Wildlife Hazard Report 2017

Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Wildlife Hazard Report 2017

Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal WWildli ildliffee Haza Hazarrdd Rep 20 Reporort 201177 t

Civiill Avviiaattiioo nnAAuuththo orirtiytyoof N f Nepeaplal

Published by: Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Directorate Head Office, Babarmahal Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-1-4262387, 4262518, 4262326 Fax: +977-1-4262516 Website: www.caanepal.org.np

© Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Foreword

Since flight began, aircraft have time CAAN has adopted various measures to and again encountered with wildlife control birds and other wildlife activities both in the air and on the ground. The in and around aerodromes. Effective incidents have become more frequent management of wildlife in aerodromes with the emergence of faster and quieter cannot be achieved by the sole effort of aircraft. The activity of birds and animals aerodrome operators rather it depends in and around an airfield is a recognised upon the cooperation and joint efforts of potential source of hazard to the safe all stakeholders. operation of aircraft. This hazard results from the possibility of collision between This report consists of wildlife data for an aircraft and birds or animals, thus the period of 2011-2016. The purpose of increasing the potential for serious this Wildlife Hazard Report - 2017 is to damage to aircraft and risk to human give information, increase awareness and lives. enhance stake holder’s knowledge about the wildlife activities along with control According to recent worldwide data, the measures adopted in the aerodromes of vast majority of strikes occur either on Nepal. We hope, this report will also or within the immediate proximity of an be beneficial for all those involved in aerodrome. The aerodromes of Nepal study and research of wildlife hazard in have many features that attract wildlife aviation. since the diverse topography as well as conducive climatological conditions attract a number of wildlife species including migratory birds. Wildlife ...……………… strike indicates that some aerodromes (Sanjiv Gautam) of Nepal are prone to wildlife activities. Director General Contents Contents

Foreword Introduction ...... 1 Wildlife Strike in Nepal ...... 2 Legal Provisions ...... 3 Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes ...... 4 Studies on Bird Activities in TIA ...... 6 Statistical Analysis of Wildlife data for the years 2011 to 2015 ...... 8 Causes of Wildlife Activities ...... 13 Wildlife Management at Airports ...... 14 Airport Wildlife Hazard Control Mechanism ...... 18 Acronyms ...... 19 Appendix 1 Bird Species at Tribhuvan International Airport ...... 20 Appendix 2 List of Vascular Plants Recorded Around Tribhuvan International Airport...... 22 Appendix 3 Major Problematic Wildlife...... 25 Appendix 4 Bird/Other Wildlife Strike Report Form ...... 26 Appendix 5 Composition of National and Airport Level Committee...... 27 Appendix 6 Protected Birds of Nepal ...... 28 Introduction Introduction

Wildlife strikes i.e. collisions between aircraft and wildlife is common in aviation across the world. Wildlife strikes are not only the threat to the air safety, but also cost increment factor to the aviation industry. Most wildlife strikes occur in the airport environment. Large open space in the aerodromes provide suitable habitat for wildlife. Human activities such as rampant waste disposal add attraction to the birds. The increased population of wildlife and their mobility in the airport disturbs the safety of the aircraft. Wildlife strikes present a real threat to aviation safety and represent 3.6 percent of all aviation accidents. Usually Take-off and landing cause major damage to the aircraft and of aircraft are considered as the times difficulty in continuing the flight. of high risk for bird strike which can It is believed that the first bird strike was recorded by the Wright brothers in 7th September 1905. Since then, many people around the world have lost their lives from aircraft crashes due to bird hit and the aviation wildlife hazard has been significantly considered a risk to aviation ever since. The most fatal air crash due to bird hit occurred in Boston, USA in 1960 in which all four engines stalled after take-off killing 62 people on board. Today, the threat is world-wide and the severity magnitude and of such strike is demanding more stringent measures.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 1 Wildlife Strike in Nepal Wildlife Strike in Nepal

In Nepal, bird strike was not pronounced problem during early days. The major bird hit incident that took place in Nepal was, Thai Airways (Type of aircraft: A 300) Airbus in 1996. About 5-6 eagles found dead on the runway and left engine fan blades were found damaged. The aircraft was grounded for 4 days in Kathmandu. Nepal Airlines Corporation Boeing 757 aircraft and Jet Airways Boeing 737 aircraft both lost their one each engine This was the first ever fatal accident due to bird strike in 2000 and 2014 recorded which was caused by bird strike. respectively. Besides these incidents, In later days, significant number of minor occasional bird hit used to be reported. wildlife strikes have been experienced in However, no incident/accident has been different types of aircraft. reported except a Dornier 228 aircraft The aviation industry of Nepal has also which was believed to be struck by Black been affected by wildlife strikes like Kite during take off from Kathmandu for many other countries across the world. Lukla killing all 16 passengers and 3 Occasionally, both international and crews on board in September 28, 2012. domestic flights were delayed due to bird activities at the airport. Also, complete wildlife hazard prevention on and in the proximity of airport is not practically possible. We can only reduce the chances of collision with the wildlife. A number of serious wildlife incidents have also been experienced in domestic hub airports. Each airport has its own specific bird and wildlife hazard problems that depend on species of birds and types of wildlife involved.

