DOCSLIB.ORG

Agricultural and Food Science, Vol. 20 (2011): 117 S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agricultural and Food Science, Vol. 20 (2011): 117 S AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD A gricultural A N D F O O D S ci ence Vol. 20, No. 1, 2011 Contents Hyvönen, T. 1 Preface Agricultural anD food science Hakala, K., Hannukkala, A., Huusela-Veistola, E., Jalli, M. and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 3 Pests and diseases in a changing climate: a major challenge for Finnish crop production Heikkilä, J. 15 A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices Lemmetty, A., Laamanen J., Soukainen, M. and Tegel, J. 29 SC Emerging virus and viroid pathogen species identified for the first time in horticultural plants in Finland in IENCE 1997–2010 V o l . 2 0 , N o . 1 , 2 0 1 1 Hannukkala, A.O. 42 Examples of alien pathogens in Finnish potato production – their introduction, establishment and conse- quences Special Issue Jalli, M., Laitinen, P. and Latvala, S. 62 The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Alien pest species in agriculture and Lilja, A., Rytkönen, A., Hantula, J., Müller, M., Parikka, P. and Kurkela, T. 74 horticulture in Finland Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years Hyvönen, T. and Jalli, H. 86 Alien species in the Finnish weed flora Vänninen, I., Worner, S., Huusela-Veistola, E., Tuovinen, T., Nissinen, A. and Saikkonen, K. 96 Recorded and potential alien invertebrate pests in Finnish agriculture and horticulture Saxe, A. 115 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – A Comment. Valentinov, V. 117 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – Reply. V o l . 1 20, (2011) 1–118 ISSN electronic edition 1795-1895 The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland MTT Agrifood Research Finland www.mtt.fi/afs AgriculturAl AND FOOD ScieNce Agricultural and Food Science publishes original reports on agriculture and food research. The papers, which are of international interest but feature a northern perspective, cover a wide range of topics in basic and applied research. Submissions are internationally refereed. Review articles and research notes will also be considered. Readers are welcome to send their comments to the journal (Letter to the Editor). Publishers The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland MTT Agrifood Research Finland editorial board Juha Helenius - Editor Tapani Alatossava Xavier Irz Eila Turtola Pekka Uimari Kaisa Kuoppala - Associate editor Address Agricultural and Food Science Editorial Office MTT Agrifood Research Finland FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland http://www.mtt.fi/afs From volume 19 the publication of Agricultural and Food Science is available as an Open Access journal, free of charge to the user. The issues and articles published since volume 11 have also been transferred to the Open Access mode. Publishing continues in electronic format only, available on the journal's web-pages (www.mtt.fi/afs), or via database links or where the journal is indexed. The printing of special issues will still be considered should the applicant offer to provide the resources. Single printed issues up to volume 18 may be obtained from Bookstore Tiedekirja, Kirkkokatu 14, FI-00170 Helsinki, Finland, e-mail: [email protected]. The price of a single issue is 17 + VAT within the EU. The journal is indexed by the following databases: AGRIS, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts,Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents, FSTA, Pascal, Scopus, Science Citation Index, ISI Web of Science and Ingenta. Copyright: Agricultural and Food Science AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Foreword Principal Research Scientist Terho Hyvönen Co-Editor of the Special issue MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen Alien pest species in agriculture and horticulture in Finland An alien species is defined as an organism that occurs outside its natural past or present range and dispersal potential, and whose dispersal and presence is due to intentional or unintentional human action. Recent development in human activities has affected both the immigration and success of alien species to a greater extent than ever previously. The