Takayuki Ohgushi · Susanne Wurst Scott N. Johnson Editors Aboveground– Belowground Community Ecology Ecological Studies
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Ecological Studies 234 Takayuki Ohgushi · Susanne Wurst Scott N. Johnson Editors Aboveground– Belowground Community Ecology Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis Volume 234 Series editors Martyn M. Caldwell Logan, Utah, USA Sandra Díaz Cordoba, Argentina Gerhard Heldmaier Marburg, Germany Robert B. Jackson Stanford, California, USA Otto Ludwig Lange Würzburg, Germany Delphis F. Levia Newark, Delaware, USA Harold A. Mooney Stanford, California, USA Ernst-Detlef Schulze Jena, Germany Ulrich Sommer Kiel, Germany Ecological Studies is Springer’s premier book series treating all aspects of ecology. These volumes, either authored or edited collections, appear several times each year. They are intended to analyze and synthesize our understanding of natural and managed ecosystems and their constituent organisms and resources at different scales from the biosphere to communities, populations, individual organisms and molecular interactions. Many volumes constitute case studies illustrating and syn- thesizing ecological principles for an intended audience of scientists, students, environmental managers and policy experts. Recent volumes address biodiversity, global change, landscape ecology, air pollution, ecosystem analysis, microbial ecology, ecophysiology and molecular ecology. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/86 Takayuki Ohgushi • Susanne Wurst • Scott N. Johnson Editors Aboveground–Belowground Community Ecology Editors Takayuki Ohgushi Susanne Wurst Center for Ecological Research Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology Kyoto University Freie Universität Shiga, Japan Berlin, Germany Scott N. Johnson Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith, New South Wales, Australia ISSN 0070-8356 ISSN 2196-971X (electronic) Ecological Studies ISBN 978-3-319-91613-2 ISBN 978-3-319-91614-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91614-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952137 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword For long, community ecologists have considered the world from either an above- ground or a belowground perspective. During most of the twentieth century, above- ground and belowground studies had their own specific research questions while apparently ignoring conceptual developments and approaches in the neighboring subsystem. Certain aspects have been almost exclusively studied in one of the two subsystems. For example, evolutionary studies and multi-trophic interactions have been studied mostly aboveground, whereas belowground studies have been strongly focused on decomposition, mutualistic symbionts, and determining flows and fluxes of carbon and nutrients through feeding guilds in soil food webs. Already in 1960, the Green World Hypothesis by Hairston, Smith, and Slobodkin included both aboveground and belowground components, and in the end of the 1980s, Valerie Brown, Alan Gange, and coworkers showed how belowground and aboveground insecticides had differential effects on secondary succession in restored grasslands. At the same time, research on plant–soil feedback interactions generated interest in unraveling the contribution of belowground biota to plant community dynamics and ecosystem development. Then came the turn of the millennium and work on aboveground–belowground interactions took off, first mainly driven by soil ecologists and soon joined in by plant ecologists and entomologists. First studies involved relatively simple experi- ments with plants, insects aboveground, and insects belowground, soon expanding complexity with numbers of insect species, types of functional groups, and also other taxa, such as nematodes, mycorrhizal fungi, and, later, plant pathogens. Most of these studies were undertaken first by ecologists, followed by molecular biologists using their model species to unravel how signal transduction pathways and other molecular mechanisms make aboveground and belowground biota interact. Agron- omists stepped in relatively late, so that many of the aboveground–belowground interactions still remain to be tested under farmers’ field conditions. Most likely, interest will grow and the concept of plant phytobiomes, which has been success- fully coined by phytopathologists, may further boost the application of aboveground–belowground interactions in production ecosystems. v vi Foreword The current multi-authored book, edited by Takayuki Ohgushi, Susanne Wurst, and Scott Johnson, combines a great variety of highly interesting chapters on aspects of aboveground–belowground interactions, from plant–soil feedbacks to ecological, evolutionary, and theoretical aspects of interactions between plants, aboveground and belowground herbivores, pathogens, mutualistic symbionts, and decomposers. This is a very timely overview of current approaches of aboveground–belowground ecology that will stimulate both ecologists to consider these interactions in their own studies, as well as that it will promote application in crop protection in both agri- and horticulture, as well as in grassland management. The book also provides interesting study material to students, thereby stimulating integral thinking about biodiversity conservation, eco-evolutionary dynamics, and sustainable food and feed production. Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wim H. van der Putten Wageningen, The Netherlands Contents 1 Linking Aboveground–Belowground Ecology: A Short Historical Perspective ................................... 1 Richard D. Bardgett 2 Belowground Experimental Approaches for Exploring Aboveground–Belowground Patterns ....................... 19 Scott N. Johnson, Felicity V. Crotty, James M. W. Ryalls, and Philip J. Murray 3 Modeling Aboveground–Belowground Interactions ............. 47 Katrin M. Meyer 4 Intraspecific Plant–Soil Feedbacks Link Ecosystem Ecology and Evolutionary Biology ................................ 69 Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Michael Van Nuland, and Joseph K. Bailey 5 Fungal-Mediated Above–Belowground Interactions: The Community Approach, Stability, Evolution, Mechanisms, and Applications ....................................... 85 Alison E. Bennett, Peter Orrell, Antonino Malacrino, and Maria José Pozo 6 Interactions Involving Rhizobacteria and Foliar-Feeding Insects ............................................... 117 Kiran R. Gadhave and Alan C. Gange 7 Belowground–Aboveground Interactions Between Pathogens and Herbivores ........................................ 135 Bastien Castagneyrol, Pilar Fernandez-Conradi, Pil U. Rasmussen, Cécile Robin, and Ayco J. M. Tack 8 Soil Macro-Invertebrates: Their Impact on Plants and Associated Aboveground Communities in Temperate Regions ............. 175 Susanne Wurst, Ilja Sonnemann, and Johann G. Zaller vii viii Contents 9 The Feedback Loop Between Aboveground Herbivores and Soil Microbes via Deposition Processes ................... 201 Cari A. Ritzenthaler, Caitlin E. Maloney, Audrey M. Maran, Eric A. Moore, Amanda Winters, and Shannon L. Pelini 10 Eco-evolutionary Factors Driving Plant-Mediated Above–Belowground Invertebrate Interactions Along Elevation Gradients ..................................... 223 Alan Kergunteuil, Moe Bakhtiari, and Sergio Rasmann 11 Cross-Compartment Herbivory Effects on Antagonists and Mutualists and Their Consequences for Plant Fitness ........ 247 Nicholas A. Barber 12 Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Above- and Belowground Herbivores and Invasive Plants ............................ 271 Wei Huang, Evan Siemann, and Jianqing Ding 13 Soil Biota as Drivers of Plant Community Assembly ............ 293 Paul Kardol, Jonathan R. De Long, and Pierre Mariotte 14 Application and Theory of Plant–Soil Feedbacks on Aboveground Herbivores .............................. 319 Ian Kaplan, Ana Pineda, and Martijn Bezemer 15 Current Knowledge and Future Challenges of Aboveground and Belowground Community Ecology ...................... 345 Takayuki Ohgushi, Susanne Wurst, and Scott N. Johnson Index ................................................... 363 Chapter 1 Linking Aboveground–Belowground Ecology: A Short Historical Perspective Richard D. Bardgett 1.1 Introduction The last few decades have