Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Lynn Ekblad, Different Angles, Ames, Iowa Graphics and layout by Richard Beachler, Instructional Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames ISBN 1-887383-23-9 ISSN 0194-4088 06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging–in–Publication Data Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies. p. cm. -- (Task force report, ISSN 0194-4088 ; no. 140) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-887383-23-9 (alk. paper) 1. Pests--Integrated control. I. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. II. Series: Task force report (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) ; no. 140. SB950.I4573 2003 632'.9--dc21 2003006389 Task Force Report No. 140 June 2003 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Ames, Iowa, USA Task Force Members Kenneth R. Barker (Chair), Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Esther Day, American Farmland Trust, DeKalb, Illinois Timothy J. Gibb, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Maud A. Hinchee, ArborGen, Summerville, South Carolina Nancy C. Hinkle, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens Barry J. Jacobsen, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman James Knight, Department of Animal and Range Science, Montana State University, Bozeman Kenneth A. Langeland, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville Evan Nebeker, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State David A. Rosenberger, Plant Pathology Department, Cornell University–Hudson Valley Laboratory, High- land, New York Donald P. Schmitt, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu John C. Snyder, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington Ann Sorensen, American Farmland Trust, DeKalb, Illinois Walter R. Stevenson, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Stephen M. Stringham, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Scott M. Swinton, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing David W. Watson, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Philip Westra, Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins Mark E. Whalon, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing Tom Whitson, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie ii Task Force Members iii Contributors Harold D. Coble, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Larry Pedigo, Iowa State University, Ames Invited Reviewers Gerald Anderson, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, Montana Larry F. Grand, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Dennis Keeney, Emeritus Professor, Iowa State University, Ames Kimberly Mann, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, Montana Clyde Sorenson, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Neal Spencer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, Montana John C. Stewart, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Raleigh, North Carolina Ron Stinner, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Turner B. Sutton, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Acknowledgments CAST recognizes and appreciates the financial support of the U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (Agreement Number 59-0790-3-107) to partially assist in the development and completion of this report. The authors thank Dr. Richard E. Stuckey, former executive vice president of CAST, and Dr. Kayleen A. Niyo, former managing scientific editor, for their considerable assistance during the development of this report. Contents Interpretive Summary . 1 Deployment in Cropping Systems, 1 Natural Ecosystems, 1 Food Animals, Wildlife, and Companion Animals, 1 Urban Areas, 2 Economics, 2 Education and Delivery Systems, 2 Assessments, 2 Future Challenges and Directions, 2 Executive Summary . 4 Historical Perspectives and Evolution of Integrated Pest Management Concepts, 4 Integrated Pest Management Toolbox, 4 New and Emerging Technologies, 5 Crop Production Systems, 6 Rangeland and Pasture, 7 Natural Areas, 7 Aquatic Vegetation, 7 Food Animals, 7 Mammalian Wildlife-Damage Control, 8 Companion-Animal Ectoparasites, Associated Pathogens, and Diseases, 8 Urban Areas, 8 Economics, 9 Education and Delivery Systems, 9 Future Challenges and Directions, 10 1 History of Integrated Pest Management Concepts . 