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Entomología Agrícola

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Entomología Agrícola ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA EFECTIVIDAD BIOLÓGICA DE INSECTICIDAS CONTRA NINFAS DE Diaphorina citri KUWAYAMA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) EN EL VALLE DEL YAQUI, SON. Juan José Pacheco-Covarrubias. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug. Calle Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Km. 12, CP 85000, Cd. Obregón, Son. [email protected]. RESUMEN. El Psilido Asiático de los Cítricos actualmente es la principal plaga de la citricultura en el mundo por ser vector de la bacteria Candidatus liberobacter que ocasiona el Huanglongbing. Tanto adultos como ninfas de cuarto y quinto instar pueden ser vectores de esta enfermedad por lo que su control es básico para minimizar este problema. Se realizó esta investigación para conocer el comportamiento de los estados inmaduros de la plaga a varias alternativas químicas de control. El análisis de los datos de mortalidad muestra que las poblaciones de Diaphorina tratadas con: clorpirifós, dimetoato, clotianidin, dinotefurán, thiametoxan, endosulfán, imidacloprid, lambdacialotrina, zetacipermetrina, y lambdacialotrina registraron mortalidades superiores al 85%. Por otra parte, las poblaciones tratadas con: pymetrozine (pyridine azomethines) y spirotetramat (regulador de crecimiento de la síntesis de lípidos) a las dosis evaluadas no presentaron efecto tóxico por contacto o efecto fumigante sobre la población antes mencionada. Palabras Clave: psílido, Diaphorina citri, ninfas, insecticidas. ABSTRACT. The Asian Citrus Psyllid, vector of Candidatus Liberobacter, bacteria that causes Huanglongbing disease, is currently the major pest of citrus in the world. Both, adults and nymphs of fourth and fifth instar can be vectors this pathogen, and therefore their control is essential to prevent increase and spread of disease. This research was carried out to evaluate the biological response of the immature stages of the pest to several chemical alternatives. The mortality data analysis reveals that Asian Citrus Psyllid population sprayed with: clorpirifós, dimetoato, clotianidin, dinotefurán, thiametoxan, endosulfán, imidacloprid, lambdacialotrina, zetacipermetrina, and lambdacialotrina had a mortality above 85 per cent; On the other hand, contact or its fumigant insecticide action were not observed against the psyllids that were sprayed with pymetrozyne and spirotetramat. Key words: Asian Citrus Psillid, Diaphorina citri, nymphs, insecticides. Introducción El Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, es la plaga más importante de los cítricos en México y en el mundo. Este psílido causa daños directos en sus hospedantes por las grandes cantidades de savia que pueden sustraer sus poblaciones, lo que además puede ocasionar malformaciones en las partes afectadas de las plantas. A pesar de ello, el principal riesgo a la citricultura nacional lo representa por ser vector de la enfermedad conocida como Huanglongbing también conocida como grenning o reverdecimiento (Mead, 2007). El Huanglongbing es causado por una bacteria altamente fastidiosa que habita el floema de las plantas. Se le ha designado como Candidatus Liberibacter y está restringida a los cítricos y otros hospedantes cercanos como limonaria Murraya panicular. Esta bacteria presenta un rango estrecho de hospedantes (Halbert y Keremane, 2004). Los daños que este patógeno ocasiona son la muerte gradual del árbol, afectando la calidad de la fruta (Rogers et al., 2009). Las áreas citrícolas afectadas por este patógeno a nivel mundial han resentido fuertemente este problema a través de la historia de la enfermedad, mientras que en México ya los primeros daños en el cultivo de limón se empiezan a documentar rápidamente, ya que en abril de 2010 se encontraron los primeros árboles con síntomas en una huerta comercial en la zona productora de limón mexicano de Colima. Actualmente, en dicha zona ya se han encontrado varias centenas de árboles enfermos en ese predio, así como plantas mostrando los síntomas característicos de la enfermedad en más de 100 predios en cuatro municipios de Colima (Flores et al., 2010). 557 En México el Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos fue reportado desde el año 2002 y se ha dispersado a todas las zonas productoras de cítricos. En México, a la fecha, se ha detectado la presencia de Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) en los estados de Yucatán, julio de 2009 (SENASICA, 2009a); Quintana Roo, en agosto de 2009 (SENASICA, 2009b); Nayarit y Jalisco, en diciembre de 2009 (SENASICA, 2009c); Campeche, en marzo de 2010, (SENASICA, 2010a); Colima en abril de 2010, (SENASICA, 2010b); Sinaloa, en junio de 2010 (SENASICA 2010c), Michoacán, en diciembre de 2010 (SENASICA, 2010d), Chiapas, en marzo de 2011 (SENASICA, 2011a), Baja California Sur e Hidalgo, en agosto de 2011 (SENASICA, 2011b), y recientemente en San Luis Potosí y Veracruz, en octubre de 2011 (SENASICA, 2011c). El Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos