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Morphological Systematics of the Nightshade Flea Beetles Epitrix

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Morphological Systematics of the Nightshade Flea Beetles Epitrix Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2016 Morphological Systematics of the Nightshade Flea Beetles Epitrix Foudras and Acallepitrix Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) in America North of Mexico Anthony Martin Deczynski Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Deczynski, Anthony Martin, "Morphological Systematics of the Nightshade Flea Beetles Epitrix Foudras and Acallepitrix Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) in America North of Mexico" (2016). All Theses. 2479. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2479 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS OF THE NIGHTSHADE FLEA BEETLES EPITRIX FOUDRAS AND ACALLEPITRIX BECHYNÉ (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: GALERUCINAE: ALTICINI) IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Entomology by Anthony Martin Deczynski August 2016 Accepted by: Dr. Michael Caterino, Committee Chair Dr. Peter Adler Dr. J. Antonio Baeza ABSTRACT The flea beetle genera Epitrix and Acallepitrix are revised for America North of Mexico, building on a prior preliminary revision of the genus Epitrix by the author (Deczynski 2014). Four new species are described: Epitrix cuprea sp. nov., E. rileyi sp. nov., E. latifrons sp. nov., and E. vasinoda sp. nov., bringing the North American Epitrix fauna to a total of 26 species. A key is provided to adults of all species. A phylogenetic analysis is performed based on 44 external morphological characters and 30 genitalic characters. Acallepitrix nitens arose within the North American Epitrix, suggesting generic revision is required. The Palearctic species E. pubescens is found to have arisen within the North American Epitrix, suggesting either a New World origin for the group, or multiple introductions from the Old World. Multiple origins or losses of host shifting are found in the evolutionary history of the group, suggesting that host shifting has a high evolutionary rate of change. Further molecular analysis and increased global sampling are needed to support these results. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Michael Caterino and committee members Dr. Peter Adler and Dr. J. Antonio Baeza for their guidance and assistance with my work, Ed Riley and Dr. Shawn Clark for their insights and assistance with this taxonomic group, and Dr. Charles Bartlett, Dr. Judith Hough-Goldstein, Dr. Mark Parcells, Dr. Margaret Thayer, and all others who helped during my earlier phases of this research, as well as my lab mates and other entomologists at Clemson. I would like to thank the following for specimen loans: Charles Bartlett, Shawn Clark, Ed Riley, Jacqueline Kishmirian, Paul Skelley, E. Richard Hoebeke, Peter T. Oboyski, Jennifer Shaughney, Patricia Sadeghian, Lawrence Barringer, and Sven Spichiger. iii PREFACE This thesis is not issued for permanent scientific records and is disclaimed for the purposed of zoological nomenclature in the sense of The Code of Zoological Nomenclature article 8.2 (ICZN, 1999). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iii PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 II. METHODS .................................................................................................... 4 III. MORPHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY..................................................... 20 IV. KEY TO EPITRIX AND ACALLEPITRIX IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO ...................................................................................................... 21 V. DESCRIPTION OF EPITRIX FOUDRAS .................................................. 24 VI. SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS ......................................................................... 26 Acallepitrix nitens (Horn) ...................................................................... 26 Epitrix robusta Jacoby ........................................................................... 29 Epitrix vasinoda sp. nov. ....................................................................... 32 Epitrix brevis Schwarz ........................................................................... 35 Epitrix californica sp. nov. .................................................................... 39 Epitrix lobata Crotch ............................................................................. 42 Epitrix subcrinita (LeConte) .................................................................. 45 Epitrix gentneri sp. nov.......................................................................... 49 Epitrix tuberis Gentner .......................................................................... 52 Epitrix capsica sp. nov. .......................................................................... 56 Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) ..................................................................... 59 Epitrix similaris Gentner........................................................................ 63 Epitrix pubescens (Koch) ....................................................................... 66 v Table of Contents (Continued) Page Epitrix rileyi sp. nov. ............................................................................. 69 Epitrix fuscula Crotch ............................................................................ 72 Epitrix floridana sp. nov. ....................................................................... 76 Epitrix cuprea sp. nov. ........................................................................... 79 Epitrix solani (Blatchley) ....................................................................... 82 Epitrix humeralis Dury .......................................................................... 85 Epitrix flavotestacea Horn ..................................................................... 88 Epitrix rufa sp. nov. ............................................................................... 91 Epitrix ovalis sp. nov. ............................................................................ 94 Epitrix latifrons sp. nov. ........................................................................ 97 Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) ......................................................... 100 Epitrix fasciata Blatchley .................................................................... 104 Epitrix centralis sp. nov. ...................................................................... 108 Epitrix variabilis sp. nov...................................................................... 111 VII. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 114 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 121 A: Morphological Characters .......................................................................... 122 B: Characters Coded ....................................................................................... 126 C: Character Usefulness ................................................................................. 129 D: Distribution Abbreviations......................................................................... 132 E: Databased Materials ................................................................................... 133 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 171 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Acallepitrix nitens (Horn); a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral; c. aedeagus, lateral; d. spermatheca; e. vaginal palpi; f. tignum. ...................................................................................... 28 2 Epitrix robusta Jacoby; a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral; c. aedeagus, lateral; d. spermatheca; e. vaginal palpi; f. tignum. ...................................................................................... 31 3 Epitrix vasinoda sp. nov.; a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral; c. aedeagus, lateral; d. spermatheca; e. vaginal palpi; f. tignum. ...................................................................................... 34 4 Epitrix brevis Schwarz; a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral; c. aedeagus, lateral; d. spermatheca; e. vaginal palpi; f. tignum. ...................................................................................... 38 5 Epitrix californica sp. nov.; a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral; c. aedeagus, lateral. ................................................................... 41 6 Epitrix lobata Crotch; a. habitus, dorsal; b. aedeagus, ventral;
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