2 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Legal Provisions Legal Provisions

ICAO v Wildlife strike management, including a collection of bird strike information, forwarded to the ICAO, and measures for decreasing the risk of bird strike, are provided in Annex14 Volume I Chapter 9.

v Advisory Circular[AC/AD – 003] Guidance Material for Wildlife Hazards Management for Aerodrome Operator, 2012

Advisory Circular v Detailed measures to control wildlife [AC/AD - 003] Guidance Material for Wildlife Hazards Management are provided in Part 3 of the Airport for Aerodrome Operator Services Manual (Doc 9137). FIRST EDITION 1st September 2012

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF NEPAL

v Provision of National and Airport Level Committee for wildlife management (Appendix-5) v Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu has published the following procedures and manuals to manage and Nepal’s Regulation control wildlife at the airport. v Local Self Governance Act 1999 • TIA Bird Control Procedure Manual v Rule 77 of CAAN, Civil Aviation • TIA Bird Control Management Regulation, 2058 (2002) Manual v Civil Aviation Requirements-14, Part • TIA Aerodrome Manual 2010 I, Aerodrome design And Operation, • TIA Safety Management System 2015 (SMS) Manual 2010

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 3 Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes

Nepalgunj, Gautam Buddha (Bhairahawa), Biratnagar and Pokhara Airports can be considered as more vulnerable domestic airports in terms of wildlife activities. The airport area has been a good habitat for several birds and mammal species causing to flourish their population increase.

Nepalgunj Airport is enclosed by agriculture land, forest, and settlement. A total of 36 bird species and 2 mammal species are recorded in this airport. Wild boar and Golden Jackal are the mammals found inside the core airport areas which Most of the area around the Gautam pose serious threat to flight safety. These Buddha Airport is agriculture field with mammals are major problematic animals different vegetation structure. A total of in the airport. Beside this, occasional 28 bird species and 6 mammal species entry of stray dogs and domestic animals are recorded in this airport. Nilgai, Feral into the airport also pose an unforeseen dogs, Jungle cats, domestic cats, Jackal risk. and Wild boar are found in small dense bushes within the airport perimeter. Among them, Nilgai (Blue bull), Jackal and wild boar have been the major problem of this airport.

Biratnagar Airport is also affected by wildlife activities where 37 bird species and 7 mammal species are recorded. Barking deer, Golden Jackal, Large Indian Hare, Indian Porcupine, Jungle cat, Domestic and feral dogs and bats

4 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 are found inside the airport. This airport airport area is due to the increasing growth is situated near urbanizing settlements of bushes, trees and nearby settlements. where human activities generate solid A total of 24 bird species and 2 mammal waste in large scale dumped in open species are recorded in this airport. space. Also, it is believed that Golden Large Indian Hare and Golden Jackal Jackal and Barking Deer are problematic are found inside the airport area. Water species of this airport. bodies (Lakes) and forest are very close to the airport and waste management is Pokhara airport is situated in the Pokhara important issue which poses threat to valley with full of natural flora-fauna and aviation safety. lakes. The activities of wildlife within the

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 5 Studies on Bird Activities in TIA Studies on Bird Activities in TIA

Since the problems of wildlife hazards management of sanitary apparently have become serious, some of landfill sites with reference the following studies were conducted by where relevant, to existing different organizations regarding birds recommendations; and and other wildlife in TIA: • to recommend appropriate measures for bird deterrence at 1. Study on Bird Strike Risks at TIA. Kathmandu Airport, Nepal March 1999, conducted by Dr. Edmund Hahn, Air Traffic Safety Expert; Mrs. Karin Hahn, Ornithologist; Mr. Michael Betts, Solid Waste Management Expert appointed by German Agency For Technical Co- operation (GTZ). With following objectives: • to undertake a professional 2. Management of Bird and assessment of the risks of bird Other Wildlife Hazards at TIA, strike at TIA, identify the main Kathmandu, Nepal, August 2001: A causes of such risks, and make paper was jointly presented on this appropriate recommendations topic by Mr. Richard A. Dolbeer, for mitigation; USDA National Wildlife Research • to prepare guidelines for the Center, Sandusky, OH and Mr. current and future selection and Basanta Kumar Upadhayaya, development of landfill sites Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal, particularly; within 5 km, 10 km Kathmandu, Nepal, with objective and beyond 13 or 15 km radius to address bird strike situation at of TIA; TIA and to recommend measures to • to make appropriate control such activities with plans. recommendations for the

