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Embryology and Anatomy of Fetal Heart
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem Dr. Jamila El Medany Objectives • By the end of this lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the formation, sit, union divisions of the of the heart tubes. • Describe the formation and fate of the sinus venosus. • Describe the partitioning of the common atrium and common ventricle. • Describe the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus. • List the most common cardiac anomalies. • The CVS is the first major system to function in the embryo. • The heart begins to beat at (22nd – 23rd ) days. • Blood flow begins during the beginning of the fourth week and can be visualized by Ultrasound Doppler Notochord: stimulates neural tube formation Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm FORMATION OF THE HEART TUBE • The heart is the first functional organ to develop. • It develops from Splanchnic Mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac (Cardiogenic Area): Cranial to the developing Mouth & Nervous system and Ventral to the developing Pericardial sac. • The heart primordium is first evident at day 18 (as an Angioplastic cords which soon canalize to form the 2 heart tubes). • As the Head Fold completed, the developing heart tubes change their position and become in the Ventral aspect of the embryo, Dorsal to the developing Pericardial sac. • . Development of the Heart tube • After Lateral Folding of the embryo, the 2 heart tubes approach each other and fuse to form a single Endocardial Heart tube within the pericardial sac. • Fusion of the two tubes occurs in a Craniocaudal direction. What is the • The heart tube grows faster than shape of the the pericardial sac, so it shows 5 alternate dilations separated by Heart Tube? constrictions. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
MDCT of Interatrial Septum
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 891—899 PICTORIAL REVIEW /Cardiovascular imaging MDCT of interatrial septum ∗ D. Yasunaga , M. Hamon Service de radiologie, pôle d’imagerie, CHU de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France KEYWORDS Abstract ECG-gated cardiac multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) allows precise Cardiac CT; analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS). This pictorial review provides a detailed description of Interatrial septum; the normal anatomy, variants and abnormalities of the IAS such as patent foramen ovale, con- Patent foramen genital abnormalities such as atrial septal defects as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes ovale; that develop on the IAS. Secundum ASD © 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of the Éditions françaises de radiologie. Introduction Major technical advances in computed tomography (CT) in recent years have made it pos- sible to use multidetector row CT (MDCT) in the field of cardiac imaging. Besides coronary arteries, ECG-gated cardiac MDCT provides high-resolution images of all cardiac structures. It is therefore important for radiologists to understand and be able to analyze the normal anatomical structures, variants and diseases of these different structures. This article provides an analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS) based on a pictorial review. After a short embryological and anatomical description, we will illustrate the nor- mal anatomy and variants of the IAS, anomalies such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), congenital diseases such as atrial septal defects (ASD) as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes that develop on the IAS. Abbreviations: ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; ASD, atrial septal defect; ECG, electrocardiogram; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; M, myxoma; PFO, patent foramen ovale; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; MIP, maximal intensity projection; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TV, tricuspid valve. -
Genetic and Flow Anomalies in Congenital Heart Disease
Published online: 2021-05-10 AIMS Genetics, 3(3): 157-166. DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.3.157 Received: 01 July 2016 Accepted: 16 August 2016 Published: 23 August 2016 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/Genetics Review Genetic and flow anomalies in congenital heart disease Sandra Rugonyi* Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave. M/C CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +1-503-418-9310; Fax: +1-503-418-9311. Abstract: Congenital heart defects are the most common malformations in humans, affecting approximately 1% of newborn babies. While genetic causes of congenital heart disease have been studied, only less than 20% of human cases are clearly linked to genetic anomalies. The cause for the majority of the cases remains unknown. Heart formation is a finely orchestrated developmental process and slight disruptions of it can lead to severe malformations. Dysregulation of developmental processes leading to heart malformations are caused by genetic anomalies but also environmental factors including blood flow. Intra-cardiac blood flow dynamics plays a significant role regulating heart development and perturbations of blood flow lead to congenital heart defects in animal models. Defects that result from hemodynamic alterations recapitulate those observed in human babies, even those due to genetic anomalies and toxic teratogen exposure. Because important cardiac developmental events, such as valve formation and septation, occur under blood flow conditions while the heart is pumping, blood flow regulation of cardiac formation might be a critical factor determining cardiac phenotype. The contribution of flow to cardiac phenotype, however, is frequently ignored. -
Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus Esmarki
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 4-27-2020 Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki Alexandria Shumway [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Shumway, Alexandria, "Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki" (2020). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki By Alexandria Shumway A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioinformatics Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences College of Science Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY April 27, 2020 Rochester Institute of Technology Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences Bioinformatics Program 2 To: Head, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences The undersigned state that Alexandria Juliana Shumway, a candidate for the Master of Science degree in Bioinformatics, has submitted her thesis and has satisfactorily defended it. This completes the requirements for the Master of Science degree in Bioinformatics at Rochester Institute of Technology. Name Date ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Hyla Sweet, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Michael Osier, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Andre Hudson, Ph.D. Committee Member 3 1 ABSTRACT Ophioplocus esmarki is one species within a family of brittle stars that includes an abbreviated mode of development with a non-feeding, vitellaria larva. -
Endocardial Cushion and Myocardial Defects After Cardiac Myocyte-Specific Conditional Deletion of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor ALK3
Endocardial cushion and myocardial defects after cardiac myocyte-specific conditional deletion of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor ALK3 Vinciane Gaussin*†, Tom Van de Putte‡, Yuji Mishina§, Mark C. Hanks¶, An Zwijsen‡, Danny Huylebroeck‡, Richard R. Behringerʈ, and Michael D. Schneider*,** *Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; ‡Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB07), K.U. Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; §National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; ¶Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040; and ʈUniversity of Texas–M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Edited by Eric N. Olson, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved December 31, 2001 (received for review July 26, 2001) Receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of velopment, whereas ALK6 is absent from the heart at mid- the transforming growth factor- (TGF) superfamily, are persis- gestation (17). The developing heart also expresses ALK2͞ tently expressed during cardiac development, yet mice lacking type ActRIA (5, 18), which can function as a type I BMP receptor II or type IA BMP receptors die at gastrulation and cannot be used with preference for BMP6 and -7 (19). ALK3, ALK2, and to assess potential later roles in creation of the heart. Here, we BMPR-II are each essential for gastrulation and mesoderm used a Cre͞lox system for cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of the formation (18, 20, 21); mice lacking just BMP4 also fail to type IA BMP receptor, ALK3. ALK3 was specifically required at progress, typically, beyond the egg cylinder stage (22). -
Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development
Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development In human embryos, the heart begins to beat at approximately 22-23 days, with blood flow beginning in the 4th week. The heart is one of the earliest differentiating and functioning organs. • This emphasizes the critical nature of the heart in distributing blood through the vessels and the vital exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes between the developing baby and the mother. • Therefore, the first system that completes its development in the embryo is called cardiovascular system. https://www.slideshare.net/DrSherifFahmy/intraembryonic-mesoderm-general-embryology Mesoderm is one of the three • Connective tissue primary germ layers that • Smooth and striated muscle • Cardiovascular System differentiates early in • Kidneys development that collectively • Spleen • Genital organs, ducts gives rise to all subsequent • Adrenal gland cortex tissues and organs. The cardiovascular system begins to develop in the