growth of global trade and travel has increased immigration pressure in terms of the number of potential immigration pathways and events. Changes in land use have provided new niches and human-mediated climate change has created more suitable climatic conditions that favour the success of many alien species outside their natural ranges. In their new ranges, alien species usually harm the recipient ecosystems in several ways and control of new invaders may require considerable ef- fort once they have become established. Therefore, anticipating immigration is important for successful control of alien species. There is a long history of range expansion of alien species aided by humans in agriculture and horti- culture. Crop species and horticultural plants themselves are alien species in most regions of the world. Furthermore, their production has provided niches for numerous plant pathogens and insect pests and cre- ated open habitats for weed species. Modern year-round greenhouse production has enabled the success of tropical and sub-tropical pests also in the northern climate zones. Greenhouses can also act as stepping- stones for exotic pests to transfer to the natural surroundings. In agricultural and horticultural production, alien pest species cause economic loss by decreasing the production or lowering the quality of products. Regular control measures are applied to limit their populations, which naturally increases costs. In the future, climate change can be assumed to bring challenges in the form of new alien pest species. This is especially true for the northern regions, such as Finland, where the climatic conditions have to date suc- cessfully prevented the establishment of permanent populations of many alien pest species. Introduction of new crop species – also a consequence of climate change in northern regions – will likely favour some new alien pests. 1 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE . This special issue of Agricultural and Food Science focuses on the alien pest species associated with agricultural and horticultural production in Finland. The main aim of the special issue is to provide up- dated reviews on the current status of major groups of alien pest species, including plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds. Anticipation of the future immigration of alien pest species requires the development of pest risk-assessment methods as well as modelling tools for predicting the potential risk of expanded geographical distribution. This special issue addresses the study of the agricultural and horticultural pests in the context of invasion ecology, providing a theoretical framework for understanding species invasions on large spatial scales. In the increasingly globalized world, solutions for local pest problems may lie in better understanding of the relevant phenomena in a wider context. 2 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 20(2011): 3–14. Pests and diseases in a changing climate: a major challenge for Finnish crop production Kaija Hakala, Asko O. Hannukkala, Erja Huusela-Veistola, Marja Jalli and Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, email: [email protected] A longer growing season and higher accumulated effective temperature sum (ETS) will improve crop pro- duction potential in Finland. The production potential of new or at present underutilised crops (e.g. maize (Zea mays L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) will improve and it will be possible to grow more productive varieties of the currently grown crops (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.)). Also cultivation of autumn sown crops could increase if winters become milder and shorter, promoting overwintering success. Climatic conditions may on the other hand become restrictive in many ways. For example, early season droughts could intensify because of higher temperatures and consequent higher evaporation rates. Current low winter temperatures and short growing season help restrict the development and spread of pests and pathogens, but this could change in the future. Longer growing seasons, warmer autumns and milder winters may initiate new problems with higher occurrences of weeds, pests and pathogens, including new types of viruses and virus vectors. Anoxia of overwintering