6 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 3. Baseline Information of Birds and Their Habitat at TIA, Kathmandu, April 2002 - was conducted by B. Dahal and D. Bhuju, appointed by Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu with following objectives: • to prepare a baseline information of birds visiting TIA; 4. A Field Study Report to Control • to analyze seasonal variation in Monkeys' Activities at TIA, bird species and population; September 2011 - was conducted by team lead by Mr. Man Bahadur • to establish birds movement appointed by Department of National patterns; and Park and Wildlife Conservation, with • to study bird habitat including the objective to access the activities solid waste relationship. of monkeys posing threat to aircraft operation and to access the controlling measures.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 7 Statistical Analysis of Wildlife data for the years 2011 to 2015 Statistical Analysis of Wildlife data for the years 2011 to 2015

Trend of birds activity in TIA The available data shows that activity compared to morning within the of birds in TIA in day time is highest period 2011 to 2015. The possible Birds sighted in TIA at 08:00 AM (2011-2015) 600

500

400 2011 *2012 300 2013 200 2014 100 2015

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec * data could not be ascertained Chart 1: Bird sighted in TIA at 08:00 AM for the years 2011 to 2015(Monthly basis)

reasons could be the easy shelter, attractants within the airport premises water access all around and food and nearby residential area with

Birds sighted in TIA at 02:00 PM 700 (2011-2015) 600 500 2011 400 2012 300 2013 200 2014 100 2015 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Chart 2: Bird sighted in TIA at 02:00 PM for the years 2011 to 2015(Monthly basis)

8 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 gardens, rice and maize cultivation. wetland. The wet pasture land is used Apart from these, restaurants, for grazing, cultivation of maize, butchery, and grocery shops adjacent vegetables and paddy and extraction to the airport are contributing factors of sand. The eutrophication process that may cause increase in wildlife is detrimental that causes the rivers activities. In addition, the main and the surrounding areas to grow rivers Bagmati and Manohara have the plants on the surfaces thereby large areas of surface water and attracting the wildlife activities.

Bird sighted in TIA (2011-2015) 4000 3747 3500 3000 2709 2819 2663 2750 2500 2184 1829 2000 1384 1500 1145 917 1000 500 0 2011 *2012 2013 2014 2015

At 8:00 AM At 2:00 PM

Chart 3: Comparison of birds sighted in TIA at 08:00 AM and 02:00 PM for the years 2011 to 2015

Activity of stray dogs in TIA The restaurants and dumped garbage Activity of stray dogs in TIA are also within the airport and butchery close a major problem for flight operation. to airport are the main attraction for The chart given below shows that stray dogs. TIACAO has made efforts dog activities in year 2011 is higher to control this activity through regular than year 2015 in which such surveillance on airside effectively. activities is controlled to zero level.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 9 Dogs sighted in TIA ( 2011-2015 )

25

20 2011 15 *2012

10 2013 2014 5 2015 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chart 4: Dogs sighted in TIA for the years 2011 to 2015(Monthly basis)

10 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Activity of monkeys in TIA airport area. The above chart shows Activity of monkeys in TIA is inconsistent activity during the exclusively related with the activity period of five years. In first quarter of monkey in nearby Pashupati Nath of year 2012 and 2013 the activity of temple area. The dwellings of some monkey is high, whereas the activity monkey groups at Bankali forest never is less in the end of the year. In the permits other to enter into their area. years thereafter, the activities have Those monkeys who fail to enter get shown a similar pattern. However in diverted to airport area to seek food the year 2015, it seems TIACAO is and shelter. Accordingly, the able to manage this activity to some number of monkey increases at the extent.

