eco-centrism, deep ecology 1185–1186 Leary, Timothy see Leary, Timothy non-dualism 130, 237–238, 242, 670, 772 near death experiences see death literature see Celestine Prophecy; (see also Hinduism – Vedanta) Nearing, Helen and Scott 150–151, Fantasy Literature Norberg-Hodge, Helen 977, 1682 1754–1755 medicine men see Plastic Medicine Men contributions in this encyclopedia, see Nelson, Lance 772, 1369 Mutwa, Credo see Mutwa, Credo Ladakh Buddhism; Ladakh Project Nelson, Michael power spots 738, 1449, 1512 North America contributions in this encyclopedia, see re-earthing see Re-Earthing Bioregionalism see Bioregionalism and Callicott, J. Baird; Pagan science 160, 266, 1279, 1303, 1528, the North American Bioregional Environmental Ethics 1537 Congress Nelson, Richard 96, 260, 809, 811–812 Shamanism see Shamanism Buddhism see Buddhism – North Neo-liberalism 698–699 Tantra see Tantrism in the West America Neo-paganism Tarot 1021–1022, 1235, 1536, 1729, Canada 255–258 compared with Nazism 531 1800 environmental organizations see Ethnic Nationalism see Neo-paganism UFOs see UFOs and Extraterrestrials Aboriginal Environmental Groups and Ethnic Nationalism in Eastern Newbury Bypass Campaign 556 in Canada Europe New Findhorn Association (NFA) see Akwesasne Task Force on the Judaism 1245–1246 Findhorn Foundation/Community Environment (ATFE) 9 Slavokia see Slavic Neo-Paganism New Religious Movements 36, 648, 656, Assembly of First Nations (AFN) 9 Ukraine see Neo-Paganism in Ukraine 1197–1199, 1200, 1373, 1687 Frye, Northrop 255, 256, 260 Neo-paganism and Ethnic Nationalism (see also Melanesia – New Religious hydro-electric power see James Bay in Eastern Europe 1186–1188 Movements; New Age; Polynesia – Cree and Hydro-Quebec Neo-paganism in Ukraine 1188–1189 New Religious Movements) nature writing see Canadian Nature Neo-Platonism see philosophy Newton, Isaac see Science Writing Neo-Wessex Archeology 1189–1190 New Zealand see Oceania traditional ecological knowledge see Nepal see Asia – Southern Non-governmental Organizations (NGO’s) Traditional Ecological Knowledge Network on Conservation and Religion 153, 292, 379, 541, 998, 1482, 1552, among Aboriginal Peoples in 34, 1193, 1771 1681 Canada New Academy for Nature and Culture Nhat Hanh, Thich 243, 1175, 1202–1203, Christianity in North America 1380 (adjacent to Restoration Ecology 1508, 1553 (see also Buddhism – Cathedral of St. John the Divine see and Ritual) Engaged) Cathedral of St. John the Divine Index 1861

Christian Friend of the Earth, A see Eco-Church Movement see Eco-Church Network on Conservation and Religion Christian Friend of the Earth, A Movement see Network on Conservation and Creation Spirituality see Christianity Eleventh Commandment Fellowship see Religion (7e) – Creation Spirituality Eleventh Commandment Fellowship Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Evangelical Christianity see Evangelical Environmental Network see see Watson, Paul – and the Sea Christianity (7i) – An Evangelical Evangelical Environmental Network Shepherd Conservation Society Perspective on Faith and Nature Genesis Farm see Genesis Farm Sierra Club see Sierra Club Ecological Reformation see Christianity Green Sisters Movement see Green Wilderness Society see Wilderness (9) – Christianity’s Ecological Sisters Movement Society Reformation Interfaith Council for Environmental World Wide Fund for Nature see World Eco-justice see Eco-justice in Theology Stewardship see Interfaith Council Wide Fund for Nature and Ethics for Environmental Stewardship frontier myth 256, 430, 488 Eco-feminism see Ecofeminism – National Council of Churches, Eco- Hawai’i see Hawai’i Historic and International Evolution Justice Working Group see National gods/goddesses see gods, goddesses, people, influential Council of Churches, Eco-Justice deities and nature spirits Berry, Thomas see Berry, Thomas (and Working Group (USA) Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement adjacent, Thomas Berry on National Religious Partnership for the 1289 Religion and Nature) Environment see National Religious Kapu see Kapu in Early Hawaiian Berry, Wendell see Berry, Wendell Partnership for the Environment Society Christ, Carol see Christ, Carol North American Conference (Coalition) surfing see Surfing Cobb, John see Cobb, John on Christianity and Ecology see manifest destiny see Manifest Destiny Edwards, Jonathon 139, 210, North American Conference Native Americans 346–347, 1039, 1178 (Coalition) on Christianity and American Indian Movement 93, 461, Fox, Matthew see Fox, Matthew Ecology 492, 522, 830, 998, 1014, 1163, Kline, David see Kline, David; David Religious Campaign for Forest 1719 Kline on Amish Agriculture Conservation see Religious American Indian Religious Freedom (adjacent to Christianity (6c3) Campaign for Forest Conservation Act 465, 478, 701, 785, 990, 996 Anabaptist/Mennonite Traditions) Stewardship see Stewardship Apache Krueger, Fred see Krueger, Fred Target Earth see Target Earth Apache Survival Coalition 998 Muir, John see Muir, John Tolstoy Farm see Tolstoy Farm language 1161 Pinchot, Gifford see Pinchot, Gifford What Would Jesus Drive? see What music 1134 (and adjacent, Pinchot on Church Would Jesus Drive? adjacent to peyote 1273–1274 and Country) Christianity (2) – Jesus) spiritual practices 788 Ruether, Rosemary Radford see Wise Use Movement see Wise Use as symbols see Noble Savage; Savages Ruether, Rosemary Radford Movement crying Indian 44, 1488 Sittler, Joseph A. Jr. see Sittler, Joseph Haudenosaunee 9, 1014–1015 (see also Blackfoot confederacy 202, 205 A. Jr Haudenosaunee Confederacy) Bureau of Indian Affairs 464, 747–748 White, Lynn – Thesis of see White, pagan festivals see Paganism Festivals environmental organizations see Lynn – Thesis of in North America Indigenous Environmental Williams, Delores S. see Williams, United States Network Delores S. American Renaissance 594 ghost dance see Ghost Dance Process Philosophy see Process American Spiritualism 287 guides see Indian Guides Philosophy art see Art influential figures, see Black Elk; Process theology see Christianity (7f) – bison see organisms – fauna Deere, Phillip; Deloria, Vine Jr; Process Theology Boone, Daniel 1042 Harjo, Joy; LaDuke, Winona; Puritans see Puritans Civilian Conservation Corp 1081 Lyons, Oren; Ortiz, Simon; Seattle Restoring Eden see Restoring Eden cowboys see Cowboy Spirituality (Sealth), Chief Unitarianism see Unitarianism Declaration of Independence 641, 1039, land Womanism see Christianity (7g) – 1155 disputes see Hopi-Navajo Land Womanism environmental organizations (see also Dispute Christianity in practice (institutes, North America – Christianity – sacred sites see Sacred Geography in movements, and organizations) Christianity in practice) Native North America Au Sable Institute see Au Sable Alliance of Religion and Conservation languages see Native American Institute see Alliance of Religion and Languages Christian Camp Meetings see Christian Conservation National Congress of American Camp Meetings Don’t Make a Wave Committee Indians (NCAI) 464, 788 Columbia River Watershed Pastoral (DMWC) 727, 1720 peoples Letter see Columbia River Watershed Earth First! see Earth First! and the Anishnabeg see Anishnabeg Culture astoral Letter Earth Liberation Front Hopi 44, 445, 474, 520, 738, 787, Earth Ministry see Earth Ministry Greenpeace see Greenpeace 975, 993. 996, 1298, 1496, 1563, 1862 Index

(see also Black Mesa, New Mexico; Southwestern United States Nyajeka, Tumani Hopi-Navajo Land Dispute; Central Arizona Project 200–201 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hopiland to the Rainforest Action Sante Fe see Santa Fe, New Mexico Shona Women and the Mutupo Network) Sedona see Sedona Principle Inuit see Inuit Tantra see Tantrism in the West Nyamweru, Celia Lakota see Lakota; Lakota Sun Western United States contribution in this encyclopedia, see Dance art see Rock Art – Western United Sacred Groves of Africa Miwok see Miwok People States Nyau – A Closed Association (Central Najavo 520, 787, 1161, 1457–1458, education programs and institutes see Africa) 1216–1217 1476 (see also Black Mesa (New California Institute of Integral Mexico); Hopi-Navajo Land Studies; Esalen Institute Dispute; Law, Religion and Native environmental issues see G-O road; O American Lands) Redwood Rabbis Oceania Paiute see Paiute Culture Headwaters Forest (California) 243, Australia 255–258 Shosone see Shosone 1353 Aboriginal spirituality see Aboriginal Yakama nation see Yakama Nation Hetch Hetchy Dam 386, 1127, 1545 Spirituality and the New Age in Zuni 785–787, 790, 998 John Muir Institute for Environmental Australia perspectives on nature see American Studies 601 Alawa 88 Indians as “First Ecologists”; petroglyphs see Explorer Petroglyphs ancestors 4–7, 106, 134, 690 Blackfoot Cosmos as Natural social justice movements see Chávez, animism see Animism – Humanity’s Philosophy César – and the United Farm Original Religious Worldview peyote see Peyote Workers architecture see Yolngu Ceremonial Peyote Way Church of God 1275 historical sites see Devils Tower; Mt. Architecture religion see Indian Shaker Religion; Rushmore Arrernte see Arrernte Increase Washat Religion Mountain States Legal Foundation Ceremonies Smohalla 1102–1103, 1108, 1579, 478, 518, 1755 art see Aboriginal Art; Rock Art – 1712–1713, 1775–1776 Mt. Shasta 288, 528, 738, 739 Australian Aboriginal spirituality see Harmony in Native Rocky Mountain Institute 275, 541 Birch, Charles see Birch, Charles North American Spiritual von Humboldt, Alexander 1040, 1126 CERES see Urban Reinhabitation Traditions; Native American writers see Desert Writers CERES as a Case Study Spirituality Yellowstone National Park 168, 193 Dolphin People see Dolphins and New Swamp, Jake 748 Yosemite National Park 15, 107, 168, Age Religion sweat lodge 92, 1485 444, 1096, 1126–1127, 1399, 1545 dreaming see Aboriginal Dreaming National Parks 43, 107, 192, 387, 415, (see also National Parks and Lake Eyre see Keepers of Lake Eyre 444, 490, 693, 782, 869, 1425, Monuments) Mount Field National Park 1320 1544–1546 (see also National Parks Southern United States paganism see Paganism in Australia and Monuments) Perelandra see Perelandra poetry see Australian Poetry Nature Religion 1173–1175 (see also writers Rainbow Serpent see Rainbow Serpent Nature Religion in the United States) Faulkner, William 1043 rock art see Rock Art – Australian Northeastern United States Twain, Mark 474, 1154 Aboriginal Haudenosaunee Confederacy see Yuchi culture see Yuchi Culture and sacred space see Genealogy and Haudenosaunee Confederacy the Euchee (Yuchi) Language Spiritualities of Place Northwestern United States Project Seed, John see Council of All Beings; Coldwater Springs 788 Wildlands project 416, 521, 803 Seed, John Seattle, Chief see Seattle (Sealth), North American Conference on Torres Strait Islanders see Torres Strait Chief Christianity and Ecology [and the] Islanders Watershed Protection see Columbia North American Coalition on Religion Yolngu see Yolngu Waters of Being River Watershed Pastoral Letter and Ecology 1212–1214 Christianity in Oceania Presidents Norway see Europe – Northern Liberation Theology see Christianity Adams, John Quincy 1040 Norwich, Julian of 351, 363, 484, 1349, (7c) – Liberation Theology Clinton, Bill 748, 786, 1144 1404, 1423 Eco-missiological issues see Melanesia Jackson, Andrew 992–993, 1424, 1791 nuclear weapons 241, 519–520, 532, – Eco-Missiological issues Lincoln, Abraham 489–490, 1042 565, 727, 803, 804, 910, 1463, 1520, McDonagh, Sean see McDonagh, Sean Reagan, Ronald 601, 1330, 1734 1579 Philippines, The see Philippines, The Roosevelt, Theodore 247, 248, 386, nudity 648, 780, 1235, 1336, 1674 Quakers see Friends – Religious Society 477, 998, 1041, 1042, 1118, 1127, numinous (in nature) see Nature of (Quakers); Quaker Writers in 1156, 1173, 1281, 1507 Mysticism Tasmania (Australia) Romanticism see Romanticism – Nursi, Said 1214–1215 (see also Melanesia American; Romanticism – Western adjacent, Nursi on Nature and God) Melanesian Traditions see Melanesian toward Asian Religions Nursi on Nature and God 1214 Traditions Index 1863