crops caused by ice encasement, and physical damage caused by freezing and melting of water over the fields may also increase. In this study we identify the most likely changes in crop species and varieties in Finland and the pest and pathogen species that are most likely to create production problems as a result of climate change during this century. Key-words: climate change, crop, overwintering, pathogen, pest, virus, vector, winter © Agricultural and Food Science Manuscript received January 2010 3 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Hakala, K. et al. Pests and diseases in a changing climate Vol. 20(2011): 3–14. Introduction the most recent decades and especially in the 2000s the increase has accelerated, the period 1995–2006 being the warmest ever recorded (IPCC 2007a). Finland lies between latitudes 60º and 70ºN, but In Fennoscandia, the growing season has become despite its northern location supports active agri- one to three weeks longer during 1890–1997, with culture on about 2.3 million hectares of arable land
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dickeya Blackleg Is a More Aggressive Disease Than Blackleg Caused by Pectobacterium Atrosepticum
    PEI Potato Day 2017 Dickeya is the name of a group of bacteria. Various Dickeya species cause different plant diseases. Two species of Dickeya cause blackleg in potato. Dickeya blackleg is a more aggressive disease than blackleg caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum. One of the blackleg-causing Dickeya species now occurs in Maine, and has been spread to other states. Blackleg is a potato disease with characteristic symptoms seed-piece decay black-pigmented soft rot of stems soft rot of tubers Blackleg is caused by several bacteria: . Pectobacterium atrosepticum . Pectobacterium brasiliense . Pectobacterium parmentieri (formerly wasabiae) . Dickeya dianthicola . Dickeya solani ATROSEPTICUM BLACKLEG DICKEYA BLACKLEG Usual cause of blackleg in Recently introduced into the Canada – in the past and United States, probably from currently Europe Favours lower temperatures Favours higher temperatures Symptoms: almost always Symptoms: sometimes clearly evident and visible on restricted to internal pith tissue stems of the stem Causes limited yield loss May cause serious disease loss ATROSEPTICUM DICKEYA Blackleg develops from bacteria that move from the seed tuber into the vascular tissue of the stem. These bacteria grow and multiple and produce soft-rotting Drawing from Potato Health Management. R.C. Rowe, ed. enzymes. APS Press Blackleg Disease Cycle The Seed Potato . They may look healthy and well BUT blackleg bacteria may be present in lenticels or stolon end vascular tissue During the growing season — from bacteria that
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of the Aphid Genus Coloradoa Wilson (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    580 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS significant pathological changes in the uterine Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 47(2), pp. 580-585, 2015. endometrium that could hinder the embryonic implantation and further lead to infertility (Makker First Record of the Aphid Genus and Goel, 2013). Coloradoa Wilson (Hemiptera: This case study documents an interesting report which explains the incidence of uterine tumor Aphididae) from Saudi Arabia, with in buffaloes that could also act as a risk factor for some Morphological Notes on infertility. This case study would be informative for Variation in C. rufomaculata (Wilson, large animal clinicians and other veterinary related 1908) areas. Sabir Hussain, Yousif Aldryhim and Hathal Al- Conflict of interest Dhafer The authors have no conflict of interest. King Saud University Museum of Arthropods (KSMA), Plant Protection Department, College of References Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud Ashraf, S., Omer, A., Ijaz, M., Chaudry, U.N. and Ali, M.M., 2009. Pakistan J. Zool., 9 (Suppl):119-122. University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Avci, H., Serin, G., Aydoğan, A. and Birincioğlu, S., 2010. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 34: 307-311. Abstract.- The aphid genus Coloradoa Wilson, is reported for the first time from the Azawi, O.I. and Al-Sadi, H.I., 2010. Uterine leiomyoma in a Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The species buffalo: a case report. Buffalo Bull., 29: 80-82. Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson, 1908) was Baba, A.I. and Catoi, C., 2007. Comparative oncology. found feeding on Ambrosia maritima L. Romanian Academy, Bucharest. (Asteraceae) representing a new host plant. This Cooper, B.J. and Valentine, B.A., 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Tri-Ology Vol 58, No. 1
