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La Ponte Chez Le Balanin De La Châtaigne, Curculio Elephas (Gyll.) (Coléoptère : Curculionidae)

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La Ponte Chez Le Balanin De La Châtaigne, Curculio Elephas (Gyll.) (Coléoptère : Curculionidae) 1 N° d'ordre : 338-97 Année 1997 THÈSE présentée devant l'Université CLAUDE BERNARD - LYON I - pour l'obtention du DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT Spécialité : Biométrie - Biologie des Populations par Emmanuel DESOUHANT Stratégies de ponte et traits d'histoire de vie chez les insectes. Exemple du balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas (Coléoptère, Curculionidae), en conditions naturelles. Soutenue le 15 décembre 1997 Directeurs de thèse : D. Debouzie et F. Menu Jury : MM. Y. CARTON, rapporteur P. TREHEN, rapporteur C. BERNSTEIN C. COMBES D. DEBOUZIE F. MENU UMR CNRS 5558 "Biométrie, Génétique et Biologie des Populations" Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 43, bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex Références Bibliographiques 2 Abstract Oviposition strategies and life histoty traits in insects - Example of the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), in natural populations This work concerns study of the evolution of life history traits in insects. The purpose of this study is to estimate the principle demographic parameters in the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas, to predict the best oviposition strategy in terms of evolutionary trade-offs. Facing a site for oviposition, a female insect must take three decisions which summarize oviposition strategy : 1) where to lay her eggs; 2) when to lay, and 3) how many eggs to lay in each site (Charnov & Skinner, 1985). Oviposition strategies determine the quality (fitness) of offspring and growth rate in the population. We have shown, from an oviposition behaviour study that a Curculio elephas female does not seem time-limited for egg-laying. In natural conditions, a female lays one or two eggs per chestut in 77% of infested fruits; she selects her oviposition sites, avoids those containing larvae of the chestnut moth, Cydia splendana, but not those already infested by weevil immatures. Our results suggest a random oviposition behavior in only one part of the available chestnuts; the other part is avoided. We have shown negative phenotypic correlation between clutch size and larval survival, or potential fecundity of the resulting females. In an evolutionary perspective, we have shown, from life-history trait estimations, that fitness of a genotype leading to a clump of eggs is lower than that of the currently observed strategy in natural conditions, which consists of spreading offspring in numerous fruits. Then we discuss two problems: 1) is there an optimal clutch size in natural conditions? 2) why the clutch size does not increase? Key-words : insects - natural populations - demographic parameters - oviposition behaviour - available ressource - host population heterogeneity - asymmetric competition - fruit selection - optimisation - oviposition strategy - clutch size - fitness Publications : Desouhant E. (1996). La ponte chez le balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas (Gyll.) (Coléoptère : Curculionidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 32:445- 450. Debouzie D., Heizmann A., Desouhant E. & Menu F. (1996). Interference at several temporal scales between two chestnut insects. Oecologia, 108: 151-158. Desouhant E. Selection of fruits for oviposition by the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (sous presse). Desouhant E., Debouzie D. & Menu F. Oviposition pattern of phytophagous insects : on the importance of host population heterogeneity. Oecologia (sous presse). Références Bibliographiques 3 RÉSUMÉ Stratégies de ponte et traits d'histoire de vie chez les insectes - Exemple du balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas (Coléoptère, Curculionidae), en conditions naturelles. Ce travail s'intègre dans le cadre de l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie chez les insectes. Il a pour but d'estimer les principaux paramètres démographiques chez le balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas, afin de prédire quelle est la meilleure stratégie de ponte en terme de compromis évolutif. Face un site de ponte, un insecte doit faire face à une séquence décisionnelle qui résume la stratégie de ponte : 1) où pondre ses œufs, 2) quand les pondre et 3) combien en pondre dans chaque site (Charnov & Skinner, 1985). Les stratégies de ponte chez les insectes conditionnent la qualité des individus et le taux d'accroissement des populations. Nous avons montré à partir d'une étude du comportement de ponte qu'une femelle Curculio elephas ne semble pas limitée par le temps pour réaliser sa fécondité. En conditions naturelles, une femelle dépose un ou deux œufs par châtaigne dans 77% des fruits; elle sélectionne ses sites