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Chlorinated Insecticides Volume II Biological and Environmental Aspects CRC REVIVALS CRC REVIVALS G.T Brooks Chlorinated Insecticides Chlorinated Insecticides Volume II Biological and Environmental Aspects G.T Brooks ISBN 978-1-138-50533-9 ,!7IB1D8-fafddj! www.crcpress.com Chlorinated Insecticides V olume II Biological and Environmental Aspects Author: G. T. Brooks The University of Sussex Brighton, Sussex England First published 1974 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1974 by Taylor & Francis CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http:/ /www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza-tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 73090535 Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-138-50533-9 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-315-15040-6 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http:/ /www.crcpress.com PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY SERIES - PREFACE The literature on pesticides is voluminous, but scattered among dozens of journals and texts written or edited by experts. Until now, with the publication of Chlorinated Insecticides by G. T. Brooks, there has been no attempt to produce a single, comprehensive series on the chemistry of pesticides. CRC Press should be commended for having undertaken this Herculean task. When asked by the publisher to serve as editor of the Pesticide Chemistry Series, I discussed the idea with some of my colleagues at the International Pesticide Congress in Tel Aviv in 1971. At that time, Dr. Brooks enthusiastically agreed to become the author of the treatise on chlorinated insecticides, which became such a comprehensive work that it is being published in two volumes. As editor of this series, my goal has been choosing experts in their respective fields who would be willing to write single-authored books, thus assuring uniformity of style and thought for the individual text as well as the entire series. I would like to express my deep appreciation to each author for having undertaken the large task of writing in such a comprehensive manner without the aid of contributors or an editorial board. Chlorinated Insecticides is the first contribution to this series; subsequent volumes under preparation will appear in the near future under titles such as Organophosphate Pesticides; Herbicides; and Fungicides. Looking into the future, we plan to include books on the chemistry of juvenile hormones and pheromones. Suggestions on other titles and possible authors are invited from the reader. Gunter Zweig Editor Pesticide Chemistry Series THE AUTHOR Gerald T. Brooks was formerly in the Biochemistry Department of the Agricul­ tural Research Council’s Pest Infestation Laboratory (now the Pest Infestation Control Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food) at Slough, England. He is currently Senior Principal Scientific Officer in the Agricultural Re­ search Council Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and Physiology at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England. He holds B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees of the University of London, and is a Fellow of The Royal Institute of Chemistry. His field of work is the chemistry, biochemistry, and toxicology of insecticides and hormones. To A nn, my wife and former colleague, and my many friends in Insecticide Toxicology whose work is referred to in these pages. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 In tro d u c tio n ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Insect Resistance to Chlorinated Insecticides ................................................................................................3 A. Resistance and Its Measurement .............................................................................................................. 3 B. Inheritance and Biochemical Genetics of R e sistan ce.............................................................................. 8 1. Mode of Inheritance........................................................................................................................... 8 2. Biochemical Genetics ................................................................................................................ 10 a. Houseflies .............................................................................................................................10 b. M o sq u ito es.............................................................................................................................18 c. Other S p e c ie s ........................................................................................................................23 3. Postadaption and Resistance ........................................................................................................24 C. Development of Resistance in the Field ................................................................................................. 29 1. Background ................................................................................................................................ 29 2. Species of Public Health or Veterinary Im p o rtan c e................................................................ 31 a. Houseflies ............................................................................................................................ 31 b. Other Noxious D ip te r a ........................................................................................................35 c. M o sq u ito es............................................................................................................................ 37 d. Lice, Fleas, Bedbugs, Reduviid Bugs, and C ockroaches....................................................43 e. Acarina (Ticks and M ite s ) ....................................................................................................46 3. Species of Agricultural Importance ............................................................................................48 a. Impact of Resistance in Agricultural Insects ....................................................................48 b. Resistance in Soil Insects .................................................................................................... 55 c. Resistance in Stored Product Insects .............................................................................57 4. Stability of R esistance.................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 3 Action of Chlorinated Insecticides...................................................................... 63 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 63 B. Environmental Behavior and M etabolism ................................................................................................ 65 1. B iodynam ics.................................................................................................................................... 66 a. In s e c ts .................................................................................................................................... 66 b. In Soil, Plants, and M icroorganisms.................................................................................... 67 c. In V erteb rates........................................................................................................................ 73 2. Nature of the Transformation P ro d u c ts........................................................................................77
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