    FDACS-P-00124 April - June 2020 Volume 59, Number 2 TRI- OLOGY A PUBLICATION FROM THE DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, NEMATOLOGY, AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Division Director, Trevor R. Smith, Ph.D. BOTANY ENTOMOLOGY NEMATOLOGY PLANT PATHOLOGY Providing information about plants: Identifying arthropods, taxonomic Providing certification programs and Offering plant disease diagnoses native, exotic, protected and weedy research and curating collections diagnoses of plant problems and information Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Division of Plant Industry 1 Phaenomerus foveipennis (Morimoto), a conoderine weevil. Photo by Kyle E. Schnepp, DPI ABOUT TRI-OLOGY TABLE OF CONTENTS The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Division of Plant Industry’s (FDACS-DPI) Bureau of Entomology, HIGHLIGHTS 03 Nematology, and Plant Pathology (ENPP), including the Botany Noteworthy examples from the diagnostic groups Section, produces TRI-OLOGY four times a year, covering three throughout the ENPP Bureau. months of activity in each issue. The report includes detection activities from nursery plant inspections, routine and emergency program surveys, and BOTANY 04 requests for identification of plants and pests from the public. Samples are also occasionally sent from other states or countries Quarterly activity reports from Botany and selected plant identification samples. for identification or diagnosis. HOW TO CITE TRI-OLOGY Section Editor. Year. Section Name. P.J. Anderson and G.S. Hodges ENTOMOLOGY 07 (Editors). TRI-OLOGY Volume (number): page. [Date you accessed site.] Quarterly activity reports from Entomology and samples reported as new introductions or interceptions. For example: S.E. Halbert. 2015. Entomology Section. P.J. Anderson and G.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Nurmijärven Matkailu Ja Ulkoilukartta
    NURMIJÄRVI NÄHTÄVYYDET RATSASTUS 1 Aleksis Kiven patsas 39 Islanninhevostalli Dynur 2 Aleksis Kiven syntymäkoti 55 Mintzun issikkatalli 3 Aleksis Kivi -huone 42 Nurmijärven Ratsastuskoulu 4 Klaukkalan kirkko 41 Perttulan Ratsastuskeskus 5 Museokahvila 44 Ratsastuskoulu Solbacka 6 Nukarin koulumuseo 53 Vuonotalli Solsikke 3 Nurmijärven Kirjastogalleria 7 Nurmijärven kirkko UINTI 2 Puupiirtäjän työhuone 45 Herusten uimapaikka 8 Pyhän Nektarioksen kirkko 46 Röykän uimapaikka 9 Rajamäen kirkko 35 Sääksjärven uimaranta 10 Taaborinvuoren museoalue 47 Tiiran uimaranta 11 Vanha hautausmaa 48 Vaaksin uimapaikka 49 Rajamäen uimahalli PALVELUT 12 Nurmijärven kunnanvirasto MAJOITUSPAIKKOJA Kirjastot 32 Holman kurssikeskus 13 Klaukkalan kirjasto 50 Hyvinvointikeskus Haukilampi 3 Nurmijärven pääkirjasto 34 Ketolan strutsitila 14 Rajamäen kirjasto 15 Hotelli Kiljavanranta 51 Lomakoti Kotoranta ELÄMYKSIÄ JA LUONTOA 54 Nukarin lomamökit 18 Alhonniitun ulkoilualue 53 Vuonotalli Solsikke 52 Ali-Ollin Alpakkatila 56 Bowling House TYÖPAIKKA-ALUEET MITEN MERKATAAN KUNTORADAT? 25 Maaniitun-Ihantolan Klaukkala A Järvihaka Kuntoratakartan värikoodit ei toimi tässä. liikuntapuisto B Pietarinmäki Numeroinnilla pelkästään?... 30 Frisbeegolfrata C Ristipakka Rajamäen liikuntapuisto Nurmijärvi D Alhonniittu 19 Isokallion ulkoilualue E Ilvesvuori Rajamäki – Kehityksen maja 20 Klaukkalan jäähalli F Karhunkorpi Kehityksen Majan kilpalatu 21 Klaukkalan urheilualue G Kuusimäki Märkiön lenkki (Kehityksen majalta) 22 Tarinakoru Rajamäki H Ketunpesä Matkun lenkki (Kehityksen
    [Show full text]
  • Dipterists Forum
