Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal WiillddlliiffeeHHaazzaarrddRReeppoortrt 22001177 CiviillAAvviiaattiioonnAAuuththoorirtiytyofoNf Nepeaplal Published by: Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Directorate ffice, Babarmahal Head O Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-1-4262387, 4262518, 4262326 Fax: +977-1-4262516 rg.np Website: www.caanepal.o viation Authority of Nepal © Civil A Foreword Since flight began, aircraft have time CAAN has adopted various measures to and again encountered with wildlife control birds and other wildlife activities both in the air and on the ground. The in and around aerodromes. Effective incidents have become more frequent management of wildlife in aerodromes with the emergence of faster and quieter cannot be achieved by the sole effort of aircraft. The activity of birds and animals aerodrome operators rather it depends in and around an airfield is a recognised upon the cooperation and joint efforts of potential source of hazard to the safe all stakeholders. operation of aircraft. This hazard results from the possibility of collision between This report consists of wildlife data for an aircraft and birds or animals, thus the period of 2011-2016. The purpose of increasing the potential for serious this Wildlife Hazard Report - 2017 is to damage to aircraft and risk to human give information, increase awareness and lives. enhance stake holder’s knowledge about the wildlife activities along with control According to recent worldwide data, the measures adopted in the aerodromes of vast majority of strikes occur either on Nepal. We hope, this report will also or within the immediate proximity of an be beneficial for all those involved in aerodrome. The aerodromes of Nepal study and research of wildlife hazard in have many features that attract wildlife aviation. since the diverse topography as well as conducive climatological conditions attract a number of wildlife species including migratory birds. Wildlife ...……………… strike indicates that some aerodromes (Sanjiv Gautam) of Nepal are prone to wildlife activities. Director General Contents Contents Foreword Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Wildlife Strike in Nepal ................................................................................... 2 Legal Provisions ............................................................................................... 3 Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes ...................................................... 4 Studies on Bird Activities in TIA ................................................................... 6 Statistical Analysis of Wildlife data for the years 2011 to 2015 .................... 8 Causes of Wildlife Activities ........................................................................... 13 Wildlife Management at Airports .................................................................. 14 Airport Wildlife Hazard Control Mechanism .............................................. 18 Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 19 Appendix 1 Bird Species at Tribhuvan International Airport ............................................... 20 Appendix 2 List of Vascular Plants Recorded Around Tribhuvan International Airport........ 22 Appendix 3 Major Problematic Wildlife................................................................................ 25 Appendix 4 Bird/Other Wildlife Strike Report Form ........................................................... 26 Appendix 5 Composition of National and Airport Level Committee.................................... 27 Appendix 6 Protected Birds of Nepal .................................................................................... 28 Introduction Introduction Wildlife strikes i.e. collisions between aircraft and wildlife is common in aviation across the world. Wildlife strikes are not only the threat to the air safety, but also cost increment factor to the aviation industry. Most wildlife strikes occur in the airport environment. Large open space in the aerodromes provide suitable habitat for wildlife. Human activities such as rampant waste disposal add attraction to the birds. The increased population of wildlife and their mobility in the airport disturbs the safety of the aircraft. Wildlife strikes present a real threat to aviation safety and represent 3.6 percent of all aviation accidents. Usually Take-off and landing cause major damage to the aircraft and of aircraft are considered as the times difficulty in continuing the flight. of high risk for bird strike which can It is believed that the first bird strike was recorded by the Wright brothers in 7th September 1905. Since then, many people around the world have lost their lives from aircraft crashes due to bird hit and the aviation wildlife hazard has been significantly considered a risk to aviation ever since. The most fatal air crash due to bird hit occurred in Boston, USA in 1960 in which all four engines stalled after take-off killing 62 people on board. Today, the threat is world-wide and the severity magnitude and of such strike is demanding more stringent measures. Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 1 Wildlife Strike in Nepal Wildlife Strike in Nepal In Nepal, bird strike was not pronounced problem during early days. The major bird hit incident that took place in Nepal was, Thai Airways (Type of aircraft: A 300) Airbus in 1996. About 5-6 eagles found dead on the runway and left engine fan blades were found damaged. The aircraft was grounded for 4 days in Kathmandu. Nepal Airlines Corporation Boeing 757 aircraft and Jet Airways Boeing 737 aircraft both lost their one each engine This was the first ever fatal accident due to bird strike in 2000 and 2014 recorded which was caused by bird strike. respectively. Besides these incidents, In later days, significant number of minor occasional bird hit used to be reported. wildlife strikes have been experienced in However, no incident/accident has been different types of aircraft. reported except a Dornier 228 aircraft The aviation industry of Nepal has also which was believed to be struck by Black been affected by wildlife strikes like Kite during take off from Kathmandu for many other countries across the world. Lukla killing all 16 passengers and 3 Occasionally, both international and crews on board in September 28, 2012. domestic flights were delayed due to bird activities at the airport. Also, complete wildlife hazard prevention on and in the proximity of airport is not practically possible. We can only reduce the chances of collision with the wildlife. A number of serious wildlife incidents have also been experienced in domestic hub airports. Each airport has its own specific bird and wildlife hazard problems that depend on species of birds and types of wildlife involved. 2 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 Legal Provisions Legal Provisions ICAO v Wildlife strike management, including a collection of bird strike information, forwarded to the ICAO, and measures for decreasing the risk of bird strike, are provided in Annex14 Volume I Chapter 9. v Advisory Circular[AC/AD – 003] Guidance Material for Wildlife Hazards Management for Aerodrome Operator, 2012 Advisory Circular v Detailed measures to control wildlife [AC/AD - 003] Guidance Material for Wildlife Hazards Management are provided in Part 3 of the Airport for Aerodrome Operator Services Manual (Doc 9137). FIRST EDITION 1st September 2012 CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF NEPAL v Provision of National and Airport Level Committee for wildlife management (Appendix-5) v Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu has published the following procedures and manuals to manage and Nepal’s Regulation control wildlife at the airport. v Local Self Governance Act 1999 • TIA Bird Control Procedure Manual v Rule 77 of CAAN, Civil Aviation • TIA Bird Control Management Regulation, 2058 (2002) Manual v Civil Aviation Requirements-14, Part • TIA Aerodrome Manual 2010 I, Aerodrome design And Operation, • TIA Safety Management System 2015 (SMS) Manual 2010 Wildlife Hazard Report 2017 3 Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes Wildlife Hazard in Different Aerodromes Nepalgunj, Gautam Buddha (Bhairahawa), Biratnagar and Pokhara Airports can be considered as more vulnerable domestic airports in terms of wildlife activities. The airport area has been a good habitat for several birds and mammal species causing to flourish their population increase. Nepalgunj Airport is enclosed by agriculture land, forest, and settlement. A total of 36 bird species and 2 mammal species are recorded in this airport. Wild boar and Golden Jackal are the mammals found inside the core airport areas which Most of the area around the Gautam pose serious threat to flight safety. These Buddha Airport is agriculture field with mammals are major problematic animals different vegetation structure. A total of in the airport. Beside this, occasional 28 bird species and 6 mammal species entry of stray dogs and domestic animals are recorded in this airport. Nilgai, Feral into the airport also pose an unforeseen dogs, Jungle cats, domestic cats, Jackal risk. and Wild boar are found in small dense bushes within the airport perimeter. Among them, Nilgai (Blue bull), Jackal and wild boar have been the major problem of this airport. Biratnagar Airport is also affected by wildlife activities where 37 bird species and 7 mammal species are