Monkeys sighted in TIA ( 2011-2015 ) 1200

1000

800 2011 2012 600 2013 400 2014 2015 200

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chart 5: Monkeys sighted in TIA for the years 2011 to 2015(Monthly basis)

Birds strike occurred in TIA during the period 2011 to 2016. The following chart illustrates that Similarly, 32% of strikes occurred 33% of the strikes occurred at night, during the take-off phase while 37% these occurred during day time 44% occurred during approach and while 21% occurred in morning landing phase.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 11 Time Not Flight Time Flight Phase Known 8%

Morning Phase Not 21% known 24% Take-off 32% Night 33%

Landing Day 44% 37%

Chart 6: Strikes according to flight time and flight phase (2011-2016)

Birds strike in TIA 30 22 20 16 11 12 8 10 5

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Chart 7: Birds strike in TIA from 2011 to 2016 (Yearly)

9 8 7 2011 6 5 2012 4 2013 3 2014 2 2015 1 2016 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chart 8: Birds strike in TIA from 2011 to 2016 (Monthly basis)

12 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Causes of Wildlife Activities Causes of Wildlife Activities

Airports provide a wide variety of natural roosting and protection. Rainy periods and human made habitats that offer food, provide temporary water pools at many water and shelter. One of the first steps airports. Many airports have permanent in reducing bird hazards is to recognize bodies of water near or between runways those attractants. Usually, several for flood control or waste water purposes. attractants acting in combination are Those permanent sources of water responsible for the presence of birds and provide a variety of bird foods, including their behavior in an airport. Birds usually small fish. congregate in a place for the following Shelter reasons: Wildlife needs shelter for breeding, Food resting, roosting and nesting. Trees, Birds require large amount of food to bushy areas, weed patches, shrubs and survive. In most of the airports, variety airport structures often provide suitable of foods such as seeds, grass, insects, habitats to meet these requirements. earthworms, rodent, frog and others are Almost any area that is free from human available. Occasionally food becomes disturbance may provide a suitable shelter available through careless waste for wildlife. Bhairahawa, Biratnagar, disposal practices by restaurants and Nepalgunj and other airports are covered airline companies at the airport. Nearby by small dense forest which may be the open slaughter houses in the vicinity of shelter for wildlife. aerodrome and fast food, barbecue(BBQ) Open airspace restaurants are also the source of food for birds and wildlife. Such circumstances Most of the airports have vast, open and contribute to bird strike hazards which flat area which is almost empty. Such require proper attention to avert unwanted large and flat area of the airport is safe happening. for the activities of wildlife. Also birds suddenly appear in large groups on and Water in the vicinity of airport on their annual Major hub airports including TIA are migration in favorable time, even when surrounded by rivers which are mostly the airport itself offers no particular polluted. These rivers attract birds and attraction. wildlife for drinking, bathing, feeding,

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 13 Wildlife Management at Airports Wildlife Management at Airports

There are several bird control measures intervals during a short period of time adopted by airports to control the wildlife and 130 decibel bangs to disperse birds activities. However, each of such options and other wildlife. This device has been has its own limitations. CAAN has in use in major domestic airport including adopted the following measures to reduce Kathmandu. the occurrences of bird and wildlife activities in and around the airports. Scaring devices

The following ultrasonic scaring devices are used to control wildlife at the airports within the country. Ultrasonic sound device Scarecrow It is an electronic device that produces It is a device which is placed in open high pitch emissions known as ultrasound fields like airfield to discourage birds at a pressure level of 94db@1m/1w. and wildlife. In TIA and Pokhara Burst of sounds are played according to a airport, the bright color, large eye and pre designed program. Over 90 different rotating flashing mirrors has been in use electronic sounds can be generated and to threaten birds. When activated birds there is also a suite of special natural think that they’re being watched by a sounds like predator calls, shot gun predator. blasts distress calls etc. It has been in use in TIA, Kathmandu to disperse birds.

LP Gas cannons Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannon automatically produce high decibel bangs based on a timer setting or by remote to disperse birds and wildlife from airports, landfills and other areas. Distress call devices Bird guard It produces multiple shots at irregular Bird distress cries have been used

14 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 for decades. High fidelity distress Low voltage electric fence cries are recorded and inscribed on An electric fence is a barrier that uses microchips, resulting in an excellent electric shocks to discourage wildlife sound reproduction that birds cannot and other domesticated animals from differentiate from the original. On hearing crossing a boundary. One of such devices the distress cries birds become nervous is recently installed in Kathmandu airport and agitated. They think that other birds to control wildlife activities. in the area are in danger that is not safe, so they flee. Intervention Bird light It is also an electronic device that generates one-million candle power light flashes which is intolerable for birds during low light. It has been in use in Kathmandu Airport. Electronic devices (Quad Blaster) It is an ultrasonic bird repeller device that generates irritating ultrasonic sound in all The birds and wildlife activities can be directions beyond the capacity of hearing controlled at or in the vicinity of airport power of human but perfectly audible by intervention method. For this purpose for birds. Therefore, birds do not linger hunters may use or apply the following around when exposed to this sound. The activities. sound so produced do not harm birds, • Producing loud voice but will attack them aggressively in any • Showing primitive Guns enclosed or semi enclosed areas where • Showing dead birds they roost. The sound pressure level of • Misfiring the device is 112 db @ 1m @ 22 KHZ. • Slingshot • Fire cracker • Shooting (only in absolute danger situation) • Capturing animals • Laser light