    BULLETIN OF THE Dipterists Forum Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 Affiliated to the British Entomological and Natural History Society Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 ISSN 1358-5029 Editorial panel Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Assistant Editor Judy Webb Dipterists Forum Officers Chairman Martin Drake Vice Chairman Stuart Ball Secretary John Kramer Meetings Treasurer Howard Bentley Please use the Booking Form included in this Bulletin or downloaded from our Membership Sec. John Showers website Field Meetings Sec. Roger Morris Field Meetings Indoor Meetings Sec. Duncan Sivell Roger Morris 7 Vine Street, Stamford, Lincolnshire PE9 1QE Publicity Officer Erica McAlister [email protected] Conservation Officer Rob Wolton Workshops & Indoor Meetings Organiser Duncan Sivell Ordinary Members Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD [email protected] Chris Spilling, Malcolm Smart, Mick Parker Nathan Medd, John Ismay, vacancy Bulletin contributions Unelected Members Please refer to guide notes in this Bulletin for details of how to contribute and send your material to both of the following: Dipterists Digest Editor Peter Chandler Dipterists Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Secretary 122, Link Road, Anstey, Charnwood, Leicestershire LE7 7BX. John Kramer Tel. 0116 212 5075 31 Ash Tree Road, Oadby, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE2 5TE. [email protected] [email protected] Assistant Editor Treasurer Judy Webb Howard Bentley 2 Dorchester Court, Blenheim Road, Kidlington, Oxon. OX5 2JT. 37, Biddenden Close, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent. ME15 8JP Tel. 01865 377487 Tel. 01622 739452 [email protected] [email protected] Conservation Dipterists Digest contributions Robert Wolton Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh, Oakhampton, Devon EX20 3LZ Dipterists Digest Editor Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Kunnallistekniikka Rakentamisohjelma 2019-2023
    Tekla 23.1.2019 § 2 Liite nro 3 TEKLA 23.1.2019 Kunnallistekniikka Rakentamisohjelma 2019-2023 Nurmijärven kunta Ympäristötoimiala KUNNALLISTEKNIIKAN JA NURMIJÄRVEN VEDEN RAKENTAMINEN VUOSINA 2019 - 2023 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO Kunnallistekniikan rakentamisohjelman periaatteet 1 Kunnallistekniikan rakentamisohjelma 2019-2023 2 (lisäinformaationa liikunta-, virkistys- ja viheralueiden rakentaminen) Klaukkalan tieverkon toteutusohjelma 3 Yleisten teiden kevyen liikenteen väylien toteutustarve 4 Nurmijärven Veden rakentamisohjelman periaatteet 5 (Nurmijärven Veden johtokunta päättää) Nurmijärven Veden rakentamisohjelma 2019-2023 6 (Nurmijärven Veden johtokunta päättää) 1 Ympäristötoimiala Kunnallistekniikan rakentamisohjelman periaatteet vuosille 2019–2023, valtuusto 14.11.2018 Talousarvion ja taloussuunnitelman laadin- Rakentamisohjelman mukaisten kunnallis- nan yhteydessä esitetään kunnallistekniikan tekniikan rakentamiskohteiden aloittami- rakentamisohjelma vuosille 2019 - 2023. sen, vaiheistamisen, kustannusjaon ja Rakentamisohjelman laatimisen yhteydessä muun toimeenpanon päättää viimekädessä on tehty myös Klaukkalan tieverkon toteut- kunta, eli tekninen lautakunta ja sen alai- tamisohjelma vuosille 2019 – 2026, sekä nen viranhaltija (asemavaltuutus) talousar- kunnan ja valtion yhteishankkeet. Raken- vion sitovuustasojen ja voimassa olevien tamisohjelmassa on toteutussuunnitelma delegointipäätösten puitteissa. Määrittelys- valtion maanteiden varrelle tarvittavien ke- sä huomioidaan eri osapuolten tavoitteen- vyen liikenteen väylien toteutukselle
    [Show full text]
  • Opening of Symposium 08:50 Professor Lyn Beazley, Chief Scientist of Western Australia Chair – Elaine Davison Chemical Control of Soil-Borne Diseases
    The following organisations sponsored this symposium and the Organising Committee and delegates thank them sincerely for their support. Major sponsors Bayer CropScience offers leading brands and expertise in the areas of crop protection, seeds and plant biotechnology, and non-agricultural pest control. With a strong commitment to The Grains Research and Development Corporation is one of the world's leading grains innovation, research and development, we are committed to working together with growers and research organisations, responsible for planning and investing in R & D to support partners along the entire value chain; to cultivate ideas and answers so that Australian effective competition by Australian grain growers in global markets, through enhanced agriculture can be more