Moro Movements see Moro Movement dung beetle 644–645 Ortiz, Beverly New Religious Movements see elephants see Elephants contribution in this encyclopedia, see Melanesia – New Religious fish 120, 963 Miwok People Movements anemone fish 645–646 Ortiz, Simon J. 609, 1223–1224 Papua New Guinea 1230, 1261–1263, as a symbol 77, 220, 267, 741 Orton, David 1342, 1382, 1513 as food 1578, 1668, 1692, 1694 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Bougainville see Bougainville behavior 896 Left Biocentrism Organisasi papua merdeka (OPM) 672 carp 113 Oru-Igbo see Divine Waters of the Solomon Islands see Christian conservation of 297, 496, Oru-Igbo (Southeastern Nigeria) Fellowship Church; Melanesia – New decline of 177, 257, 309, 857, 871, Osborne, John Religious Movements 1579 contribution in this encyclopedia, see traditions see Melanesian Traditions in bible 319–320 Art of the Living Foundation New Zealand 1200–1201 in Egypt 576, 579 Oshmarii-Chimarii (Mari El Republic, Maori 1200–1201, 1289, 1457–1458, in myths 235, 741–742, 766 Russia) 1223–1224 1734 perch see Nile Perch O’Sullivan, John 1038–1040 Pacific Islands 1230–1231 release of 438 Otherworlds 144, 157, 764, Polynesia salmon 188, 399, 525, 661, 668, 742, 1224–1225 religion 785–786 (see also Sohappy, Ott, Jonathon 596, 1313 new see Polynesia – New Religious David – and Salmon Spirituality) Otto, Rudolf 484, 1761 Movements sustainable fishing 213 (see also Ouspensky, Pyotr Demianovich 730–732, traditional see Polynesian Traditional Fishers; Fly Fishing; Creatures’ 1006–1007, 1225–1227 Religions Release in Chinese Buddhism) Ouzman, Sven O’Connor, Sandra Day 701, 996–997 kingfisher 135, 1686 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Odinism 476, 642, 1218–1220, 1246 (see lions 76, 491, 768, 808, 1018, 1473, San Apocalpytic Rock Art also Heathenry – Ásatrú) 1807 122, 331, 506, 1293, Odysseus see Europe – Southern mongoose 647 1468 Oelschlaeger, Max 14, 811, 1545 pigs 77, 305, 309, 499, 545, 548, 672, overpopulation see population contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1078, 1231, 1261–1262, 1287, 1343 Ovid 289, 433, 570, 814, 981,1410 (see Paleolithic Religions and the Future; goats 210, 951, 1018, 1064, 1410, also Ovid’s Metamorphoses) Wilderness Religion 1820 Ovid’s Metamorphoses 570, 814, Oikos 23, 1220–1221, 1320, 1802 jaguar 800–801, 1360, 1527, 1779 1227–1229 Olcott, Henry Steel 206, 1180, 1632 reindeer 156, 619, 752, 1364, Oyeronke, Olajubu Olson, Sigurd F. 1221–1222 1440–1441, 1553 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Olympic Games 661, 722 snails 120, 645, 788 Wenger, Susan, Yoruba Art and the Olympus, Mount see Europe – Southern snakes 157, 389, 645, 796, 1018, 1034, Oshogbo Sacred Grove Omwega, Asenath 1396, 1516–1517, 1641 (see also Ozdemir, Ibrahim contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mt. Snakes and the Luo of Kenya) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Nyiro and the Samburu (with Leina python 466, 496, 1029, 1034–1035, Muhammad, The Prophet of Islam; Mpoke and Jacob Wanyama) 1516, 1642, 1787, 1816 Nursi on Nature and God (and Open Land Movement 1222 tigers 685, 768, 808, 886, 969 adjacent, Nursi, Said); Rumî, Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross 1054 vultures 1813 Jalaluddin organic farming see agriculture whales 285–286, 500, 637, 852, 1011, organisms 1143, 1168, 1720, 1754 (see also fauna (see also Fauna Cabala) Whales and Japanese Culture; P antelope 623, 807, 824, 961, 1473, 1541 Whales and Whaling) Pacific Islands see Oceania bats 276–277, 1584–1585 wolves 87, 616, 1442, 1645 pacifism 271 bear 717, 790, 808, 851, 896, 1298, flora (see also Ethnobotany; Pagan Calendar 519, 1231–1232 1403, 1441, 1644 Ethnoecology; Entheogens) Pagan Environmental Ethics 1232–1233 buffalo 786, 983, 1512 (see also Bison Ayahuasca see Ayahuasca Pagan festivals 510, 557, 1189, 1558 (see Restoration and Native American coca 60, 62, 620–621, 820, 966–967 also Pagan Festivals in North America; Traditions; Lakota Sun Dance) coffee 525, 1037, 1106, 1478 Pagan Festivals – Contemporary) bulls 67, 73–74, 389, 1017 fig trees 319, 437, 1017, 1453, 1699 Pagan Festivals in North America chimpanzees 706–708, 1028, 1496 (see peyote see Peyote 1234–1236 also Primate Spirituality) tobacco 39, 41, 169 Pagan Festivals – Contemporary cows 69, 73–74, 390, 430, 768, 824– trees see forests 1236–1237 825, 951, 978, 1365 (see also Orixa Iroko 261–263 (adjacent to Pagan Music 1238 (see also adjacent, Goshalas) Candomblé of Brazil) Burning Times) dolphins 41, 285–286, 724, 1720, 1731 Orthodox Spirituality 336–337 (adjacent Paganism (see also Dolphins and New Age to Christianity (6b1) – Christian Aradia see Aradia Religion; Whales and Whaling) Orthodoxy) Australia see Paganism in Australia 1864 Index

calendar see Pagan Calendar Paleolithic Religions and the Future Pecotic, David contemporary see Paganism – 1256–1257 contributions in this encyclopedia, Contemporary; Nature Religion Palmer, Martin 34–35, 1193, 1257, 1770 see Gurdjieff, Georges Donga Tribe see Donga Tribe Pantanjali see Asia – Southern Ivonovitch; Ouspensky, Pyotr Eastern Europe see Neo-Paganism and Pantheism 1257–1260 (see also Nature Demianovich Ethnic Nationalism in Eastern Mysticism) Pedersen, Kusumita P. Europe; Neo-Paganism in the Abbey, Edward 3 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ukraine; Oshmarii-Chimarii; Slavic Adams, Ansel 15 Asceticism Neo-Paganism and animism 90 Pederson, Poul 1367, 1370 ecological see Eco-Paganism; Pagan Diggers and Levelers 482 Pennick, Nigel 526, 692, 1600 Environmental Ethics Einstein, Albert 582 Penan Hunter-Gatherers (Borneo) Eco-Magic see Eco-Magic Emerson, Ralph Waldo 248 1266–1268 (see also Manser, Bruno – festivals see Pagan Festivals – Fox, Matthew 670 and the Penan of Sarawak) Contemporary; Pagan Festivals in Haeckel, Earnst 736 Pentikäinen, Juha North America Jeffers, John Robinson 906 (see also contribution in this encyclopedia, see Greece see Greek Paganism Death and Afterlife in Robinson Sauna Heathenism see Heathenry – Ásatrú Jeffers and Edward Abbey) Perelandra 660, 1268–1269 Influential figures see Darré, Walther; Kalish polytheism 951 Perennial Philosophy 601, 1269–1272 Eisler, Riane; Gimbutas, Marija; Spinoza, Baruch 600 (see also Huxley, Aldous) Graves, Robert von Ranke; Whitman, Walt see Whitman, Walt permaculture see agriculture Starhawk; Z Budapest Pantheist Association for Nature – PAN Persinger, Michael 527, 806 Judaism see Paganism and Judaism; 1261 personalism 330, 353, 591, 783 Paganism: A Jewish Perspective Paper, Jordan 1103 pesticides see agriculture music see Pagan Music; Burning contributions in this encyclopedia, see Peters, Chris 785 Times Anishnabeg Culture; Chinese Peterson, Anna 605 Neo-paganism see Neo-Paganism Pagan Traditional Concepts of Nature; A contributions in this encyclopedia, Church of all Worlds 520 Religio-Ecological Perspective see David Kline on Amish Norse Paganism see Elves and Land Papini, Robert Agriculture (adjacent to Christianity Spirits in Pagan Norse Religion contribution in this encyclopedia, see (6c3) – Anabaptist/Mennonite Odinism see Odinism Church of Nazareth Baptists Traditions); Roman Catholicism in organizations see Church of All Worlds; Papua New Guinea see Oceania – Latin America; Social Construction Circle Sanctuary; Covenant of Melanesia of Nature and Environmental Unitarian Universalist Pagans; Parliament of the World’s Religions Ethics Dragon Environmental Network; 1263–1264, 1581 Peterson, Brandt Gustav Koliada Viatichei; Reclaiming Parvaiz, Mohammad Aslam contribution in this encyclopedia, see Otherworlds see Otherworlds contributions in this encyclopedia, see Indigenous Activism and Pakistan see Kalish Culture (Northwest Islam on Man and Nature (and Environmentalism Pakistan) adjacent, The Hadith and Shari’a on Peterson, David 810 Radical Environmentalism 1326, 1328 Man and Nature); Islamic Foundation contribution in this encyclopedia, see Raves see Raves for Science and Environment Hunting Spirituality and Animism Russia see Oshmaril – Chimari; Passover see Judaism Peterson, Mark C.E. Paganism – Mari Pater, Cathrien de contributions in this encyclopedia, see Shamanism see Shamanism – Neo; contributions in this encyclopedia, see Descartes, René – and the Problem of Shamanism – Neo (Eastern Europe); ECOtheraphy (by Hans Andeweg and Cartesian Dualism; Heidegger, Shamanism – Urban Rijk Bois); Pogacnik, Marko Martin; Martial Arts technology see Paganism and Pastoralism 56, 98, 148, 163, 211, 247, Petroglyphs 108, 444, 584, 1390–1393, Technology 302, 570, 1018, 1031, 1040, 1114, 1116, 1397, 1398, 1579 (see also Explorer Wicca see Wicca 1347, 1424–1425, 1824 (see also Petroglyphs) Paganism and Judaism 1239–1241 Saharan Pastoralists) pets see animals Paganism and Technology 1241–1242 Paton, Joseph Noel 633 Peyote 199, 596–597, 780, 1253, Paganism in Australia 1243–1244 Patterson, John 808 1272–1275, 1312, 1336 (see also Paganism: A Jewish Perspective Pauli, Wolfgang 582, 1264–1265, 1266, Ethnobotany) 1244–1246 1278, 1537 Philippines, The see Asia – Southeastern Paganism – Contemporary 1247–1250 Payne, Roger 285, 1754 Philippon, Daniel J. Paganism – Mari (Mari El Republic, Payutto, Phra Dhammapitaka contribution in this encyclopedia, see Russia) 1251–1252 1265–1266, 1629 Wilderness Society Pahnke, Walter M.D. 596 Pearson, Joanne Philo of Alexandria 544, 928 Paiute Culture 198, 1252–1253 contribution in this encyclopedia, see philosophy Paleolithic Art 1253–1254, 1363 Wicca (with Sarah M. Pike) anarchy see Abbey, Edward; Paleolithic Religions 1254–1255 Peat, F. David 289, 1266 Anarchism; Reclus, Elisée Index 1865