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 15 Chemical method not provide nesting, shelter, breeding, Chemical has been in use in absolute feeding and other activities for such condition only to control pest, rodent, animals. insects and other wildlife except Management of woody vegetation protected wildlife. The purpose of using The removal of woody vegetation from such Chemical is not to kill but only to airport will certainly reduce the wildlife control harmful activities. activities because trees and dense bushes • Benomyle (Methyl 1-Butylcarbamoy- provide nesting, roosting and breeding 2 benzimidazolecarbamate) for birds as well as wild animals like • Nimol ( Neem, Azadirachta indica) extract. • Red pepper ( oleoresin capsicum) • Strychnine sulphate (C42H46N4O8S) • Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2) • Dart Tranquilizer Habit and habitat management Boar, Deer, Cat, Feral dogs, Nilgai (Blue Vegetation management bull) and others. These wildlife pose Vegetation management has been serious threat and greatest strike hazard proposed as a method for reducing wildlife to aircraft. activities by maintaining height of the Management of water bodies vegetation at the airport. Tall vegetation is favorable for feeding activity, and Airports are the better source of water ground movements for wildlife. for wildlife in the forms of wetlands Recommended size of vegetation does and standing water. Water bodies and wetlands on airports attract birds and wild animals. Therefore, these sources should be managed at the airports to reduce the activities. At least, the proper management of drainage water will be one of the solutions for eliminating these temporary attractants.

16 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Rodent check Waste container Rodent and insects are other examples Airports produce a huge amount of waste of potential food sources that may attract that passengers and other users generate every day. These waste materials attract wildlife at the airports. Therefore, such materials have been arranged through Close Waste Container. Public awareness program Public awareness program is an effective tool to make the environment of airport birds of prey. Therefore, rodent check and surrounding area clean. CAAN should be regularly carried out in interval has been conducting public awareness of every 6 month. program in coordination with local people with the help of NGOs, by fixing Earthworm control hoarding boards, conducting essay Earthworms can create hazardous competition among the Secondary Level conditions by attracting birds that may school students and broadcasting through pose serious threat to the aircraft. It can electronic media (Television and FM be controlled by Spraying chemicals like radio). Binomyl (Methyl 1-Butylcarbamoy- Airside vehicle 2 benzimidazolecarbamate), lime and bleaching powder. In TIA, one dedicated airside vehicle fitted with scaring devices has been arranged Cleaning to control wildlife. RFF personnel The cleaning of Runway and Taxiway is also support to disperse wildlife at the carried out as and when required. airports. They act as a second responder Issuance of NOTAM whereas in other airports act as a primary responder to address the problem of the If the wildlife activities increases on, wildlife activities. or in the vicinity of an aerodromes the concerned authority issues NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) to inform regarding the situation. Flight operations may be closed when the situation further aggravates during heavy bird activities.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 17 Airport Wildlife Hazard Control Mechanism Airport Wildlife Hazard Control Mechanism

Various types of birds and wild animals v Adequate national regulations, are attracted to the airports due to wide requirements and procedures; open spaces with grass-lands. Aircraft v Effective and efficient coordination occasionally collide with birds and and cooperation among other wildlife during taxiing, takeoff, stakeholders; and landing at airport. When wildlife v Proficient and result-oriented activity on and in the vicinity of an wildlife control measures including airport increases, together it increases the necessary provisions of equipments likelihood of hazardous conditions. The and facilities; impact of wildlife hazard can be reduced v Qualified and trained manpower; to the acceptable level by implementing v Collection, sharing and evaluation of effective wildlife hazard management wildlife data; and plan. Some of the key elements for an v Awareness program to the local effective wildlife hazard management community. are as follows:

ABCR Regulator

Land Use Municipal Control

Airport Airport wildlife Airport Biologist/ Wildlife Operator Expert Control

Airport Air traffic Wildlife Control Management Team

Pilot

Fig. 1: Airport wildlife control mechanism

18 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Acronyms Acronyms

ABCR Airport Bird Control and Reduction AC Advisory Circular CAAN Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal CAR Civil Aviation Requirement Doc. Document GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas RFF Rescue and Fire Fighting SMS Safety Management System TIACAO Tribhuvan International Airport Civil Aviation Office TIA-BCCIU Tribhuvan International Airport Bird Control Coordination and Implementation Unit USDA United States Department of Agriculture VDC Village Development Committee