efficient and more sustainable year on year. For every $10 spent on profitability and sustainability. The GRDC's research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops our products, more than $1 goes towards creating even better products for our customers. We spanning temperate and tropical cereals,oilseeds and pulses, with over $7billion per year innovate together with farmers to bring smart solutions to market, enabling them to grow in gross value of production. Contact GRDC 02 6166 4500 or go to www.grdc.com.au healthier crops, more efficiently and more sustainably." Other sponsors PROGRAM & PAPERS OF THE SEVENTH AUSTRALASIAN SOILBORNE DISEASES SYMPOSIUM 17-20 SEPTEMBER 2012 ISBN: 978-0-646-58584-0 Citation Proceedings of the Seventh Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium (Ed. WJ MacLeod) Cover photographs supplied by Daniel Huberli, Andrew Taylor, Tourism Western Australia. Welcome to the Seventh Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium The first Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium was held on the Gold Coast in 1999, and was followed by successful meetings at Lorne, the Barossa Valley, Christchurch, Thredbo and the Sunshine Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes
    microorganisms Article Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes Krishni Fernando 1,2, Priyanka Reddy 1, Inoka K. Hettiarachchige 1, German C. Spangenberg 1,2, Simone J. Rochfort 1,2 and Kathryn M. Guthridge 1,* 1 Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; [email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (I.K.H.); [email protected] (G.C.S.); [email protected] (S.J.R.) 2 School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61390327062 Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Asexual Epichloë spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, Ceratobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., and Fusarium sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against Ceratobasidium sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Diversity Has Contrasting Effects on Herbivore and Parasitoid
    Received: 25 May 2016 | Revised: 1 May 2017 | Accepted: 8 May 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3142 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Plant diversity has contrasting effects on herbivore and parasitoid abundance in Centaurea jacea flower heads Norma Nitschke1 | Eric Allan2 | Helmut Zwölfer3 | Lysett Wagner1 | Sylvia Creutzburg1 | Hannes Baur4,5 | Stefan Schmidt6 | Wolfgang W. Weisser1 1Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller- University, Jena, Germany Abstract 2Institute of Plant Sciences, University of High biodiversity is known to increase many ecosystem functions, but studies investi- Bern, Bern, Switzerland gating biodiversity effects have more rarely looked at multi- trophic interactions. We 3Department for Animal Ecology I, University studied a tri- trophic system composed of Centaurea jacea (brown knapweed), its flower of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany 4Abteilung Wirbellose Tiere, Naturhistorisches head- infesting tephritid fruit flies and their hymenopteran parasitoids, in a grassland Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland biodiversity experiment. We aimed to disentangle the importance of direct effects of 5 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University plant diversity (through changes in apparency and resource availability) from indirect of Bern, Bern, Switzerland effects (mediated by host plant quality and performance). To do this, we compared 6Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM), Munich, Germany insect communities in C. jacea transplants, whose growth was influenced by the sur- rounding plant communities (and where direct and indirect effects can occur), with Correspondence Norma Nitschke, Institute of Ecology, potted C. jacea plants, which do not compete with the surrounding plant community Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany. (and where only direct effects are possible). Tephritid infestation rate and insect load, Email: [email protected] mainly of the dominant species Chaetorellia jaceae, decreased with increasing plant Present address species and functional group richness.