fue reportado en Sonora en 2006, y a partir de ese año ha estado invadiendo las áreas urbanas y citrícolas en Sonora. La estrategia nacional ante este problema se ha planteado en el manejo del vector, con el objetivo de que sus poblaciones no alcancen altos niveles y la posible dispersión de la enfermedad sea menor. (SAGARPA, 2010). El Manejo Integrado de Plagas es la filosofía a seguir siendo el control químico la principal opción para impactar las poblaciones del psíllido. Compilaciones importantes en cuanto a la respuesta biológica a insecticidas se registran en Sandoval et al., 2010, y Arroyo et al., 2010, entre otros. Tanto adultos como ninfas de cuarto y quinto instar pueden ser vectores de esta enfermedad por lo que su control es básico para minimizar este problema., por lo anterior, se requiere información local relativa a la respuesta biológica a insecticidas de los estados inmaduros de la plaga a varias alternativas químicas de control. Materiales y Método El trabajo se realizó en el Valle del Yaqui, Son., durante el año 2011. Se seleccionaron cuatro brotes infestados con estados inmaduros de la plaga por tratamiento a evaluar en limón mexicano, mismos que se cubrieron con bolsas de organdí para evitar parasitismo en las ninfas del psílido. La población de inmaduros se monitoreo hasta que la mayoría de la población alcanzó la edad de ninfas de cuarto y quinto instar, lo que constituyó el material biológico para realizar las evaluaciones. Antes de la aspersión de cada uno de los tratamientos, las bolsas de confinamiento se retiraron temporalmente para proceder a realizar la aspersión foliar de los insecticidas evaluados. La aspersión se realizó en forma terrestre mediante el auxilio de una aspersora manual, todos los brotes fueron completamente asperjados con el tratamiento correspondiente. Se usó solo agua para el tratamiento control (Testigo). Inmediatamente después a las aspersiones, cada uno de los brotes fue cubierto con bolsas de confinamiento, para evitar daños por agentes externos como depredadores y evitar la pérdida de ninfas muertas por los tratamientos al desprenderse de los brotes por el efecto tóxico de los insecticidas. En todos los casos, las lecturas de mortalidad se realizaron 24 horas después de cada aspersión, bajo un microscopio de disección. Sólo se contabilizaron ninfas muertas y vivas de cuarto y quinto instar, descartándose ninfas menores al cuarto instar y/o adultos emergidos. El criterio de mortalidad fue adulto sin movimiento. Se realizan correcciones de mortalidad por medio de la formula de Abbot (Abbot, 1925). El análisis de la información fue realizado mediante el programa MINITAB® Release 14.13. Los tratamientos son desechados si la mortalidad en el testigo fue mayor al 15%. Los tratamientos evaluados se muestran en el Cuadro 1. Además se evaluó un tratamiento sin insecticida para la corrección de mortalidad debida al método. 558 Cuadro 1. Tratamientos de insecticidas evaluados en una población de estados inmaduros de Diaphorina citri (cuarto y quinto instar) del Valle del Yaqui, Son. INIFAP-CIRNO-CENEB. 2011. Individuos Mes de Insecticida Formulación Comercial Concentración evaluados evaluación (mínimo-máximo) Clorpirifós LUCABAN 480 EC 2.0 ml/l agua 62-144 May. y sep. Clotianidin CLUTCH 50WG 0.5 g/l agua 42-175 May. Dimetoato DIMETOATO 400 CE 2.0 ml/l agua 40-171 Sep. Dinotefurán SAFARI 20 SG 2.0 g/l agua 107-196 May. Endosulfán THIODAN 35 CE 2.0 ml/l agua 71-149 Oct. Imidacloprid IMIDACRON 70 WG 0.5 g/l agua 62-173 May. y oct. Lamdacialotrina PATEADOR 5EC 0.7 ml/l agua 105-306 May. y oct. Pymetrozyne PLENUM 50GS 0.6 g/l agua 94-353 May. Spirotetramat MOVENTO 150 OD 0.6 ml/l agua 71-215 May. Thiametoxán ACTARA 25 WG 0.6 g/l agua 56-149 May. Zetacipermetrina MUSTANG MAX 0.5 ml/l agua 71-194 Oct. Testigo TESTIGO --- 40-436 May., sep. y oct. Resultados y Discusión Los resultados de mortalidad se presentan en el Cuadro 2. Cuadro 2.- Respuesta biológica en porcentaje de mortalidad corregida de la población de ninfas de cuarto y quinto instar de Diaphorina citri a diferentes tratamientos de insecticidas, mediante el método de confinamiento en el Valle del Yaqui, Son. INIFAP-CIRNO-CENEB. 2011. Tratamiento Mes evaluac. % Mortalidad Desv. Stand Pooled *0.05 Clorpirifós Sep. 100.00 0.00 a Dimetoato Sep. 100.00 0.00 a Clorpirifós May. 99.81 0.38 a Clotianidin May. 99.71 0.59 a Dinotefurán May. 99.59 0.54 a Thiametoxan May. 99.34 0.85 a Endosulfán Oct. 98.30 2.00 a Imidacloprid May. 98.20 2.70 a Lambdacialotrina May. 96.95 1.29 a Imidacloprid Oct. 96.73 1.12 ab Zetacipermetrina Oct. 93.65 2.71 bc Endosulfán May. 92.69 4.72 c Lambdacialotrina Oct. 88.48 5.70 d Pymetrozyne May. 47.59 11.09 e Spirotetramat May. 19.59 5.09 f Pooled StDev = 3.55 El análisis de los datos de mortalidad para el caso de ninfas de cuarto y quinto instar de D. citri muestra que los insecticidas clorpirifós, dimetoato, clotianidin, dinotefurán, thiametoxan, endosulfán, imidacloprid, lambdacialotrina, zetacipermetrina, y lambdacialotrina causaron mortalidades superiores al 85% en la población antes mencionada.
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