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 19 1 x i d e n z s s s S S S S S S S S L L L i e M M M M S p p A e s s p w w r r r r r r r r r , , R R R R , w y , r r r r T e e a e e e a e n a a a e d e i e e a i d d d a a e e e a e e a p d i i i e e n e i a d a a a d a r r a d d i a b l i a i t t i a i d d d c d d l t i i y d r d i n i i i d t i i i p d l i m i o p p i n i e e c u r o d n n g o i i i e u r d n s r c r c u r c o o l n c c r n d m c r l c i u e u o u o i c i r p c p o a u a t s l a t r l r F S D C A L H P A P F S T A A F P M M i A l a n o i t a s s n u u r l e s a m t i u a h n n i c p I o r s n e s s s i e u i s i n c e l g g t c s s n a u a o i s e i t l d n o l u i m a v s c i h r a a a u p u l o r a i a n n c u g c t u c t s u d c p e h a i v i s s a i a e a r n N t h e t q s i n l l r e e b a s h r i s e n h l s u i u b r r i m L g i c c i o r h u i c a e o e e r s n n t s s r t r a s S u i c i P h h o u n a i i u e l f m s o m c t t i b s l r T s f i t s c n e g p u d o o u o r u l p t r i a i n u m u o r n e c e d d s o s u o a o l e n i i i v u c d s c l u r c p u l l b r r o r i o n r c l x s s i e o c i i y c p o u a o a l a a p a h e i Z A L M C H D B P H F A S A S P C M P c e p S d r i B w e l e o g t h r t k r i r a a c r a a n h n E l t h i p o c e s t f i S a t r e r S d n d f t g e n n l i e e s o e d t e e l r w y o o e e a e g p e t w u R t P m o r r a l d n e G E v a b K M S S l s e e n k r l a T o ’ a t a a n N c e i r S y g u n n n n e n n e a o w o o o o E o H K D B h d a e M W i B s S s R e e m m m m p i s k k k k t g l l k a n e n s a o c c c t c d m m m m g n r y t r r e e a a u a a r o a l l l a a l a l o o o o r n u u E B B B B B B B C B C C C C C E E G H . o ...... 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 N 1 6 7 8 2 3 5 9 4 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S

20 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 S S S S S S S S S S S S S L L M M M M M M . e g r s s a r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r M r , , l w r r P : L ; m u i d e m e : a e e e e d e e a e M a e i e a a a a a ; d a d e a g l d i n i d d l d l a e e d e i t i e d i i i e e e i e e e n l l a i a a u a d a r r o i l l a a a l b a a a i t t n i i d d d l d n i i i m d d d d c i i m i d d n i i c c i i i s m l i i i i o p p d n a e e a a g n r i i e e ; t v u y e d d d t n t c r c u t n l r c c S r p r r r d d r c c i o o i o u o c i r c l r ; e o a o u u u l s s r t l y T A T H M C A P P P T A M A F A C C S P C r o t a r g i m g n i s s a s p i s : s a i s s t n a s s i m s l a u e i s a i r s n l p i r s u r o c n e v e n s s ; u a i s c e c f n a a t r l i i e n t u a n a h e u t t l s c t a r d i o u m a e f e c t s d i t a a n l l u C r n b y a n s i a s e e l l n s y p a s s r a o u a p u e i u i z m i a e u r a m s u r p k t a l p r m l v f r a n s e m m e u d e a c a o e a a r o p r u g l a a n a l r h a h u n r n p s g n b r l d e a t l c a u r o c i u s s l t a e e o o o s a o c o e r d t h c t y h n u l u o l n l h n t y u i a c e d c i s a i t c p e t i h e v i c y e i c t s n r t t u p e r l l r w r o n r d x t h s i y a o r n r e q a t c : o e o l s o o g a s s t a w S C A E C A E P Z M L E D P A H A S A P C ; r o t i s i v g r n i e r h p s s n i t i : f e b a s g i e n ; o i l l n n k t i a R u r a u t i r " a b K e l r a p n i M i d u e l t w M e P p d t i e P a h e t o d e B g a t e h a a e i s d r h e v l t a s p a s i s v d n t r w l n e d c e l f o g g r e u a o a u t o o y g e r m h e a r r a g e w M i r r t d p o i D s n : u h h n e g l E a i n M r O K S C r t F i u W H d a e T v - - E : H e t R e e e e e l h s B K y e e e l V t t A p n e y t t t s s a a d e t t n d l l i i i g e i d d p u u s t p d d o n o o i d r a h h h t n e e e r e o o e e o i " i a a i o c t p p u a P O P P P P R R R S W W L N S S S W J H H i v e r ...... b 7 4 5 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 7 8 3 6 4 5 9 2 1 0 9 b 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 A . 1