    [Show full text]
  • 197 Section 9 Sunflower (Helianthus
    SECTION 9 SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) 1. Taxonomy of the Genus Helianthus, Natural Habitat and Origins of the Cultivated Sunflower A. Taxonomy of the genus Helianthus The sunflower belongs to the genus Helianthus in the Composite family (Asterales order), which includes species with very diverse morphologies (herbs, shrubs, lianas, etc.). The genus Helianthus belongs to the Heliantheae tribe. This includes approximately 50 species originating in North and Central America. The basis for the botanical classification of the genus Helianthus was proposed by Heiser et al. (1969) and refined subsequently using new phenological, cladistic and biosystematic methods, (Robinson, 1979; Anashchenko, 1974, 1979; Schilling and Heiser, 1981) or molecular markers (Sossey-Alaoui et al., 1998). This approach splits Helianthus into four sections: Helianthus, Agrestes, Ciliares and Atrorubens. This classification is set out in Table 1.18. Section Helianthus This section comprises 12 species, including H. annuus, the cultivated sunflower. These species, which are diploid (2n = 34), are interfertile and annual in almost all cases. For the majority, the natural distribution is central and western North America. They are generally well adapted to dry or even arid areas and sandy soils. The widespread H. annuus L. species includes (Heiser et al., 1969) plants cultivated for seed or fodder referred to as H. annuus var. macrocarpus (D.C), or cultivated for ornament (H. annuus subsp. annuus), and uncultivated wild and weedy plants (H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus subsp. Texanus, etc.). Leaves of these species are usually alternate, ovoid and with a long petiole. Flower heads, or capitula, consist of tubular and ligulate florets, which may be deep purple, red or yellow.
    [Show full text]
  • American Serpentine Leaf Miner CP
    Liriomyza trifolii Contingency Plan Prepared for Horticulture Innovation Australia, as part of Project MT16004 (RD&E program for control, eradication and preparedness for vegetable leafminer) Rohan Burgess 1, Dr. Peter Ridland 2, Dr. Elia Pirtle 3 1 Plant Health Australia 2 The University of Melbourne 3 Cesar Australia December 7, 2020 This resource has been funded by Horticulture Innovation, through the Project MT16004 (RD&E program for control, eradication and preparedness for vegetable leafminer), using multiple research and development levies and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture. AMERICAN SERPENTINE LEAFMINER CONTINGENCY PLAN CONTINGENCY PLAN AMERICAN SERPENTINE LEAFMINER (LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII) Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden, British Crown, Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden, British Crown, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org December 2020 This resource has been funded by Horticulture Innovation, through the Project MT16004 (RD&E program for control, eradication and preparedness for vegetable leafminer), using multiple research and development levies and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture. AMERICAN SERPENTINE LEAFMINER CONTINGENCY PLAN This Contingency Plan has been authored by Rohan Burgess (Plant Health Australia), Dr. Peter Ridland (The University of Melbourne) and Dr. Elia Pirtle (Cesar Australia), with contributions from Dr. Sharyn Taylor (Plant Health Australia), Dr. James Maino (Cesar Australia), and Dr. Paul Umina (Cesar Australia). Disclaimer The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts have been made to obtain relevant and published information on these pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Analysis of Alien Grasses Occurring in South Africa
    Risk analysis of alien grasses occurring in South Africa By NKUNA Khensani Vulani Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Stellenbosch University (Department of Botany and Zoology) Supervisor: Dr. Sabrina Kumschick Co-supervisor (s): Dr. Vernon Visser : Prof. John R. Wilson Department of Botany & Zoology Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University December 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Alien grasses have caused major impacts in their introduced ranges, including transforming natural ecosystems and reducing agricultural yields. This is clearly of concern for South Africa. However, alien grass impacts in South Africa are largely unknown. This makes prioritising them for management difficult. In this thesis, I investigated the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of 58 alien grasses occurring in South Africa from 352 published literature sources, the mechanisms through which they cause impacts, and the magnitudes of those impacts across different habitats and regions. Through this assessment, I ranked alien grasses based on their maximum recorded impact. Cortaderia sellonoana had the highest overall impact score, followed by Arundo donax, Avena fatua, Elymus repens, and Festuca arundinacea.
    [Show full text]