Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) DAVID MARCHAND STRATÉGIES DE PONTE ET D’ALIMENTATION LARVAIRE CHEZ LA PYRALE DE LA CANNEBERGE, ACROBASIS VACCINII (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) Département de biologie FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET GÉNIE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC MAI 2003 © David Marchand, 2003 ii Résumé Chez les espèces d’insectes dont le développement larvaire nécessite plusieurs hôtes, la survie larvaire peut être dépendante à la fois du comportement d’oviposition des femelles et du comportement de recherche des larves. La présente thèse porte sur l'étude de ces deux comportements et leurs possibles impacts sur la performance larvaire de la pyrale de la canneberge, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), une espèce dont chaque larve a besoin de plusieurs fruits de canneberge, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericacae), pour compléter son développement. Dans un premier temps, j’ai démontré que les femelles en laboratoire pondent significativement plus souvent sur les plus gros fruits disponibles; la taille des larves sortant du premier fruit choisi par la femelle étant proportionnelle à la taille de ce fruit. Cependant, sur le terrain, cette préférence n’a pas été observée et mon étude met en évidence que la période d’oviposition survient tôt dans la saison, dès l’apparition des premiers fruits; ceci impliquant une faible variabilité dans la taille des sites de ponte disponibles. Cette étude démontre également une distribution hétérogène des fruits de canneberge en nature et une variabilité importante dans la production annuelle de fruits entre mes deux années d’étude. Le fait que les fruits puissent être rares certaines années serait une raison conduisant les femelles à accepter les fruits de plus faible qualité (fruits de petite taille). Ainsi, cette étude démontre une plasticité dans le comportement d’oviposition chez A. vaccinii, les femelles ne devenant sélectives que lorsque les conditions sont favorables (telles que celles en laboratoire). Dans un deuxième temps, mon étude du comportement d'alimentation des larves a démontré l'induction du rougissement des fruits après l'attaque par une larve. Cette modification peut constituer un indice dissuadant les conspécifiques de se diriger vers des fruits déjà occupés et représente un moyen de réduire la compétition intraspécifique larvaire. Cette étude démontre également la capacité des larves à tenir compte de la taille des fruits et de la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les hôtes. Les larves A. vaccinii présentent une plasticité comportementale en accordant une importance variable à chacun de ces différents facteurs (taille du fruit, couleur du fruit et distance entre les fruits) selon le iii contexte, ceci leur permettant de maximiser la recherche de nourriture tout en réduisant les risques de compétition intraspécifique et de prédation. iv Abstract In insect species whose larvae need several hosts to complete their development, larval survival is usually dependent on both the choice of oviposition sites by females and the food searching behaviour of larvae. In this thesis, I studied oviposition behaviour and larval foraging behaviour and their possible impacts on larval fitness in the cranberry fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a species in which each larva must feed on several fruits of the cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericacae), to complete its development. Firstly, I demonstrated that females, under laboratory conditions, exhibit a significant preference for the largest fruit available when choosing oviposition sites; larvae leaving these maternally selected large fruits were significantly larger than those larvae leaving smaller fruits. In the field, however, this preference based on fruit size was not observed. This lack of preference in nature may be due, in part, to the fact that the oviposition period of A. vaccinii is relatively early during the summer when cranberry fruits are still small and when there is little variation in the size of fruits available. I also found a heterogeneous distribution of hosts in patches of varying fruit densities, and a large variability in fruit production between the two years of my study. The fact that, in any given year, hosts may be rare may be a reason why females accept relatively low-quality hosts (i.e., relatively small fruits). Thus, this study demonstrates a behavioural plasticity in A. vaccinii, females selecting largest fruits only when environmental conditions are good (such as in our laboratory conditions). A second study on larval feeding behaviour demonstrated that green cranberry fruit become red following attacks by A. vaccinii