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 21 2 x i t i d b n S S S F T T T H H H H H H H H H H H H H H a e H p p A t r y o l i e e p a a r m i e e e e e a e e c c a a e e e e e e A e e a a e a F r a a e e a a a a a a l a a e e e a e t t t t t t e e e c h h a i i i i i i e e a c a f c e c t t a a a e i s s s s s s c c e a a c a e n l n n e c n b i o o o o o o a a l c a h a n i a a o c a r r a t n e a i p p p p p p r r e l d e a t e e t n a i n b a a m c r u b r p p m m m m m m a a n g t r a a m y e r r m l c m m y y o a o o o o e o e o n t r C G C A V C U U C M L C C A C C A A B C P e t n I n a v e u m h a b i N i r t i r s l l a o T a a e r n u u P o h r a g p d u h r y J n n p a e h i n p u e n e u K t a u i S l s t u e h N g e G a i v a K U e a o d o h e l r d i n d e l p s o m k o t d t t i r b a o a r a i e k l l n n e t t t o t n a u h h h a u a a t a h h h o a a i i D M P K G K B K B K K B G T L L U B K d e d r o c e r s t n a l P e r m a l a s i u r N c e s c n s i a f s e e s i v u v d t u i - f s s . n i s n o n o o e i i p d u a z i i a s o r n s t i l a i a l t i c c c y h r l a s i s i c i i i t v i y p c n S i t c . i . t m n d i s a t v s p t a a o L l i t c p p e u s s . n a i a l l a n s l s c s s i a r i s a c u u i p s a a . o o a s i d t d r a s l a a a h h r p a s p s i w i i i m c t t m n a n i m i s s a j e s s s u p a e u n n u o e l b i i s i m e u t t a s s n a t l a a d d l r r a u s a c u s s r r n e n n m m o e e o r i i i d r t n a a u a o e e l r t l e e s e i p n p l d n l n l r t t n e r d d r r m m l g d y y y o l i e e a a u i i a C C C C C C C C C C B B B B A A A A A A A ...... N 1 9 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 . 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S

22 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 S S S T T T T T T T T T T T B H H H H H H H H H H e e a a e e e e e e a c c e e e a a a e e e e a a e a a e e e a e e e e c l l e t t a a a e e e a e a i i a e e a e a c c c a a e u u e e e a a a e a e i s s e a a e c e a a a e a c c c v v c e n c n n n o o c e e c a c n c n n e a a a i i i o o a c a r a c c a a o p p a e e c c o r n n t a v e v e r i i a a c m m m n a r t r t b b g a a h l i s s n n m p m n l l t r r a a a l e g y e o o y y r r l r o o i o o o y o e e u a l r o o y P M R R S G P M V L B C P G C C O C M M C V G S S i s a b r o a h i r a d k a l l u h n g u a t h e J o a a a a p a e h R o K i S d t a g / K d g o h i r o P n o i h u r i n n y a r t a e P u a i l r n u a a a n r a u D e m y M l l i a r a g r t e m s a r k K b i u k t a o a s s n a a a i n r r n l l k a n n h n i n l a a p c a m a a s a h a i h a a h a a a a a a i a A A A L P N B M A J K K K C L P P M B N B D K m u r a o i e a a l . h r l a a c m o a p p a e o i r f u s d i c c o d d i o m i a s s l n a n e o n r a n s a u c i f e i i o u a t i e i a l i s b h d k d m r t i d r s i b v r n s t d e v u c i a n m u i a a a i a l r i u i a a o a i t o a n r m o s l j c t c u l . p a r m b k a e s i s l o m a o m y e q m i e a m p s l s P s o i n a p e m t a l l m e c u f s a r r a e r d a a u e g e a d c u a y t r u o g e a t r e i e r i t i g s a t a a r c d l s n e r t p c z a p a s g t s m e e o u l m e t o n i s s a u o m a o s a n l y a a s r r r o o n l r t a u r i l n r r u u a c g g a i s i n r d b i e a i u t e a a v i u u n n a y l m m x u a d r l n t t p c p n p r l n g e i u u e a m c c o o r a u e a a a a u u u s r o r h o r i i a p m p P P P P P P P M L L J I G I I G F F F E E D D D D ...... 6 5 4 2 3 0 1 9 8 7 6 5 2 3 4 1 0 9 5 8 4 6 7 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 23 S T T H H H H H H H H H H e a e e a e e c e e a a a e e c l a s e e e l a a a e e c t t o a a l e e y a i i e c a e e n a a u s s h e a a i c c c c n n c o o s p e a a u i i n a m e c p p o n n b r c u a u m m y a a i p m m s r n l l t g a a m r r r u a o o a o e o o a U C L G C C S S C S G R R r a i s h h l n J k l u a n u h h a h P p G a e P r i l e e y l a k i u a u d h i u n a y y n u d r t n a a a s h a u a a i y S M P K K D K K M m u m s i i r s s e s n i d t s e . n m s a . n a d i p a t e u r e l p i a a s i l r e s a t p d n p u a t g s s p a e s a i i p c n r e s u c s u m h a n a l e l a v o u s i c u m u s i o a r r m m c a o i c u u d b i a o i r u u u p n a l h c a o s h a n n b c j u r l c o e c u a a i l f u n o n l l r t n m c i e r a h r p t o o o e a a y T U T S S S S S S S S R P ...... 8 9 7 5 6 4 3 0 2 1 9 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