Buddhist philosophy 976 (see also Rousseau, Jean-Jacques see Rousseau, Italy 981–982 Buddhism; Dalai Lama) Jean-Jacques Gaia see Gaian Pilgrimage environmental philosophy see Rumî, Jalaluddin see Rumî, Jalaluddin goddess worship 301 Bioregionalism; Deep Ecology; Schelling, Friedrich Willhelm Joseph Meso-America Environmental Ethics; Leopold, Aldo; see Schelling, Friedrich Willhelm Andes 62 Naess, Arne; Sarvodaya Shramadan Joseph Aztec 1052 Movement; Snyder, Gary Schlegel, Friedrich 1174, 1310, 1421 Maya 1060 Esoterism see Western Esoterism Smuts, Jan Christiaan see Smuts, Jan Virgin Guadalupe 1703 Indian 771–774, 828, 892 (see also Christiaan North America Gandhi, Mohandas; Yoga and Ecology) Spinoza, Baruch see Spinoza, Baruch César, Chávez 291 natural philosophy 352, 452, 454, 467, Umehara, Takeshi see Umehara, Genesis Farm 692 714, 1165–1166, 1227 (see also Lopez, Takeshi Hopi-Navajo 794 Barry; Blackfoot Cosmos and Natural Watsuji, Tetsuro see Watsuji, Tetsuro theme park 1631 Philosophy; Natural History as personalism see 330, 353, 783, 1559 UNESCO sites 193 Natural Religion; Philosophy of political see 190, 297, 1001, 1165, Pilgrimage to Sripada (Sri Lanka) Nature) 1328, 1564 1279–1280 Neo-humanism see Ananda Marga’s Process see Christianity (7f) – Process Pinchot, Gifford 602, 1041, 1127, Tantric Neo-Humanism Theology; Cobb, John; Process 1280–1281, 1545, 1755 (see also perennial philosophy see Perennial Philosophy; Whitehead, Alfred adjacent, Pinchot on Church and Philosophy Russian Mystical Philosophy see Russian Country) philosophers Mystical Philosophy Pinchot on Church and Country 1280 Aristotle 65, 653, 698, 713–716, 814, Social Philosophy see Environmental Pinnock, Sarah 1166, 1260, 1277–1278 Ethics contributions in this encyclopedia, see Cusa, Nicholas of see Cusa, Nicholas of Transcendentalism see Soelle, Dorothee; Williams, Delores S. Descartes, René see Descartes, René Transcendentalism Planetary Dance 444, 1281–1283 and the Problem of Cartesian Philosophy of Nature 208, 237, 266, plants see organisms – flora Dualism 758, 928, 1005, 1009–1010, 1122, plant-inspired religion see Ayahuasca; Engels, Frederick 403–404, 1033, 1277–1279, 1490, 1528, 1590, Entheogens; Ethnobotany; Peyote 1761 1728–1729 (see also Process Plaskow, Judith see Ecofeminism Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch see Philosophy; Whitehead, Alfred; Cobb, Plastic Medicine Men 1061, Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch John) 1283–1284 Hegel, G.W. Friedrich see Hegel, G.W. photography see Art Plato see philosophy Friedrich phylogenetic tree 735 Plows, Alexandra Heidegger, Martin see Heidegger, phylogeny 735, 812 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Martin Physicians for Social Responsibility 461 Donga Tribe Heraclitus 63, 712, 1277 Pike, Sarah M. Plumwood, Val see Ecofeminism Hobbes, Thomas 56, 698, 1166, 1211, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Pocahontas see Motion Pictures 1278 Burning Man; Pagan Festivals in Poceski, Mario James, William see James, William North America; Wicca (with Joanne contributions in this encyclopedia, see Kant, Immanuel 394–395, 463, 1174, Pearson) Buddhahood of Grasses and Trees; 1278, 1307–1308, 1421, 1490, pilgrimage (see also sacred geography) Creatures’ Release in Chinese 1652–1653, 1730 Africa Buddhism; Indra’s Net; Kierkegaard, Soren 759 Egypt (St. Katherine’s monastery) Vegetarianism and Buddhism Leibnez, Gottfried Willhelm see 1594–1595 Pogacnik, Marko 1284–1285 Leibnez, Gottfried Willhelm Zimbabwe 1809–1810 political theology see Christianity (7b) – Locke, John 463, 698–699, 991–992, Asia Political Theology 1653 China 295 pollution Marx, Karl 80, 230, 473, 566, 591, 699, Japan 902, 1123, 1731 air 318, 578, 888, 890, 1467 759, 1033, 1291, 1761 India industrial 253, 299, 305, 310, 387, 401, Nietzsche, Friedrich see Nietzsche, Hindu 34, 101, 763, 766, 769, 531, 696, 823, 987 (see also Pollution Friedrich 774–775, 826, 1777–1778 Beliefs in South Africa) Ouspensky, Pyotr Demianovich see Jain 894 noise 757, 923 Ouspensky, Pyotr Demianovich sacred forests 770 water 30, 212, 718, 723, 755, 871, 1468, Plato 63, 99, 210, 312, 324–330, 433, Sri Lanka see Pilgrimage to Sripada 1611, 1778 (see also Hinduism and 561, 570, 712–716, 859, 928, 941, Europe Pollution and adjacent, River Ganga 1012, 1107, 1183, 1227, 1278, 1403, Baltic indigenous religions 156–157 and the Clean Ganga Campaign) 1590–1591, 1729 Delphic oracle 466–467 Pollution Beliefs in South Africa Neo-platonism 99, 328, 330, 671, England 697 (see also Sacred Sites in 1285–1286 1278, 1403, 1729 England) Polynesian Traditional Religions Reclus, Elisée see Reclus, Elisée Ireland 854 1287–1288 1866 Index

Polynesia – New Religious Movements Prins, Frans 1717 physical 531, 549, 661, 951, 1187, 1715, 1288–1290 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1810 Polytheism 77, 680, 720, 752, 951, 1249, San Rainmaking (adjacent to San ritual 499, 549, 769, 779, 1286, 1416, 1290–1292, 1307, 1672 (Bushmen) Religion) 1813–1814 population Process, The 1306–1307 symbols of 77, 468, 498, 516, 956, consumption see Population and Process Philosophy 343, 1307–1308 (see 1163, 1178, 1554, 1724 (see also Consumption – Contemporary also Whitehead, Alfred North) Dirt) Religious Responses; Population, Process Theology see Christianity (7f) – purusha see Hinduism Consumption, and Christian Ethics Process Theology; Cobb, John; Process Pygmies see Africa – Central control see Abortion; Breeding and Philosophy Pygmies (Mbuti Foragers) and Bila Contraception; Fertility and Proctor, James D. Farmers of the Ituri Forest (Democratic Abortion; Fertility and Secularization contribution in this encyclopedia, see Republic of the Congo) 1316–1318 Gebara, Ivone see Gebara, Ivone Social Science on Religion and Nature Pythagoras see Greece growth 122, 149, 177, 297–298, 387, (with Evan Berry) 550, 749, 823, 865, 888, 939, 985 progress, myth of 164, 535, 636 Q Judaism see Judaism and the Population Protestant Ethic, The 1155, 1309–1310, Qi see Daoism Crisis 1504 Quaker eco-witness 674 Malthus, Thomas Robert see Malthus, Protestant Reformation see Christianity Quaker Environmental Action Network Thomas Robert Proto-Indo-Europeans 1128, 1291, 674 overpopulation 13, 384, 458, 626, 1310–1312 Quakers see Religious Society of Friends 653, 689, 769, 860, 865, 1293, 1339, PROUT (progressive utilization theory) 48 Quaker Writers in Tasmania (Australia) 1659 psychology 1319–1321 Population and Consumption – animal 79, 1173 quantum theory (mechanics) see Science Contemporary Religious Responses ecopsychology see Deep Ecology; quietism 289, 514, 1606 1292–1295 Ecopsychology; Radical Quimby, Phineas 1182 Population, Consumption, and Christian Environmentalism; Transpersonal Quinn, Daniel 635, 812 Ethics 1296–1297 Psychology contribution in this encyclopedia, see Porterfield, Amanda ecotherapy see Ecotherapy by Hans Animism: Humanity’s Original contributions in this encyclopedia, see Andewag and Rijk Bols Religious Worldview Cowboy Spirituality; Native parapsychololgy 287, 364 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles 386–387 American Spirituality psychologists Qur’an, The 71–72, 74–75, 571, 791, Posas, Paula J. Aurobindo, Sri see Aurobindo, Sri 1321–1325 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Bateson, Gregory see Bateson, Astronauts; Goodall, Jane (with Bron Gregory Taylor); Rolston III, Holmes Freud, Sigmund see Freud, Sigmund R Potts, Grant Jung, Carl see Jung, Carl Gustav racism 165, 371, 536–538 (see also contributions in this encyclopedia, see (and adjacent, Jung, Carl – A Environmental Justice and Church of All Worlds; Golden Dawn; Perspective) Environmental Racism) Lovelock, James; Masons – Fraternal Metzner, Ralph 251, 811, 1329–1330, Radical Environmentalism 1326–1323 Order of 1665 (see also adjacent, Rodney Power Animals 743, 816, 1298 Skinner, B.F. 1762 Coronoado and the Animal Liberation Powers, John Wilber, Ken see Wilber, Ken Front) contributions in this encyclopedia, see wilderness therapies see Wilderness Abbey, Edward see Abbey, Edward Dalai Lama; Tibet and Central Asia Rites of Passage anarchism see Anarchism poverty see Economics Transpersonal Psychology see New Age; Animal Liberation Front see Rodney Prairyerth Fellowship 1298–1299 Transpersonal Psychology Coronado and the Animal Liberation Prakriti 1299–1300, 1521, 1524, 1783 Psychonauts 1312–1313 Front (adjacent to Radical Pravoslavia movement see Europe – Ptolemy, Claudius see Europe – Southern Environmentalism) Eastern Purack, Akal 1549–1550 bioregionalism see Bioregionalism; prayer 159, 167, 201, 311, 329, 498–499, Pure Brethren 859, 874, 1314 Bioregionalism and the North 847, 873, 931, 966, 1172, 1727 purgatory see Christianity – Catholicism, American Bioregional Conference; Prayer and the Contemplative Traditions Roman Snyder, Gary – and the Invention of 1301–1302 Puritans 148, 316, 474, 518, 1039, 1178, Bioregional Spirituality and Politics predators see hunting 1314–1315 Coronado, Rodney see Coronado, prey see hunting purity Rodney and the Animal Liberation Prigogine, Ilya 266, 1266, 1302–1303 moral 71, 586, 880, 927, 1121, 1413, Front (adjacent to Radical primates see organisms 1424, 1605, 1823 (see also Hinduism Environmentalism) Primate Spirituality 1303–1306 and Pollution (and adjacent, The River Deep Ecology see Deep Ecology Primavesi, Anne 354, 532, 534 Ganga and the Clean Ganga Earth First! see Earth First! and the Prince Charles 1306 Campaign)) Earth Liberation Front Index 1867