de ponte, évite ceux contenant du carpocapse, Cydia splendana, mais pas ceux ayant déjà reçu une ponte de balanin. Nos résultats suggèrent un comportement aléatoire de ponte mais uniquement sur une fraction des châtaignes, l'autre partie étant évitée. Nous avons mis en évidence des corrélations phénotypiques négatives entre la taille de ponte et d'une part, la survie larvaire et d'autre part la fécondité potentielle des femelles. D'un point de vue évolutif, nous avons montré, à partir des estimations des principaux traits d'histoire de vie, que la valeur sélective d'une stratégie (ou génotype) conduisant à la ponte d'œufs en paquets est inférieure à celle de la stratégie actuellement observée, qui consiste à disperser les descendants dans de nombreux fruits. Dans la discussion nous nous interrogerons en particulier sur l'existence d'une taille optimale de ponte et sur l'influence d'un changement ancien de plante-hôte sur la stratégie actuelle de ponte chez le balanin. Mots-clés : insectes - populations naturelles - paramètres démographiques - comportement de ponte - ressources disponibles - hétérogénéité de la population hôte - interférence asymétrique - sélection des fruits - optimisation - strategie de ponte - taille de ponte - compétition - fitness Publications : Desouhant E. (1996). La ponte chez le balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas (Gyll.) (Coléoptère : Curculionidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 32:445-450. Debouzie D., Heizmann A., Desouhant E. & Menu F. (1996). Interference at several temporal scales between two chestnut insects. Oecologia, 108: 151-158. Desouhant E. Selection of fruits for oviposition by the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (sous presse). Références Bibliographiques 4 Desouhant E., Debouzie D. & Menu F. Oviposition pattern of phytophagous insects : on the importance of host population heterogeneity. Oecologia (sous presse). Références Bibliographiques 5 Sommaire Introduction....................................................................................3 Chapitre 1 : Optimisation et stratégies de ponte chez les insectes............................................................................................9 1 - L'optimisation : outil d'étude des stratégies adaptatives.................9 1.A - Vers une définition des stratégies de ponte.........................................9 1.A.1 - Définitions des stratégies adaptatives.........................................9 1.A.2 - Stratégies de ponte............................................................12 1.A.2.1 - Historique : les travaux sur les oiseaux...........................12 1.A.2.1.1 - Une hypothèse de référence : la "Lack clutch size " (LCS)...............................................................12 1.A.2.1.2 - Les écarts à la LCS ........................................13 1.A.2.2 - Pourquoi n'observe-t-on pas une augmentation de la taille de ponte chez les oiseaux?................................................14 1.A.2.3 - Des ornithologistes aux entomologistes...........................15 1.B - L'optimisation : une façon de penser .............................................15 1.B.1 - Concept d'optimisation.......................................................16 1.B.2 - Les hypothèses de la théorie d'optimisation ...............................17 1.B.3 - Les critiques ...................................................................17 1.C - Choix d'une mesure de fitness ....................................................18 1.C.1 - Mesures de fitness en milieu constant et homogène.......................19 1.C.1.1 - Les différents taux d'accroissement...............................19 1.C.1.2 - Limites et hypothèses de ces mesures.............................20 1.C.2 - Mesures de fitness en milieu stochastique..................................21 1.C.2.1 - Variabilité temporelle................................................21 1.C.2.1.1 - La moyenne géométrique des taux d'accroissement...21 1.C.2.1.2 - Exemple théorique.........................................22 1.C.2.1.3 - Application de la moyenne géométrique.................22 1.C.2.2 - Variabilité spatiale ...................................................23 1.C.2.3 - Conclusions..........................................................23 2 - La taille de ponte : variable synthétique de la stratégie de ponte...........................................................................................23 2.A - Taille de ponte déterminée par une seule femelle ................................24 2.A.1 - Relation entre la taille de ponte, la qualité et la quantité des sites........24 2.A.1.1 - Taille de ponte et qualité des sites..................................24 2.A.1.1.1 - Évaluation de la qualité des sites par les insectes.......24 2.A.1.1.2 - Variations de la taille de ponte en fonction de la qualité des sites...........................................................25
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