11 Evolution of the Integrated Pest Management Concept, 12 The Clinton Administration’s Integrated Pest Management Initiative, 16 Objectives of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Integrated Pest Management Initiative Strategic Plan, 16 The Environmental Protection Agency Initiative, 17 Call for Ecologically Based, or Biointensive, Pest Management, 19 Integrated Pest Management in the Twenty-First Century, 19 Risk Management, 20 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 22 Appendix B. Glossary, 22 Literature Cited, 23 Related Web Sites, 24 2 Integrated Pest Management Toolbox . 25 Exclusion/Avoidance, 25 Eradication, 27 Suppression of Pest Increase through Host Resistance, 29 iv Contents v Host Resistance, 29 Cultural Practices for Minimizing Crop Pests, 34 Crop Rotation, 35 Tillage and No-Till, 36 Trap Crops, 38 Green Manure and Cover Crops, 38 Multiple Cropping or Polyculture (Intercropping), 39 Refugia, 39 Integrating Cultural Management Programs, 40 Decision Support Aids and Diagnostic Systems, 41 Field and Region, 41 Site-Specific (Precision) Agriculture, 43 Use of Diagnostics, 43 Biological Control, 46 Development of Biopesticide Products, 47 Insect Biocontrol, 47 Weed Biocontrol, 49 Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens, Including Nematodes, 50 Additional Methods for Enhancing Biocontrols, 52 Pesticides, 53 Why Do Pesticides Remain a Critical Component?, 53 The Role of Pesticides, 55 Effects of Changing Fungicide, Herbicide, and Insecticide Chemistries, 55 Pesticide Resistance Management, 61 Resistance Management in an Integrated Pest Management Context, 62 Resistance Management Tactics and Tools, 63 Certification and Regulation, 65 IPM Certification, 65 Ecolabels in an International Context, 67 IPM Regulation, 68 The Pest Management Information Decision Support System, 69 Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR–4), 69 Effects of Invasive Pests, 69 Means of Spread of Invasive Plant Pests, 71 Examples of Current Invasive Plant Pest Problems, 71 Reemergence of Old Plant Pests, 72 Integrated Pest Management and Agricultural Bioterrorism, 73 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 73 Appendix B. Glossary, 74 Literature Cited, 74 Related Web Sites, 81 3 New and Emerging Technologies. 82 Site-Specific Integrated Pest Management, 82 Precision Farming, 82 Site-Specific Input Management, 83 Automated Data Acquisition, 84 Field Management Zones, 86 Spatial and Biological Strategies, 86 Agricultural Product Identity Preservation, 87 Integrated Systems, 89 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 90 Appendix B. Glossary, 90 vi Integrated Pest Management: Current and Future Strategies Literature Cited, 90 Related Web Sites, 91 4 Crop Production Systems . 92 Field Crops, 93 Weeds, 95 Corn Insects and Pathogens, 96 Cotton Insects and Pathogens, 97 Soybean Insects and Pathogens, 98 Concerns for the Future, 99 Vegetable Crops, 99 Fruit Crops, 103 Integrated Forest Pest Management, 111 Prevention, 113 Detection and Evaluation, 114 Hazard Rating Systems, 115 Actions and Consequences, 115 Future Concerns, 116 Organic Systems/Sustainable Agriculture, 117 Organic Cropping Systems, 117 Organic Production Systems and Integrated Pest Management, 118 Sustainable Cropping Systems, 120 Components of Sustainable Agriculture, 121 Integrated Pest Management and Sustainable Agriculture, 122 Outlook, 122 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 122 Appendix B. Glossary, 123 Literature Cited, 123 5 Rangeland and Pasture . 128 Weed Management, 128 Education and Awareness, 128 Weed Prevention and Early Detection, 129 Physical and Mechanical Controls, 129 Chemical Controls, 131 Biological Controls, 131 Plant Competition and Rehabilitation, 132 Invasive Species Control and Site Preparation, 133 Weed Monitoring and Mapping, 133 Integrated Systems for Weed Management, 134 Insect and Pathogen Management, 134 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 135 Literature Cited, 135 6 Natural Areas Management . 137 Management Methods for Invasive Weeds, 138 Prevention, 138 Physical Methods, 139 Cultural Practices, 140 Herbicides, 142 Biological Control, 142 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 144 Appendix B. Glossary, 144 Contents vii Literature Cited, 144 7 Integrated Management of Aquatic Vegetation . 145 Principles of a Successful Integrated Aquatic Plant Management Program, 145 Integrated Management of Specific Invasive Plants, 151 Alligatorweed, 151 Water Hyacinth, 151 Hydrilla, 152 Eurasian Watermilfoil, 153 Torpedo Grass, 154 Water Lettuce, 154 Giant Water Fern, 154 Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms, 154 Appendix B. Glossary, 155 Literature Cited, 155 8 Food Animal Integrated