ecotage (see sabotage, below) Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree see Asia – Redfield, James 278–280, 804 (see also Ecofascism see Ecofacism Southern Celestine Prophesy) environmental concern 1373 Ralegon Siddhi 1340–1341 Redwood Rabbis 911, 1352–1354 Foreman, Dave 1136, 1331, 1355, Ramakrishna see Hinduism Re-Earthing 1329, 1354–1358 1547, 1565 (see also Monkeys in Ramayana see Asia – Southern reforestation see forests the Field adjacent to Hundredth Ramirez, Susan Elizabeth Reformed Tradition in its Own Words see Monkey) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Calvin, John – and the Reformed biocentric activism 1331 Incas Tradition Earth First! 600, 1136, 1355, 1565 (see Randolph, Richard O. Regan, Tom see Radical also Earth First! and the Earth contributions in this encyclopedia, see Environmentalism Liberation Front) Christianity and Animals; Valuing Reichel, Elizabeth monkeywrenching 128 Nature contributions in this encyclopedia, see on population 457–458 Ranger, Shelagh Cosmology; Reichel-Dolmatoff, wildlands project 416 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Gerardo – and Ethnoecology in music see Music and Eco-activism in Animals in African Legend and Colombia America Ethiopian Scriptures Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo – and National Socialism 476 (see also National Ranger Terence Ethnoecology in Columbia 96, 549, Socialism) contribution in this encyclopedia, see 801, 1211, 1358–1362, 1390 radical faeries 792 Zimbabwe Spirit Mediums, Guerillas, Religio-Ecological Perspective on reclaiming see Reclaiming and Nature Religion and Nature 1363–1365 Regan, Tom 601–602, 1330, 1734 (see Raphson, Joseph 1341–1342, 1639 Religious Campaign for Forest also Environmental Ethics; Rappaport, Roy A. (“Skip”) xvi, 95–96, Conservation 211, 274, 973, 1213, Environmental Racism) 744, 1342–1344, 1387–1389 (see also 1365–1367, 1406 sabotage 3, 54, 416, 518, 520, 522–523, Ecological Anthropology; Ecology and Religious Environmentalist Paradigm 556–557, 1326, 1720 Religion) 1367–1371 Shepard, Paul see Shepard, Paul Rasmussen, Larry 343, 369, 404, 555 Religious Naturalism 615, 1371–1372, Singer, Peter 580, 601, 1328, 1330 contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1769 (see also Evolutionary Snyder, Gary see Snyder, Gary – and the Christianity (8) – Ecumenical Evangelism; Book of Nature) Invention of Bioregional Spirituality Movement, International; religious studies and Politics Christianity and Sustainable critical perspectives on see Critical Watson, Paul see Watson, Paul – and Communities Perspectives on “Religions of the the Sea Shepherd Conservation Rastafari 269, 1106–1107, 1344–1346 World and Ecology” (adjacent to Society (and adjacent, Rastafarian Activism; Religious Studies and Environmental Raglan, Lady 723–724 Selassie, Haile) Concern rain (see also Makewana the Rainmaker Rastafarian Activism 1346 ecology see Religions of the World and (and adjacent, Mbiriwiri – The Sacred rationalism 463, 471, 582, 637–638, 641, Ecology Rainmaking Drum; San Rainmaking, 942, 1173, 1290, 1403, 1502, 1571, environmental concerns see Religious adjacent to San (Bushmen) Religion)) 1591, 1653 Studies and Environmental importance of 26, 1114 Raval, Shishir R. Concern interdependence 7 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Religious Society of Friends see Friends – Machendranath 1192 Maldaharis of Gujarat (India) Religious Society of (Quakers) rain animals 1723 Raves 135, 1243, 1347–1348 Religious Studies and Environmental rain dancing 445–446, 1282 Raymo, Chet 1349 Concern 1373–1379 (and adjacent, rain-making 485, 1063, 1069, 1396, Read, Kay A. Critical Perspectives on “Religions of 1470, 1806, 1808 contributions in this encyclopedia, see the World and Ecology”) Rainbow Family 1335–1336 Cihuacoatl – Aztec Snakewoman; remembering, the 426–427 Rainbow Serpent (North Wellesley Mesoamerican Deities; Renaissance, the see Europe Islands, Australia) 1336–1337, 1510 Mesoamerican Sacrifice reproduction, sexual see sexuality Rainbow Warrior 227, 728 Reader’s Guide to the Encyclopedia of (see also Breeding; Population and rainbows 755, 1400, 1478, 1510, 1561 Religion and Nature xix Consumption) sacredness 180, 1055, 1456, 1539, 1717, Reagan, President Ronald see North Reser, Joseph 559 1773 America – United States Ress, Mary Judith Rainforest Action Network 1355, 1513, realism 248, 561, 627–628, 1568–1569 contribution in this encyclopedia, 1593 (see also Hopiland to the Reclaiming 1248, 1328, 1350–1351, see Con-spirando Women’s Rainforest Action Network) 1596 Collective Rainforests (Central and South America) Reclus, Elisée 50, 52, 1351–1352, 1569 Restoration Ecology and Ritual 1338–1340 Redekop, Calvin 1379–1381 (and adjacent, New , Selva A. contribution in this encyclopedia, see Academy for Nature and Culture) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Christianity (6c3) – Anabaptist/ Restoring Eden 1381–1383 Santal Region Mennonite Traditions revelation 323, 437, 926 1868 Index

Rewilding 1383–1384, 1518 Rock Art – Western United States contributions in this encyclopedia, see Rexroth, Kenneth 160, 1384–1385, 1562 1396–1398 Frilufsliv; Music Rey, Terry Rock Climbing 225, 1398–1400 Rotting Tree Faerie 634 (adjacent to contributions in this encyclopedia, see Rockefeller, Steven 1374, 1378 Faerie Faith in Scotland) Caribbean Cultures; Congo River contribution in this encyclopedia, see Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 10, 42, 463, Basin; Rubber and Religion (Belgian Earth Charter 1079, 1166, 1208–1210, 1422, 1425, Congo); Trees in Haitian Vodou Rocky Mountain Institute see North 1428–1429, 1459, 1488 Ricard Lanata, Xavier America – United States Rubber and Religion (Belgian Congo) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Rodman, John 600 1429–1431 Shamanism – Southern Peruvian Rolston III, Holmes 1400–1401 Rubber Tappers 213, 836, 1432–1433 Andes contributions in this encyclopedia, see Ruck, Carl A.P. 596–597 Richmond, Keith Aesthetics of Nature and the Sacred; Rue, Loyal 1372 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Science contribution in this encyclopedia, see Bon (Tibet); Nepal Romaine, Suzanne 1161–1162 Epic of Evolution Ride, Sally 1587 Roman Britain 221–222, 1401–1402 Ruether, Rosemary Radford 313, 332, Riding, Laura 710 Roman Catholic Religious Orders 361, 539, 610, 680, 1296–1297, Ridnovira (Ukraine native faith) see 1403–1408 1433–1434, 1758 Europe – Eastern Roman Catholicism in Latin America (see also Ecofeminism and Biblical Rieger, Joerg 1408–1409 Interpretation) contributions in this encyclopedia, see Roman Natural Religion 1409–1412 Rumî, Jalaluddin 1214, 1434–1436 Dualism – A Perspective (adjacent to Roman Religion and Empire Ruskin, John 1423 Dualism); Dualist Heresies; 1412–1414 Russell, Bertrand 1431, 1737 Economics Romanies (Gypsies) 1414–1418 Russian Mystical Philosophy 730, right-wing ecology see ATWA; Romanticism and Indigenous People 1436–1438 Ecofacism; Facism 1418–1419 Rustlers Valley (South Africa) 1439 Rig Veda see Hinduism Romanticism in European History Rydving, Håkan Rigoglioso, Marguerite 982 1419–1422 contribution in this encyclopedia, see contributions in this encyclopedia, see Romanticism in European Literature Saami Culture California Institute of Integral 1422–1423 Studies; Lake Pergusa (Sicily) Romanticism – American 1424–1426 Ringing Rocks Foundation 1142, 1144 Romanticism – Western toward Asian S Rio Earth Summit see United Nations’ Religions 1426–1427 Saami Culture 1440–1442 “Earth Summits” Roosevelt, Theodore see North America – Sabbath 41, 57, 73, 99, 126, 174, 309–310, rites of spring 223, 529 United States 354, 543, 919, 927, 1099, 1177, Ritual 1385–1388 Rose, Deborah Bird 690 1444, 1487, 1705 (see also Ritualizing and Anthropology contribution in this encyclopedia, see Environmental Sabbath; Sabbath- 1388–1390 Aboriginal Dreaming Jubilee Cycle; Jubilee and Jubilee 2000) Rival, Laura Roselle, Mike 797, 1136, 1355, 1513 Sabbath-Jubilee Cycle 1442–1444 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Rosenfeld, Jean E. Sabin, Scott C. Huaoroni contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see River Ganga and the Clean Ganga New Zealand Floresta Campaign 778 Rosenthal, Sandra B. sabotage see Radical Environmentalism Roach, Catherine M. contributions in this encyclopedia, see sacrifices contribution in this encyclopedia, see The Protestant Ethic (with Rogene A. animal 65, 69, 71, 209, 233, 389, 756, Mother Nature Imagery Buchholz) 1017, 1115, 1441, 1477, 1708, 1820 Roberts, Richard H. Rosicrucians 1021–1022, 1247, 1728 fire 770 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Roskos, Nicole human 145, 229, 661, 1139, 1517 Centre for Human Ecology contributions in this encyclopedia, see ritual offerings 36, 60, 119–120, 295, (Edinburgh, Scotland) Cathedral Forests and the Felling of 432–433, 592, 718, 721, 764, 820, 926, Rock Art – Australian Aboriginal Sacred Groves; Christian Theology 938, 1088, 1115–1117, 1364, 1413, 1390–1392 and the Fall 1452–1453, 1470, 1434, 1626, 1643, Rock Art – Batwa/Pygmies (Central Ross, Eric B. 1790 Africa) 1392–1393 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Sacramental Universe 331, 351, 400, Rock Art – Chewa (Central Africa) Harris, Marvin 1444–1445 1393–1394 Ross-Bryant, Lynn Sacred and the Modern World, The Rock Art – Hadzabe/Sandawe (Eastern contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1446–1448 Africa) 1394 Ehrlich, Gretel; Lopez, Barry sacred geography (see also pilgrimage) Rock Art – Northern Sotho (Southern Rossi, Vincent 588, 973 groves see Sacred Groves of Africa; Africa) 1395 Roszak, Theodore 559, 1329, 1546, 1655 Trees – as Religious Architecture; Rock Art – Sintu 1395–1396 Rothenberg, David 457 India’s Sacred Groves Index 1869