24 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 3 s x s i b s l b d s l b 0 n b b e l l 7 l 5 e z i 4 5 1 p 2 0 1 6 S - p 1 4 - - - 0 - 5 A 0 0 2 5 5 1 9 2 3 M M M L l l l l l l l l l a a a a a a a a a i i i i i i i i i t t t t t t t t t e n n n n n n n n n p e e e e e e e e e y d d d d d d d d d i i i i i i i i i T s s s s s s s s s e e e e e e e e e R R R R R R R R R e a e d a i d e e c i y a a l e g i d d l h i i e t u r e i m a b e e t a p i a e d a a m i d m i o p a F d d i r i v u c i i d v r l c r p i n n c e o a o o u e a a f C S B c c C C C A i l d l i W c i t a s i n m e a e l C b m s r o a u r o l N e P s i l m r r a a o a c i j c i l s a o i g n g a o s m e t l M a a t n i a d a o r a f a s t v n l o r i m u s e u s g l Z a e L u i u r a r p s p M f i a h s b u m u r o b p a a l s r s e a a c i c u s s m u l n l a i i s e i e v u v c n n r l l s s h a i m t a a o o o u a M S B C f C A C C M n o e i y e g m g l e k t a o a n e P w l k N D o e r c o k l t w r c a a h l c i M i J s o t u O o C i K s s l n B B R e e u e g t k e s s t d e e c n d m u l e o l u u a i o o E h l l l p o R W B g D S H B B . o 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 N . S

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 25 Appendix 4

26 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Appendix 5

Composition of National and Airport Level Committee

A. Composition of ABCRC Committee: The composition of Airport Bird Control and Reduction Committee (ABCRC) at National Level is as follows: 1. Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation Chairman 2. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Home Member 3. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Defense Member 4. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Population and Environment Member 5. Joint Secretary, Ministry of Local Development Member 6. Brigadier General, No11 Brigade, Gaucher Member 7. Chairman, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur District Development Committee Member 8. Mayor, Kathmandu Metropolitan Member 9. Chairman, Nepal Airlines Corporation Member 10. Director General, CAAN Member-Secretary

B. Composition of TIA-BCCIU Committee: The composition of Tribhuvan International Airport Bird Control Coordination and Implementation committee at airport level is as follows: 1. General Manager, TIA Civil Aviation Office - Chairman 2. Representative, Kathmandu District Development Committee Member 3. Representative, Kathmandu District Police Office Member 4. Representative, Kathmandu District Administration Office Member 5. Representative, Kathmandu District Forest Office Member 6. Representative, Kathmandu District Agriculture Office Member 7. Representative, Kathmandu District Vetenary Office Member 8. Representative, Ward No 9, 34, 7 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City Member 9. Mulpani and Gothatar VDCs Member 10. Specialists designated by Chairman Member 11. Representative, Nepal Airlines Member 12. Representative, Nepal Army Member 13. Representative, Solid Waste Management and Resource Member 14. Mobilization Centre, Ministry Of Local Development Member 15. Chief, Bird Control Unit, TIA Member- Secretary

C. Each airport has its own wildlife control coordination and implementation committee.

Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 27 Appendix 6 Protected Birds of Nepal

BlackBlack Stork SatyrSatyr TragopanTragopan

ImpeyanImpeyan Pheasant(Himalayan Monal) CheerCheer Pheasant

BengalBengal Florican GreatGreat HoHornbillrnbill SarusSarus Crane

WhiteWhite Sork LesserLesser FloFloricanrican Source: BCN/IUCN 28 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Directorate Head Office, Babarmahal Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-1- 4262387, 4262518, 4262326 Fax: +977- 4262516 Email: [email protected] Cable: AIRCIVIL AFTN: VNKTYAYX www.caanepal.org.np