Study on the Benefits and Drawbacks of Remote Voting Technical Appendices
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Study on the Benefits and Drawbacks of Remote Voting Technical Appendices Specific Contract No. JUST/2016/RCIT/PP/RIGH/0094 Prepared by: Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva and Axelle Devaux (Editors) Clara Faulí, Katherine Stewart, Federica Porcu, Jirka Taylor, Alexandra Theben, Ben Baruch, Frans Folkvord, Fook Nederveen, Axelle Devaux & Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva (Authors) Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers 2018 6 Justice and Consumers Study on the benefits and drawbacks of remote voting European Commission Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers Directorate D: Equality and Union Citizenship Contact: Harry Panagopulos, Unit 03 E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Authors Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva & Axelle Devaux (editors) Clara Faulí, Katherine Stewart, Federica Porcu, Jirka Taylor, Alexandra Theben, Ben Baruch, Frans Folkvord, Fook Nederveen, Axelle Devaux & Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva (authors) Lead contractor in consortium Legal notice This study has been commissioned by the European Commission, DG JUSTICE. The information and views set out in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the work of the following people on the country fiches: Marlene Altenhofer, Dimitra Anastasiadou, Laura Busquet, Milda Butkute, Márton Csirik, David Dueñas Cid, Cloé Gendronneau, Elżbieta Gral, Anna Knack, Ria Ivandic, Marta Kepe, Arya Sofia Meranto, Marian Oancea, Martina Petrova, Erik Silfversten, Christos P. Topouzis, Simone Vitiello and Nana With Feldman. We thank Joanna Hofman, Stijn Hoorens, Peter Burge and Hui Lu for their comments on earlier versions of the report, and Harry McNeil Adams for research assistance. Finally we would like to acknowledge the contributions of Pedro González. We also acknowledge the input of our interviewees. In addition to those attributed throughout the paper, this includes a number of interviewees from European and national NGOs and international bodies (including organisations working in the fields of civil rights, disability rights, migration, minorities, vulnerable people and people of no fixed abode) who preferred to remain anonymous. In addition we thank the representatives of EU Member States who provided us with information to develop the country fiches. The case studies on observing remote voting, cybersecurity, voting for people with disabilities, voting for people with no fixed abode, the implementation of electoral law, the UK election pilots and the experience of internet voting in France were developed by RAND Europe core team, in addition to Erik Silfversten and Milda Butkute. The case studies on implementing internet voting, the experience in Estonia, data protection, internet voting by political parties, internet voting by municipalities, secrecy in remote voting, coercion in remote voting and identification in remote voting were developed by the Open Evidence core team. The online survey and experiment was conducted by Open Evidence. Version linguistique Support/Volume Numéro de catalogue ISBN DOI EN PDF PDF/Volume_02 DS-05-18-085-EN-N 978-92-79-97406-9 10.2838/677948 © European Union, 2018 Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers 2018 2 Study on the Benefits and Drawbacks of Remote Voting Technical Appendices Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers 2018 3 Table of contents APPENDIX A. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY .............................. 7 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................ 7 OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS ............................................................... 7 DESCRIPTION OF THE LITERATURE ...................................................................................... 8 SEARCH PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................... 9 INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA ....................................................................................... 10 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................... 10 DATA EXTRACTION TEMPLATE ........................................................................................... 12 APPENDIX B. COUNTRY FICHE TEMPLATE ........................................... 13 ELECTION OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................... 13 REMOTE VOTING OPTIONS IN THE COUNTRY ....................................................................... 15 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN REMOTE VOTING OPTIONS CURRENTLY IN PLACE IN THE COUNTRY: GENERAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 16 OTHER REMOTE VOTING INITIATIVES .................................................................................. 16 DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN REMOTE VOTING INITIATIVES COMPARED TO THE REGULAR VOTING PROCESS ........................................................................................................................ 17 DESCRIPTION OF REMOTE VOTING OPTIONS IN THE COUNTRY: ISSUES ................................. 18 DEBATES ON VOTING AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ............................................................... 18 APPENDIX C. COUNTRY FICHES ........................................................... 19 AUSTRIA ....................................................................................................................... 19 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 19 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 20 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 21 BELGIUM ....................................................................................................................... 22 Remote voting options available in Belgium ................................................................ 22 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 23 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 24 BULGARIA ..................................................................................................................... 25 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 25 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 26 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 27 CROATIA ....................................................................................................................... 28 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 28 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 29 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 30 CYPRUS ........................................................................................................................ 31 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 31 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 32 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 33 CZECH REPUBLIC ........................................................................................................ 34 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 34 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 35 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 36 DENMARK ..................................................................................................................... 37 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 37 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 38 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 39 ESTONIA ....................................................................................................................... 40 Remote voting options available ................................................................................. 40 Main features of each option ....................................................................................... 41 Experiences, debates and future plans related to remote voting ................................. 42 FINLAND.......................................................................................................................