mountains see Sacred Mountains Santa Fe, New Mexico 1475–1476, 1506, Callicott, J. Baird see Callicott, J. Baird North America see Holy Land in Native 1536 Campbell, Joseph see Campbell, North America; Sacred Geography in Santal Region (India) 1476–1477 Joseph Native North America Santeria 260, 1478–1479 Cobb, John see Cobb, John sites see Sacred Place/Space; Sacred Santmire, Paul 316, 343, 376, 377, 1552, Doniger, Wendy 597, 1661 Sites in England 1689–1690 Douglas, Mary 95, 421, 468, 486, 664, Sacred Geography in Native North contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1021 America 1448–1451 Christianity (6c1) – Reformation Durkheim, Emile 95, 548, 852, 989, Sacred Groves of Africa 1451–1455 Traditions 1020, 1311, 1344, 1449 Sacred Mountains 1456–1459 Santo Daime see South America – Brazil Eliade, Mircea see Eliade, Mircea Africa 27 Sarasvati see gods, goddesses, deities and Fox, Matthew see Fox, Matthew Andes (South America) 60 nature spirits – originating in Southern Frazer, James xiii, xvii–xix, 94–95, Australia 6–8, 11 Asia 672, 744, 1020–1021, 1311, 1389, Celtic 283 Saritoprak, Zeki 1411, 1508 Central America contributions in this encyclopedia, see Geertz, Clifford 549, 989 Guatamala 837 Gullen, Fethullah; Qur’an, The Goodall, Jane see Goodall, Jane Maya 1059, 1061, 1068–1069 Saro-Wiwa, Kenule Beeson and the Grim, John 96, 1264, 1376–1378 China 1798 Ogoni of Ogoni 1479–1481 Harris, Marvin see Harris, Marvin England see Sacred Sites in England Sarpong, Most Rev. Peter K. James, William see James, William India 769, 777, 785, 826, 998, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Kaza, Stephanie 1264, 1373, Japan 113, 902, 1123, 1768 Asante Religion 1706 North America 528, 786, 797, 1155, Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement (Sri Leakey, Louis 139, 707, 1304 1299, 1525 (see also Sacred Lanka) 105, 240, 1019, 1482–1483 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 95, 421, 618, Geography in Native North Sasquatch see Bigfoot 1211, 1429, 1644, 1646, 1817 America) Satyagraha see Gandhi, Mohandes McDaniel, Jay 313, 353, 364, 1264, Hawaii 1289 Satanism 1250, 1483–1484 1373 Tibet 1797–1798 Sauna 1485–1487, 1499 McFague, Sally see McFague, Sally Sacred Sites in England 1460–1462 Savages 42, 79, 80, 89, 518, 741, 833, 840, Müller, Friedrich Max see Müller, Sacred Space/Place 1462–1463 992, 1041, 1144, 1211, 1487–1489, Friedrich Max Sagan, Carl 275, 613, 735, 1113, 1158, 1644, 1760 (see also Noble Savage and Nash, James 343, 353, 368, 377, 1297 1463–1465 the “Ecologically Noble” Savage) Otto, Rudolf 484, 1761 Saharan Pastoralists 1465–1466 Schaefer, Jame Rappaport, Roy A. (“Skip”) see Sallnow, Michael 61 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Rappaport, Roy A. (“Skip”) salmon see organisms Aquinas, Thomas Reichel-Dolmatoff, Geraldo see Salomonsen, Jone Scharper, Stephen Bede Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo – and contributions in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Ethnoecology in Columbia Reclaiming; Starhawk Swimme, Brian Ruether, Rosemary Radford see Salter, Richard C. Schlegel, Friedrich see philosophy Ruether, Rosemary Radford contributions in this encyclopedia, see Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 940, Santmire, Paul 316, 343, 376, 377, Selassie, Haile (adjacent to Rastafari); 1174, 1278, 1421, 1423, 1489–1490, 1552, 1689–1690 Rastafari 1729 Schweitzer, Albert see Schweitzer, Salvadoran Reflection on Religion, Schipper, Kristopher 448 Albert Rights, and Nature 1466–1469 Schlehe, Judith Smart, Ninian 74, 1535 Samhain (Hallowe’en) 283, 508, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Smith, Huston 596, 1270 1236–1237, 1243–1244 Sea Goddesses and Female Water Spinoza, Baruch see Spinoza, Baruch Samia Culture – Western Kenya Spirits; Volcanoes (with Urte Undine Taylor, Bron 668, 1174, 1607 1469–1470 Fromming) Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre see Teilhard Samkhya yoga see yoga Schmidt, Sigrid 961 de Chardin, Pierre San (Bushmen) Apocalyptic Rock Art contribution in this encyclopedia, see Tillich, Paul 108, 342–343, 543, 615, 1471 Serpents and Dragons 1616 San (Bushmen) Rainmaking 1472 Schmithausen, Lambert 1426 Tucker, Mary Evelyn 1376–1378, San (Bushmen) Religion 1472–1474 (see contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1707 also adjacent, San (Bushmen) Buddhism Turnbull, Colin 1211, 1392–1393 (see Rainmaking) Schmookler, Andrew Bard 1333 also Pygmies (Mbuti Foragers) and Sanders, Scott Russell 1474–1475 Schoffeleers, Matthew 952, 1028, 1056 Bila Farmers) Sandoval, Mercedes Cros scholars, of religion and nature Turner, Victor 95, 1185, 1389, 1675 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Abram, David 190–191, 635, 687, 946, Tylor, E.B. 78–80, 94–95, 989, 1103, Santeria 1329, 1519, 1755 1389 Sankat Mochan Foundation see Asia – Barth, Karl 342–343, 347, 382 Weber, Max 1270, 1291, 1309, 1504, Southern Bellah, Robert 488–489, 1173, 1630 1535, 1555, 1730, 1735 1870 Index

Whitehead, Alfred North see Ecology and Environmental Scouting 43, 211, 830, 1173, Whitehead, Alfred North Sciences; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1505–1507 Scholasticism 327, 346, 1177, 1636 Judaism see Judaism Scything and Erotic Fulfillment School of Living 1490–1491 revolution 163, 535, 1054, 1108, 1166, 1507–1508 Schultes, Richard 596, 619 1278 Sea Goddesses and Female Water Spirits Schumacher, Ernest Friedrich 105, scientific materialism 207 1509–1511 555, 564, 599, 731, 988, 1004, scientific realism 248 Sea Shepard Conservation Society see 1491–1492 scientists (biologists, ecologists and Watson, Paul – and the Sea Shepherd Schuon, Frithjoj 1151, 1270 physicists) Conservation Society Schwab, Jim 541 Bacon, Frances 313, 473, 535, 583, 598, Seattle (Sealth), Chief 44–45, 492, 846, Schwartz, Nancy 698, 759, 1012, 1083, 1108, 1209, 1511–1512 contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1226, 1746 Secaira, Estuardo Elephants; Hyenas – Spotted; Nile Darwin, Charles see Darwin, Charles contribution in this encyclopedia, see Perch; Snakes and the Luo of Kenya Einstein, Albert see Einstein, Albert Mayan Spirituality and Conservation Schwartz, Richard 66, 909 Haeckel, Ernst see Haeckel, Ernst secret societies 587, 1453, 1790 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Linnaeus, Carl see Linnaeus, Carl sects see Utopian Communities Tikkun Olam – A Jewish Imperative; Lovelock, James see Lovelock, James Sedona 527, 1196, 1512–1513 Vegetarianism, Judaism, and God’s Newton, Isaac 266, 288, 342, 406, 1005, Seed, John 162, 165, 214, 238, 243, Intention 1053, 1278, 1302, 1730, 1737 425, 426, 457, 558, 612, 634, 659, Schwartz, Steven 492 Pauli, Wolfgang see Pauli, Wolfgang 675, 803, 857, 1019, 1136, 1376, Schweitzer, Albert 37, 68, 181, 356, 381, Peat, F. David see Peat, F. David 1513–1514 601, 1492–1494 Prigogine, Ilya see Prigogine, Ilya contribution in this encyclopedia, see Science 1494–1497 (see also Raymo, Chet see Raymo, Chet Re-Earthing Conservation Biology) Sagan, Carl see Sagan, Carl Seeds in South Asia 1514–1515 affirming science 332, 338–340, 372, Sheldrake, Rupert see Sheldrake, Seidenberg, David 910 381, 383 Rupert contributions in this encyclopedia, see and magic 902, 1021–1022 Swimme, Brian see Swimme, Brian Animal Rights in the Jewish art 108, 113–114 Wilson, Edward O. see Wilson, Tradition; Jewish Environmentalism astrophysics 420, 643, 1259, 1494–1495, Edward O. in North America; Kabbalah and 1679 social science see Social Science on Eco-Theology; Maimonides; criticisms of 165, 313, 342, 1539 (see also Religion and Nature Paganism and Judaism Merchant, Carolyn) theories and principles Seidr 744, 751–752, 753, 754 (adjacent to creationism see Creationism and anthropic principle see Anthropic Heathenry – Ásatrú) Creation Science; Scopes Trial Principle Selassie, Haile 269, 1345 (adjacent to ecology 95, 359, 381–382, 1746 chaos see Chaos Rastafari) evolution and evolutionary biology see complexity theory see Complexity Self Hill, Rebecca 493 Darwin, Charles; Epic of Evolution; Theory contributions in this encyclopedia, see Evolutionary Biology, Religion, and General Systems Theory 267, 1019 Disney (with Joseph G. Champ); Stewardship; Evolutionary quantum theory (mechanics) 364, 406, Theme Parks (with Joseph G. Champ) Evangelism; Scopes Trial 683, 1632, 1737 Selling, Kim fiction see Science Fiction theory of relativity 582, 1278 contribution in this encyclopedia, see genetic engineering 66, 728, 1071, 1210, technology 338, 363, 423, 442, 1209, Fantasy Literature 1625 (see also Jewish Law and 1651, 1766 (see also Fuller, Senior, John Genetic Engineering) Buckminster; Technological contribution in this encyclopedia, see homosexuality see Homosexuality and Immortality) Noble Savage Science appropriate technologies 105, 131, 540, Senoi (Malayan Penisula) 1515–1516 indigenous people see Traditional 665, 797, 869, 1482, 1629 Serpents and Dragons 1516–1518 Ecological Knowledge; Traditional Science Fiction 383, 501, 520, 566, 638, Servetus, Michael 1678 Ecological Knowledge among 1001, 1012, 1474, 1497–1499, 1625, Seton, Ernest Thompson 43, 830, 1156, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada 1671 1172–1173 (see also Scouting) natural science 210, 715 scientific revolution see Science Sexson, Lynda nature 20–21 (see also Fauna Cabala) Scientology 177, 1499–1501, 1671 contributions in this encyclopedia, see new age science see New Age Scopes, John 436, 1501 Bestiary; Dillard, Annie; Watkins, religion and science 338, 363, 373, 392, Scopes Trial 436, 454, 1501–1502 T.H. 394, 473, 685, 1113, 1627, 1633, 1712 Scotland see Europe – Northern sexuality (see also Tantra; Tantrism in the (see also ; Wilber, Scott, Kim 690 West) Ken) Scott, Susan L. as sacred 584, 1740 Hinduism see River Ganga and the contributions in this encyclopedia, see Christianity Clean Ganga Campaign Butala, Sharon; Memoir and Nature Augustine 325 Islam see Islamic Foundation for Writing reproduction 550–551 Index 1871