larvae. This host modification (fruit colour) may be a cue used by conspecific larvae to avoid already infested fruits, thus reducing the risk of intraspecific competition. I also showed that A. vaccinii larvae are able to take into account two other factors - fruit size and distance between hosts - in their choice of fruit. Larvae of A. vaccinii show behavioural plasticity when choosing fruit in that they accord a different degree of importance to each factor (fruit size, fruit colour and distance between v fruit) depending on the context. This plasticity allows the larvae to maximise foraging efficiency while minimising intraspecific competition and predation risk. vi Avant-Propos Les trois articles de cette thèse ont été ou seront publiés avec, à titre de co-auteur, le professeur J. N. McNeil. Le chapitre II sera soumis à la revue Ecological Entomology. Le chapitre III a été accepté pour publication dans la revue Animal Behaviour. Le chapitre IV sera soumis à la revue Journal of Insect Behaviour. vii Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier deux personnes, Jeremy McNeil et Lalita Acharya qui ont été, pour moi, une grande source d’inspiration aussi bien dans l’élaboration de mon projet que dans la rédaction de cette thèse. Il est toujours intéressant lorsque l’on commence des études supérieures d’avoir des « modèles à suivre » et Jeremy et Lalita constituent pour moi ce type de modèle scientifique car ils ont su faire preuve de beaucoup d’enthousiasme, de rigueur (ah, la fameuse rigueur scientifique !!!) et de patience lors de mes nombreuses interrogations concernant ce projet de doctorat. Bien sûr, j’ai du apprendre à m’adapter à leur fameux « English sense of humour », et à ne pas être trop susceptible lorsqu’ils me faisaient des commentaires sur les premières versions de mes articles, mais leur logique était, je l’avoue, implacable. Je voudrais aussi remercier Jeremy pour la façon dont il conçoit son rôle de directeur de thèse. Merci Jeremy pour nous laisser libre d’aller où nos idées nous mènent et merci de nous rattraper quand elles nous mènent tout droit dans le mur. Merci aussi pour la rapidité et la qualité des corrections de nos manuscrits lorsque l’on pense que tu dois n’avoir que cela à faire et que l’on doit le remettre à notre comité deux jours plus tard. Merci enfin pour tes bouteilles de vin et les plats « just spicy enough » que nous avons partagés. Je tiens aussi à remercier les membres de mon comité, à savoir Michel Cusson, Cyrille Barrette et Guy Boivin pour leurs commentaires constructifs suite à la lecture de la version initiale de ma thèse. Je veux dire un merci spécial à Michel qui a agi en tant que prélecteur de cette thèse, qui a toujours su être très disponible et qui m’a continuellement encouragé tout au long de ce doctorat. Mes remerciements vont également à Gaétan Daigle pour son aide dans les analyses statistiques de ce projet. Je veux aussi souligner la collaboration dans le projet « lutte contre la pyrale de la canneberge » de l’Association des Producteurs de canneberge du Québec. Ces producteurs m’ont laissé mettre en place des dispositifs expérimentaux dans les tourbières sauvages avoisinant leurs champs de culture. Un grand merci particulièrement à Michel Pilotte pour les longues discussions que l’on a eu ensemble sur l’utilité pour des producteurs d’investir viii dans les connaissances fondamentales sur la biologie des insectes ravageurs afin de développer des techniques de lutte efficaces et non polluantes. Je voulais aussi remercier les techniciens de laboratoire et les étudiants d’été qui sont passés dans le laboratoire pour travailler sur « le projet canneberge ». Alain, Marjorie, Louis-Philippe, Marie-Josée, Chantal, Isabelle, Marianne, Gaëlle, Stéphane, Yann, Bruno, Marie-France, un gros merci à vous pour votre rigueur et les longues heures passées, entre autres, à mesurer des fruits de canneberge. Enfin, je veux remercier ma famille pour son soutien indéfectible même si certains de ses membres trouvent quand même « bizarre » de passer autant de temps à étudier le comportement de « ces maudites bibittes ». ix Table des matières Résumé................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iv Avant-Propos ........................................................................................................................ vi Remerciements..................................................................................................................... vii Table des matières................................................................................................................. ix Liste des tableaux.................................................................................................................
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