ecospirituality see Sexuality and Shaolin masters see Asia – Eastern Slavic Religion 1557–1558 Ecospirituality Sharma, Arvind 792 Slocum, John 831 environmental consciousness see Shattuck, Cybelle Smart, Ninian 74, 1535 Sexuality and Green Consciousness contributions in this encyclopedia, see Smith, Adam see Economics erotic fulfillment see Scything and Natural Law Party; Transcendental Smith, Andrea Erotic Fulfillment Meditation contribution in this encyclopedia, see fertility see Fertility and Secularization Sheba, Queen of 74–75, 1345 Plastic Medicine Men homosexuality see Homosexuality; Sheldrake, Rupert 563, 804, 1266, 1492, Smith III, J. Andy Homosexuality and Science 1537, 1586, 1632 contributions in this encyclopedia, see reproduction, sexual 374, 550, 567, 614, Shepard, Paul 395, 456, 519, 558, 581, Coalition for Environmentally 644, 654–655, 673, 719, 1032, 1083, 600, 635, 810, 812, 1329, 1537–1538, Responsible Economics; Interfaith 1520 1565 Center on Corporate Responsibility; utopias 564, 1687 Shinto see Asia – Eastern National Council of Churches Whitman, Walt 1738 Shirogokorov, Sergei M. 1533–1534 Eco-Justice Working Group (USA) Sexuality and Ecospirituality Shiva, Vandana 535, 680, 775, 1293, Smith, B.W. 1518–1519 1300, 1329, 1356, 1515, 1539, 1682 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Sexuality and Green Consciousness Shnirelman, Victor A. 1246 Kaphirintiwa – The Place of Creation 1519–1523 contributions in this encyclopedia, see (Central Africa); Kasama Spirit Sites Shackley, Myra Koliada Viatchel; Neo-Paganism and (Northern Zambia); Makewana the contribution in this encyclopedia, see St. Ethnic Nationalism; Oshmarii- Rainmaker (and adjacent, Mbiriwiri – Katherine’s Monastery (Egypt) Chimarii (Mari-El Republic, Russia) The Sacred Rainmaking Drum); Nyau Shaker religion see Indian Shaker Shona Women and the Mutopo Principle – A Closed Association (Central Religion 1540–1541 Africa); Rock Art – Batwa Pygmies Shakti 586, 773, 776, 824, 828, 1521, Shorter, David (Central Africa); Rock Art – Chewa 1523–1524, 1619–1620 contribution in this encyclopedia, see (Central Africa); Rock Art – Hazabe/ Shamanism (see also Castaneda, Carlos) Yoeme (Yaqui) Ritual Sandawe (Eastern Africa); Rock Art – art see Rock Art – Western United Shoshone (Western North America) Northern Sotho (Southern Africa) States; Shamanism – and Art 1541–1542 Smith, Huston 596, 1270 astroshamanism 124 Shugendo see Asia – Eastern Smohalla see North America – United Druidry 508 shrines see Altars and Shrines States Foundation for Shamanic Studies see Siam’s Forest Monasteries 1543 Smuts, Jan Christiaan 208, 359, 782–783, Harner, Michael – and the Sierra Club 178, 200, 225–226, 240, 1559, 1774 Foundation for Shamanic Studies 625, 870, 998, 1099, 1123, Snakes and the Luo of Kenya 1559–1562 indigenous peoples 422, 801, 852, 1267, 1179–1180, 11210, 1459, 1544–1547, Snow, Keith Harmon 1358, 1364, 1565, 1667 1757 contributions in this encyclopedia, see magic see Magic, Animism and the Sierra Treks 1548 Manser, Bruno – and the Penan of Shaman’s Craft Sikhism 823, 1549–1550 Sarawak; Saro-Wiwa, Kenule Mayan 1068 Silko, Leslie Marmon 475, 1551, 1565 Beeson – and the Ogoni of Ogoni Neo-Shamanism see Shamanism – Neo; Simoons, Frederick 503, 709 Snyder, Gary see Snyder, Gary – and the Shamanism – Neo (Eastern Europe) Simpson, Leanne Invention of Bioregional Spirituality South America see Shamanism – contributions in this encyclopedia, and Politics; Anarchism 53, Ecuador; Shamanism – Southern see Aboriginal Environmental Groups 1564–1566 Peruvian Andes in Canada; Traditional Ecological animistic perception 1024 Totemism 1645 Knowledge Among Aboriginal Bioregionalism 188, 599, 603, 1329 traditional see Shamanism – Traditional Peoples in Canada Buddhism 243 urban see Shamanism – Urban Sinai, Mt. see St. Katherine’s Monastery Cosmology 456 Yachajs 61, 1052, 1526–1527 Singer, Peter see Radical hunting 810 Shamanism – and Art 1524–1526 Environmentalism influence on ecopsychology 1329 Shamanism – Ecuador 1526–1527 Sittler, Joseph A. Jr. 316, 342, 539, 599, nature 161, 519, 848 Shamanism – Neo 1528–1529 1551–1552, 1736 Snyder, Gary – and the Invention of Shamanism – Neo (Eastern Europe) Siva see gods, goddesses, deities, and Bioregional Spirituality and Politics 1529–1531 nature spirits 1562–1565 Shamanism – Southern Peruvian Andes Sivaraksa, Sulak 240, 243, Snyder, Samuel D. 1531–1532 1552–1553 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Fly Shamanism – Traditional 1532–1535 Six-day War see Asia – Western Fishing Shamanism – Urban 1535–1537 Sjöö, Monica 1521, 1554 Social Construction of Nature and Shankar, Sri Ravi on Consciousness, Skinker, Mary 270 Environmental Ethics 1567–1569 Nature and the Art of Living 116 Sky 1554–1555 Social Darwinism see Darwin, Charles (adjacent to Art of Living Foundation) Slater, Peter 257–258 Social Ecology 1569–1571 Shankara see Asia – Southern Slavic Neo-Paganism 1556–1557 social justice see Chávez, César and the 1872 Index

United Farm Workers; Eco-justice in Umbanda see Umbanda Splain, Thomas Theology and Ethics; Environmental Rubber Tappers see Rubber Tappers contributions in this encyclopedia, see Justice and Environmental Racism; water spirits see Sea Goddesses and Dualist Heresies; Esalen Institute; Eco-justice in Theology and Ethics; Female Water Spirits Roman Catholic Religious Orders Eco-Justice Working Group; Social Yanomani see Yanomani Sponsel, Leslie E. Ecology Christianity in South America contributions in this encyclopedia, see Social Science on Religion and Nature Catholicism see Roman Catholicism in Amazonia; Anthropologists; 605, 1571–1576 Latin America Anthropology as a Source of Nature Soelle, Dorothee 1577–1578 Contemporary Christianity see Brazil Religion; Biodiversity; Caves – Sohappy, David – and Salmon and Contemporary Christianity Sacred (Thailand); Ecological Spirituality 1578–1580 Liberation Theology see Christianity Anthropology; Noble Savage and the Soka Gakkai see Buddhism – Engaged (7c) – Liberation Theology “Ecologically Noble” Savage; Soka Gakkai and the Earth Charter organizations Rainforests (Central and South 1580–1581 (see also Earth Charter) Con-spirando Women’s Collective see America); Southeast Asia; Trees – Sokol, Moshe 1240, 1246 Con-spirando Women’s Collective Sacred; Yanomani Solomon, King 74–75, 269, 307, 908, Floresta see Floresta Spretnak, Charlene 251, 419, 538, 725, 1053, 1141, 1153, 1322, 1345, 1728 people, influential 1264, 1593–1594 Solomon Islands see Oceania Boff, Leonardo see Boff, Leonardo Sri Lanka see Asia – Southern solstices 156, 276, 283, 721,1236, 1237, Gebara, Ivone see Gebara, Ivone St. Bernard of Clairvaux 100, 167, 1404 1244–1245, 1248, 1361, 1451, 1484, Colombia St. John, Graham 1601, 1607 ethnoecology see Reichel-Dolmatoff, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Soma see Hinduism Gerardo and Ethoecology in Australia Somé, Malidome Patrice 1581–1582 Colombia St. Katherine’s Monastery (Mount Sinai, Song of Songs 326, 533, 1698 Kogi see Kogi Egypt) 1594–1595 Song of Sorrow – Icnocuicatl 146 U’wa Indians see U’wa Indians Stalin, Joseph see Europe – Eastern (adjacent to Aztec Religion) Ecuador Stange, Mary Zeiss Sophists see Europe – Southern Shamanism see Shamanism – Ecuador contribution in this encyclopedia, see Sotiriu, Eleni rainforests see Rainforests Hunting Spirituality contribution in this encyclopedia, see Southard, Mary 726 Starhawk 54, 442, 507, 510, 537, 554, Greek Landscape Southeast Asia see Asia – Southeastern 662, 680, 975–976, 1233, 1248, 1328, South America Soviet Union see Europe – Eastern 1350, 1570, 1595, 1741, 1743 Amazonia 37–39, 82, 141, 178, 180, sports 565, 830, 1201, 1644 (see also Fly Stark, Rodney 657, 1198, 1200 597, 621, 680, 799, 801, 837 Fishing; Mountaineering; Rock Steigerwald, Joan ancestors 618, 620 Climbing; Surfing) contribution in this encyclopedia, see caboclos 38–39, 1432, 1675–1676 Space Exploration 254, 1585–1588 Romanticism in European History deforestation 1406 (see also adjacent, Institute of Steinberg, Rabbi Naomi see Judaism economic exploitation 38–39 (see also Noetic Sciences; Astronauts; Sagan, Steiner, Rudolf – and Anthroposophy Boff, Leonardo) Carl) 451, 563, 692, 1285, 1596–1597 folktales see Amazonian Folktales (and Speilberg, Steven see Motion Pictures Steiner, William adjacent, Mapinguari) Spencer, Daniel T. contribution in this encyclopedia, see Tukanoan Indians see Tukanoan contributions in this encyclopedia, see Kapu in Early Hawaiian Society Indians Community Supported Agriculture; Stevens, Wallace 46, 259, 502, Andes see Andean Traditions; Homosexuality (and adjacent, 1597–1598 Shamanism – Southern Peruvian Homosexuality and Science) Stewardship 23, 30, 83, 129, 169, 319, Andes Spencer, Herbert 1183, 1760 347, 370, 1598–1599 (see also Biblical Brazil Spinoza, Baruch 456, 582, 601, 736, 933, Foundations for Christian Boff, Leonardo see Boff, Leonardo 1027, 1150, 1342, 1588–1590 (see also Stewardship; Christian Friend of the Gebara, Ivone see Gebara, Ivone Pantheism) Earth, A; Interfaith Council for Kari Oca see World Conference of Spirit and Nature 829, 1423, 1590–1591, Environmental Stewardship) Indigenous Peoples 1615, 1620 Stone Circles 283, 392, 508, 526–528, indigenous peoples see Indigenous Spirit and Nature Conferences 243, 1374 692, 1235, 1237, 1460–1461, 1475, Activism and Environmentalism 1378 1599–1600 religion Spirit and Nature Walking Paths 1592 Stonehenge 283, 508, 510, 526,624, Candomblé see Candomblé of Brazil; Spirit of the Sage Council 1592–1593 738, 989, 1237, 1460–1462, 1587, Orixa Iroko spirit mountain 787 1600–1601 Christianity see South America – spiritualism 80, 287, 1180–1181, story place 1336–1337 Christianity 1196, 1199,1711,1757 (see also Storytelling and Wonder 1602–1603 plant-inspired religion see Ayahuasca Theosophy) Stover, Dale Santo Daime 142, 597, 620, spiritual warrior 273 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1432–1433 spirit writing see Ziran Lakota Sun Dance Index 1873

Strauss, Claude-Levi 95, 421, 618, 1211, Romanticism – Western toward Studies and Environmental Concern 1429, 1644, 1646, 1817 Asian Religions (and adjacent Criticizing “World Strauss, Virginia Swimme, Brian 165, 251, 426, 613, 1376, Religions and Ecology”); Restoring contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1378, 1406, 1616–1617, 1628 Eden (with P. Illyn); Seed, John; Boston Research Center for the 21st Sylenko, Lev 1188–1189 Sierra Club (with G.Van Horn); Century Szalay, Alexandra Surfing (with G. Henning); Snyder, strip mining see Black Mesa contribution in this encyclopedia, see Gary – and the Invention of Strmiska, Michael F. Freeport (West Papua, Indonesia) Bioregional Spirituality and Politics; contribution in this encyclopedia, see (with Mark Davis) United Nations’ “Earth Summits”; Elves and Land Spirits in Pagan Watson, Paul – and the Sea Shepherd Norse Religion Conservation Society (with Steven Strobel, Craig S. T Best) contributions in this encyclopedia, taboos Taylor, Sarah McFarland see Deep Ecology, Institute for and conservation 1116 contributions in this encyclopedia, see (with Bron Taylor); Planetary animals 28, 39, 41, 77, 119–120, 496, Cathedral of St. John the Divine; Dance 745, 1192, 1207, 1731 1733 Christianity (7e) – Creation Strong, Maurice 516, 748, 1378, dead 1047 Spirituality; Eco-Church; Gaian 1682 food 6, 58, 95, 180, 182, 745, 1100, 1267, Mass; Genesis Farm; Green Death Stuckrad, Kocku von 1643, 1789 Movement; Green Sisters Movement; contributions in this encyclopedia, see illness 1253 Prairyerth Fellowship; Waskow, Bateson, Gregory; Bohm, David; menstruation, birth 549, 586, 1473, Rabbi Arthur; Williams, Terry Capra, Fritjof; Einstein, Albert; 1560, 1779 Tempest; Winter, Paul Harner, Michael – and the plants 618, 1453–1454, 1797 technology, appropriate see Science Foundation for Shamanic Studies; purity 71 Technological Immortality 1624–1626 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm; Messner sexual 1286, 1752 Tehri Dam 154–155, 775, 827, 1550, on Everest and Cosmos (adjacent to water 1717 1626–1627 Mountaineering); Mountaineering; Tal, Alon Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 1627–1628 Pauli, Wolfgang; Peat, F. David; contribution in this encyclopedia, see American Teilhard Association 164, Philosophy of Nature; Prigogine, Israel and Environmentalism 1372, 1377 Ilya; Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm talismans 74, 449, 554, 753 cosmic Christ 89, 854 Joseph; Shamanism – Neo; Tamez, Elsa 689 evolutionary theory 86, 131, 164–165, Sheldrake, Rupert; Western Tantra 773, 828, 1518, 1618–1619 652, 739–740, 1407 Esotericism Tantrism in the West 1619–1620 world soul see Anima Mundi – The Sufism 1196, 1604–1606 Taoism see Daoism World Soul Sun Worship 735, 821, 1606–1607 Target Earth 1621–1622 TEK in Our Common Future 1646 Surfing 1607–1612 Tarot see New Age (adjacent to Traditional Ecological Survivalist Party 565–566 Tattoos 1622–1623 Knowledge) 300, 957, Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria 537 Tenochtitlan see Meso-America – Mexico 1161–1162, 1629, 1680 (see also Tawhid (Oneness of God) 817, Tepper, Sheri S. 637 Christianity and Sustainable 860, 862–864, 873, 880, Teudt, Wilhelm 526 Communities; Sustainability and the 1623–1624 Thai Buddhist Monks 1622, 1629–1630 World Council of Churches) Taylor, Bron 668, 1174, 1607 Theme Parks 488, 489, 493, 1042, Sustainability and the World Council of contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1630–1632 Churches 1612–1613 Bioregionalism and the North Theocentrism Suttle, Gary American Bioregional Congress; Aquinas, Thomas 102 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Celestine Prophesy; Conservation compared to anthropocentrism 341, 555, Adams, Ansel; Burroughs, John Biology; Death and Afterlife in 641, 783, (with Rebecca Gould); Pantheist Jeffers and Abbey; Deep Ecology compared to biocentrism 170 Association for Nature – PAN; (with M. Zimmerman); Deep Ecology compared to ecocentrism 671 Raphson, Joseph; Toland, John – Institute for (with Craig Strobel); in the Qur’an 1321 Suzuki, D.T. 259–260, 899, 1681 Disney Worlds at War; Earth First! Moltmann, Jürgen 1098 Swadhyaya 127, 1613–1614 and the Earth Liberation Front; Rumî, Jalaluddin 1434 Swearer, Donald K. Environmental Ethics; Goodall, Jane theology see Christianity (various) contributions in this encyclopedia, see (with Paula Posas); Hundredth Theosophy 207, 1180–1181, 1195, 1573, Payutto, Phra Dhammapitaka; Monkey (and adjacent Monkeys in 1632–1633, 1728 (see also Blavatsky, Sivaraksa, Sulak the Field); Introduction and Reader’s Helen) Swedenborg, Emanuel 206, 287, 1179, Guide (encyclopedia introduction); Theosophy and Ecofeminism 1633 1615, 1730 Radical Environmentalism (and Thomas, Andy Sweetman, Will adjacent Rodney Coronado and the contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Animal Liberation Front); Religious Crop Circles (with Adrian Ivakhiv) 1874 Index

Thomas Berry on Religion and Nature Trade Related International Property Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 1437 166–168 rights (TRIPS) see Economics Tu bi sh’vat see Judaism Thomas, N.C. Traditional Ecological Knowledge 600, Tuan, Yi Fu 104, 599, 605, 1369 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 622–623, 775, 841–842, 1368, Tucker, Mary Evelyn 1376–1378, 1707 Steiner, Rudolf and Anthroposophy 1646–1649 (see also adjacent, contributions in this encyclopedia, see Thompson, William Irvin 680 TEK in Our Common Future; Berry, Thomas; Confucianism; Thoreau, Henry David 1634–1636 (see Traditional Ecological Knowledge Confucianism and Environmental also Romanticism – Western toward among Aboriginal Peoples in Canada) Ethics Asian Religions) Traditional Ecological Knowledge among Tukanoan Indians (NW Amazonia) anarchism 52 Aboriginal Peoples in Canada 1665–1668 land 598, 1040, 1380 (see also Back to 1649–1651 Turnbull, Colin 1211, 1392–1393 (see also the Land Movements) Tramacchi, Des Pygmies (Mbuti foragers) and Bila nature 19, 168, 583, 595, 616, 1119 (see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Farmers) also Wilderness Religion) McKenna, Terence Turner, Frederick Jackson 1041, 1156, transcendentalism see Nature Religion Transcendental Meditation 780, 1424 in the United States; 803–804, 1172, 1196–1197, Turner, Victor 95, 1185, 1389, 1675 Transcendentalism 1651–1652 Tusak Choma 794–795 Three Gorges Dam see Asia – Eastern Transcendentalism 108, 224, 723, Twain, Mark see North America – United Thursby, Gene 1179–1181, 1425, 1652–1654, 1679 States contribution in this encyclopedia, see (see also Brook Farm; Emerson, Ralph Twyford Down 504, 506, 556–557 Perennial Philosophy (with Shaya Waldo; Nature Religion in the Tylor, E.B. 78–80, 94–95, 989, 1103, 1389 Isenberg) United States; Romanticism – Types of Intertestamental Literature 914 Tibet see Asia – Central American; Schelling, Friedrich (adjacent to Jewish Intertestamental Tibet and Central Asia see Asia – Central William Joseph; Thoreau, Henry Literature) Tikkun Olam – A Jewish Imperative David) 1638–1639 transnational corporations see Tillich, Paul 108, 342–343, 543, 615, 1616 Globalization U Tirosh-Samuelson, Hava 948 Transpersonal Psychology 131, 457, U’wa Indians (Columbia) 1670–1671 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 558–559, 1330, 1528, 1586, UFOs and Extraterrestrials 1671–1674 Judaism 1654–1655 Uliss, Masen tobacco see organisms – flora trees see forests contribution in this encyclopedia, see Todd, J. Terry Tree Music 521, 1656 Music and Eco-activism in America contribution in this encyclopedia, see Trees – as Religious Architecture Umbanda 260, 1675–1677 Parliament of the World’s Religions 1656–1658 Umehara, Takeshi 1677–1678 Tokar, Brian Trees in Haitian Vodou 1658–1659 Underhill, Evelyn 552, 679, 1559 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Trees – Sacred 1661–1662 UNESCO 111, 114, 192–193, 1160, 1600, Green Politics Trevarthen, Geo Athena 1616, 1767–1768 Toland, John 1342, 1639–1640 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Unitarianism 1678–1680 Tolkien, J.R.R. 522, 637–638, 723, Celtic Christianity United Kingdom see Europe – Northern 752, 1113, 1741 (see also Middle Trickster 1663–1665 United Nations 13, 114, 117, 192, 201, Earth) Africa 182, 816, 961, 1471, 1473, 1789 331, 357, 380, 403, 461, 536, 541, 611, Tolstoy Farm 780, 1222, 1640 (see also West Africa) 657, 665, 707, 836, 843–844, 869, 871, Tolstoy, Leo see Europe – Eastern Aztec 145 998, 1171, 1296, 1326, 1378, 1382, Tomasetti, Friedegard Haiti 1659 1547, 1613, 1550, 1714, 1764–1765 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Norse mythology 752 (see also Baha’i Faith and the United Papua New Guinea Sioux mythology 790 Nations; United Nations’ “Earth Torah see Judaism Yakama nation 1775 Summits”) Torres Strait Islanders (Australia) Trompf, Garry United Nations Declaration of Human 1640–1642 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Rights 271, 357, 1468 Totemic Practices in Borgu (West Africa) Bougainville (Papua New Guinea); United Nations’ “Earth Summits” 1642–1643 Glacken, Clarence James; McDonagh, 1680–1683 Totemism 6, 79, 95, 119, 120, 180, 500, Sean; Melanesia – Eco-Missiological Universal Pantheist Society 1683–1684 618, 1231, 1298, 1644–1646 (see also Issues; Melanesia – New Religious universe story 165, 612, 613, 691, 1376, Totemic Practices in Borgu) Movements; Melanesian Traditions; 1616–1617, 1628 (see also Berry, Tourism 34, 449, 490, 675, 1070, 1143, Mitchell, Elyne; Pacific Islands; Thomas; Swimme, Brian) 1601, 1718, 1797 Polynesia – New Religious Urban, Hugh B. eco-tourism 30, 457, 597, 1116, 1366, Movements; Polynesian Traditional contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1768 Religions; Senoi (Malayan Tantrism in the West toxic waste 9, 609, 728, 769, 843, 849, Peninsula); Wonder toward Nature Urban Reinhabitation CERES as Case 1765 Trudell, John 1132, 1134 Study (Australia) 35, 1684–1686 Index 1875 untouchables see India Vegetarianism and Kabbalah 1694 Wallis, Robert J. urban ecofeminism see Ecofeminism Vegetarianism and Rabbi Abraham Isaac contribution in this encyclopedia, see Utilitarian ethics (utilitarianism) 37, 170, Kook 1696–1697 Sacred Sites in England (with Jenny 315, 1033 Venda Witch Beliefs (Southern Africa) Blain) Utopian Communities 1686–1688 1701–1702 Walpiri see Aboriginal Art Utopic literature see Callenbach, Ernst; Venda Religion and the Land (Southern Wangari Maathai on Reforesting Kenya Ecotopia; Ecotopian Reflections; Africa) 1699–1701 957 (adjacent to Kenya Greenbelt Ecotopia – The European Experience Vernadsky, Vladimir I see Europe – Movement) Eastern Wanyama, Jacob Vico, Giambattista 164, 1760 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Mt. V Virgil see Europe – Southern Nyiro and the Samburu (with Asenath Valiente, Doreen 1620, 1740 Virgin of Guadalupe 291, 609, Omwega and Leina Mpoke) Valuing Nature 441, 1689–1690 1703–1704 Wapner, Paul Van Buitenen, Johannes 767, 774 Virtues and Ecology in World Religions contribution in this encyclopedia, see Van Horn, Gavin 1704–1707 (see also adjacent, Greenpeace contributions in this encyclopedia, see Frugality) Warner, Faith Brower, David (with Brent Visalo, Phra Paisal contributions in this encyclopedia, see Blackwelder); Sierra Club (with Bron contributions in this encyclopedia, see African Religions and Nature Taylor) Siam’s Forest Monasteries Conservation (with Richard Hoskins); van Wensveen, Louke vision quest 92–93, 97, 166, 196, Biodiversity and Religion in contributions in this encyclopedia, see 202–203, 205, 590, 785, 790, 1459, Equatorial Africa (with Richard Albert the Great; Anthropic Principle; 1475, 1529 Hoskins); Kimbanguism (Central Christianity (7a) – Theology and Vishnu see gods, goddesses, deities and Africa) (with Richard Hoskins) Ecology (Contemporary nature spirits Washat Religion (Drummer-Dreamer Introduction); Virtues and Ecology in Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) see Asia – Faith) 1712–1713 World Religions Southern Waskow, Rabbi Arthur 544, 568, Vanir gods see gods, goddesses, deities Vivekananda, Swami see Asia – Southern 910, 912, 948, 1240, 1353, 1713–1714 and nature spirits Voeks, Robert water Varanasi see Asia – Southern contributions in this encyclopedia, Islam see Water in Islam Vasquez, Manuel see Candomblé of Brazil; Penan priesthood 495 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Hunter-gatherers of Borneo rain see rain Umbanda Volcanoes 1052, 1069, 1070, 1288, 1501, rivers see Congo River Watershed; Vatican see Christianity (6a) – Roman 1526, 1707–1709 Hinduism and Pollution (and Catholicism adjacent, River Ganga and the Clean van der Post, Laurens 1690–1691 Ganga Campaign); Nile Perch van Gennep, Arnold see Europe – Western W seas see Carson on Sea Spirituality Vatican II see Christianity Waldau, Paul (adjacent to Carson, Rachel) Vedas see Hinduism contribution in this encyclopedia, see spirits see Water Spirits and Indigenous Vedanta see Hinduism Animals Ecological Management – South Vegetarianism and Buddhism Waldorf schools 451 Africa 1691–1692 Walker, Alice 367, 486, 1710–1711 wells, holy 220, 223, 283, 569 vegetarianism Walker Jr, Deward E. Zoroastrianism see Water in Adams, Carol see Adams, Carol contributions in this encyclopedia, see Zoroastrianism Buddhism 69, 209, 243–244 (see also Paiute Culture; Shosone Culture Water in Islam 1714–1716 Vegetarianism and Buddhism) (Western North America) Water in Zoroastrianism 1716–1718 Islam see Islam, Animals and Wallace, Alfred Russel 1711–1712 Water Spirits and Indigenous Ecological Vegetarianism Walker, Faith M. Management (South Africa) Jainism see Jainism contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1716–1718 Judaism see Jewish Environmentalism Fauna Cabala Watkins, Alfred 526–527 in North America; Vegetarianism and Wall, Derek Watkins, T.H. 1718–1719 Judaism; Vegetarianism and contributions in this encyclopedia, see Watson, David 54–55, 1570 Kabbalah; Vegetarianism and Rabbi Diggers and Levellers; Rastafarian Watson, Paul Abraham Isaac Kook; Vegetarianism, Activism (adjacent to Rastafari) contribution in this encyclopedia, see Judaism and God’s Intention Wallace, Mark I. Biocentric Religion – A Call for non-violence 31, 52, 825 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Watson, Paul – and the Sea Shepherd veganism 244, 812, 1332, 1692 Christianity and Nature Symbolism Conservation Society 727, 1331, 1457, Wesley, John 352 Wallace, Richard H. 1719–1721 Vegetarianism and Judaism 1693–1695 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Watsuji, Tetsuro 1678, 1771–1772 (see also adjacent, Vegetarianism and Rubber Tappers (with Carlos Valerio Watt, Alan 273, 780, 1620 Kabbalah) A. Gomes) Watt, James 479, 518, 1043, 1755 1876 Index

Wayne, John see Motion Pictures Dragon Environmental Network see witchcraft 103, 119, 551, 1059, 1178, Weather Snake 1723 Dragon Environmental Network 1247, 1350, 1521, 1595, 1820–1821 Weber, Max 1270, 1291, 1309, 1504, feminist spirituality see Feminist (see also Wicca) 1535, 1555, 1730, 1735 Spirituality Movement Wolff, Akiva Wells, Hattie festivals see Pagan Festivals – contribution in this encyclopedia, see contribution in this encyclopedia, see Contemporary Jewish Law and Genetic Engineering Psychonauts Fox, Selena 392, 1233 Wolke, Howie 519 Wenger, Susan, Yoruba Art, and the contribution in this encyclopedia, see wolves see organisms Oshogbo Sacred Grove 1452, Circle Sanctuary see Christianity (7g) – 1724–1725 Gardner, Gerald 247, 1739–1740, 1742 Womanism Wentz, Richard E. Goddesses – History of see Goddesses – Women and Animals 1758–1759 (see contribution in this encyclopedia, see History of also Adams, Carol; Sexuality and Eiseley, Loren Golden Dawn see Golden Dawn Green Consciousness) Wescoat Jr., James L. radical environmentalism see Radical Womersley, Mick contributions in this encyclopedia, Environmentalism contribution in this encyclopedia, see see Gardens in Islam; Islam Reclaiming see Reclaiming National Religious Partnership for and Environmental Ethics sexuality 1521 the Environment Wescott, William Wynn 706 spiral dance see Dance women and nature – perspectives on 382, West Africa 1725–1727 Starhawk see Starhawk 473, 535, 537, 602, 776, 1083, 1107, Western Esotericism 1728–1730 technology see Paganism and 1109, 1330, 1540, 1633 whales see organisms Technology Wonder toward Nature 1759–1762 Whales and Japanese Cultures Z Budapest see Z Budapest Wood, Harold 1730–1731 Wicca – Dianic 1742–1743 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Whales and Whaling 1732–1734 Wiebe, Matt Universal Pantheist Society What Would Jesus Drive? 318 contributions in this encyclopedia, see Woolman, John 674 see What Would Jesus Drive? (adjacent Creation Story in the Hebrew Bible; Wordsworth, William see Europe to Christianity (2) – Jesus) Creation’s Fate in the New Testament; World Bank see Economics Whedon, Sarah Green Man World Charter for Nature 357 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Wiesel, Eli 784 World Conference of Indigenous Peoples Spretnak, Charlene Wilber, Ken 131, 458, 582, 946, 1654, (Kari Oca, Brazil) 1763–1765 (see also Whelan, Dolores 1743–1744 (see also Perennial adjacent, Indigenous Voices from Kari contribution in this encyclopedia, see Philosophy) Oca) Ireland (with Tara O’Leary) Wilderness Religion 604, 1745–1748 World Council of Churches and White, David Gordon Wilderness Rites of Passage 1329, Ecumenical Thought 1765–1766 contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1748–1750 World Heath Organization (WHO) 117, Tantra Wilderness Society 518, 937, 1048, 1129, 868, 1144 White, Lynn – Thesis of 1735–1736 1180, 1719, 1750–1751 World Heritage Sites and Religion in animism 1520 Wildlands Project see North America – Japan 1767–1769 criticism of 910, 1575 United States World Hunger Education and Action support for 393–394, 600, 1164, Williams, Delores S. 367, 536, 1751 Together (WHEAT) 540 thesis xiv–xv, 316, 473, 511, 567, 697, Williams, Terry Tempest 140, 310, 475, World Pantheist Movement 1769–1770 1168, 1203, 1367, 1374, 1426, 1575, 1079, 1519, 1751–1753 World Renewal Ceremony 661, 701 1689, 1705 Williams-Hogan, Jane World Social Forum 117, 797, 1681 Whitehead, Alfred North 343, 364–365, contribution in this encyclopedia, see World Trade Organization (WTO) see 394–395, 512, 1260, 1307–1308, Swendenborg, Emanuel Globalization 1737–1738 (see also Process Wilson, David Sloan 605 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 34, Philosophy) contribution in this encyclopedia, see 401, 775, 840–841, 870, 1193, 1257, Whitelaw, Gavin Evolutionary Biology, Religion and 1367, 1374, 1455, 1770–1771 contribution in this encyclopedia, see Stewardship Worthington, Fiona Zulu Smelting Wilson, Edward O. xviii–xix, 165, 417, contribution in this encyclopedia, see Whitman, Walt 247, 1559, 546, 605, 612, 693, 966, 1378, Gaian Foundation and Earth 1738–1739 1746–1747, 1753–1754 Community Network (with Liz Whitney, Elspeth Winter, Paul 166, 276, 682, 1135, 1374, Hosken) contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1681, 1754–1755 Wray, Phoebe White, Lynn – Thesis of Wise, Paul contribution in this encyclopedia, see Wicca 1739–1742 (see also Paganism; contribution in this encyclopedia, see Cetacean Spirituality Wicca – Dianic) Krutch, Joseph Wood Wright, Judith 135–136, 137, 690, bioregionalism 191 Wise Use Movement 518, 1159, 1771–1772 church see Circle Sanctuary 1755–1757 writing see Nature Writing dances 521 W.I.T.C.H. 1742 Wurst, Shirley 533 Index 1877

Wylie-Kellermann, Bill Yolngu Waters of Being (Australia) zazen see Buddhism contribution in this encyclopedia, see 1787 Zell, Tim 383, 1174 Ellul, Jaques York, Michael Zen 898–900, 955, 1051, 1058–1059, contributions in this encyclopedia, see 1084, 1165, 1168, 1301, 1563, 1611, Alchemy; Astrology; Castaneda, 1800–1802 (see also Mountains and X Carlos; Channeling; Complexity Rivers Sutra by Japanese Soto Zen Xhosa-speakers Traditional Concept of Theory; Demons; Freud, Sigmund; Master Dogen Kigen) God 1773–1774 Geomancy; Gimbutas, Marija; Zen Mountain Monastery 243–244 Holidays; Huxley, Aldous; Magic; Zerzan, John 54, 56, 635, 651, 1328 Müller, Friedrich Max; New Age; New Zeus see gods, goddesses, deities and Y Religious Movements; Pagan nature spirits Yachaj see Shamanism Calendar; Pagan Festivals – Zhuangzi 238, 1802–1805 Yakama Nation 786,831, 997, Contemporary; Pantheism; Zimbabwe Spirit Mediums, Guerillas and 1775–1776 Polytheism; Prince Charles; Nature 1806–1807 Yamuna 826, 829, 1777–1778 Proto-Indo-Europeans; Zimbabwe’s Matopos Hills 1807–1810 Yanomami 837, 1778–1779 Shamanism – Traditional; Zimmerman, Michael Yantra, Phra see Asia – Southeastern Shamanism – Urban; Stone contributions in this encyclopedia, see Yeats, William Butler see Europe Circles; Sun Worship; UFOs and Deep Ecology; Deep Ecology Platform Yellowstone National Park see North Extraterrestrials (adjacent to Deep Ecology); America Yoruba Art see Wenger, Susan, Yoruba Ecofascism; Heidegger, Martin; Yggdrasil 751–752, 754, 1218, Art and the Oshogbo Sacred Grove Wilber, Ken 1660 Yoruba Culture (West Africa) Zion Christian Church (South Africa) 23, Yin/yang see Daoism 1788–1791 25, 1810–1811 Yoeme (Yaqui) Ritual 1780–1782 Yosemite National Park see North America Zionism see Asia – Western Yoga – United States Ziran see Asia – Eastern ahimsa 31 Yuchi Culture and the Euchee (Yuchi) Zodiac 123, 697, 929, 1040 as martial art 1049–1050 Language Project (Southeastern Zohar see Asia – Western compared with Tantra 828 United States) 1791–1793 Zoroastrianism 661, 1417, 1483, karma 47, 1150 Yule 782, 1236–1237, 1740 1811–1815 (see also Water in kundali 773 Yunnan Region (Southwest China and Zorastrianism) raja 1051 Montane Mainland Southeast Asia) Zulu (amaZulu) Ancestors and Ritual samkhya 772, 1300 1794–1798 Exchange 1815–1818 Siddha yoga 214 Zulu (amaZulu) Culture, Plants and Yoga and Ecology 1782–1785 Z Spirit Worlds (South Africa) Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh 780, 1197, Z Budapest 1350, 1595, 1742, 1800 1818–1820 1651 (see also Transcendental Zaehner, R.C. 640 Zulu (amaZulu) Smelting 1822–1823 Meditation) Zapatista movement see Zulu (amaZulu) War Rituals 1824–1825 Yolngu Ceremonial Architecture Meso-America – Mexico Zuni see North America – Southwestern (Australia) 1786–1787 Zarathushtra see Asia – Western Zyklon B 783–784