third week of gestation. Blood islands develop in the newly formed mesoderm, and consist of (a) a central group of haemoblasts, the embryonic precursors of blood cells; (b) endothelial cells. Development of the heart and vascular system is often described together as the cardiovascular system. Development begins very early in mesoderm both within (embryonic) and outside (extra embryonic, vitelline, umblical and placental) the embryo. Vascular development occurs in many places. • Blood islands coalesce to form a vascular plexus. Preferential channels form arteries and veins. • Day 17 - Blood islands form first in the extra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 18 - Blood islands form next in the intra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 19 - Blood islands form in the cardiogenic mesoderm and coalesce to form a pair of endothelial heart tubes Development of a circulation • A circulation is established during the 4th week after the myocardium is differentiated. -
Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Patent Foramen Ovale and the Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure
Acta Cardiol Sin 2016;32:731-737 Brief Report doi: 10.6515/ACS20160205A Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Patent Foramen Ovale and the Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure Ali Yildirim,1 Alperen Aydin,2 Tevfik Demir,1 Fatma Aydin,2 Birsen Ucar1 and Zubeyir Kilic1 Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the echocardiographic follow-up of patent foramen ovale, which is considered a potential etiological factor in various diseases, and to determine the factors affecting spontaneous closure. Methods: Between January 2000 and June 2012, records of 918 patients with patent foramen ovale were retrospectively reviewed. Patency of less than 3 mm around the fossa ovalis is called patent foramen ovale. Patients with cyanotic congenital heart diseases, severe heart valve disorders and severe hemodynamic left to right shunts were excluded from the study. The patients were divided into three groups based on age; 1 day-1 monthingroup1,1month-12monthsingroup2,andmorethan12monthsingroup3. Results: Of the 918 patients, 564 (61.4%) had spontaneous closure, 328 (35.8%) had patent foramen ovale continued, 15 (1.6%) patients had patent foramen ovale enlarged to 3-5 mm, 6 patients were enlarged to 5-8 mm, and in one patient patent foramen ovale reached to more than 8 mm size. Defect was spontaneously closed in 65.9% of the patients in group 1, 66.7% of the patients in group 2, and 52.3% of the patients in group 3. There was a negative correlation between the age of diagnosis and spontaneous closure (p < 0.05). Gender, prematurity and coexisting malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal aneurysm did not have any effect on spontaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (p > 0.05). -
Cardiovascular System Note: the Cardiovascular System Develops Early (Week 3), Enabling the Embryo to Grow Beyond the Short
Lymphatics: Lymph vessel formation is similar to blood angiogenesis. Lymphatics begin as lymph sacs in three regions: jugular (near brachiocephalic veins); cranial abdominal (future cysterna chyla); and iliac region. Lym- phatic vessels (ducts) form as outgrowths of the sacs. mesenchyme Lymph nodes are produced by localized mesoder- sinusoid lymph duct lumen mal invaginations that partition the vessel lumen into sinu- soids. The mesoderm develops a reticular framework within which mesodermal lymphocytes accumulate. The spleen and hemal nodes (in ruminants) invagination develop similar to the way lymph nodes develop. Lymph Node Formation Prior to birth, fetal circulation is designed for an in utero aqueous environment where the pla- centa oxygenates fetal blood. Suddenly, at birth... Three In-Utero Adjustments ductus Stretching and constriction of arteriosus umbilical arteries shifts fetal blood flow aortic arch from the placenta to the fetus. Reduced pulmonary trunk L atrium venous return through the (left) umbili- foramen ovale R cal vein and ductus venosus allows the atrium latter to gradually close (over a period caudal vena cava of days). Bradykinin released by expand- ductus venosus ing lungs and increased oxygen concen- tration in blood triggers constriction of aorta the ductus arteriosus which, over two liver months, is gradually converted to a fibrous structure, the ligamentum arte- umbilical v. riosum. portal v. The increased blood flow to the lungs and then to the left atrium equalizes pres- sure in the two atria, resulting in closure umbilical aa. of the foramen ovale that eventually grows permanent. 29 The cardiogenic area, the place where the embryonic heart originates, is located . -
Development and Teratology of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Development and teratology of cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Repetition: Muscle tissue Beginning of the cardiovascular system development – the 3rd week: Hemangiogenesis (day 15 – 16) – blood islets (insulae sanguinae) in extraembryonic mesoderm and splanchnic mesenchyme of embryo Clusters of mesenchyme cells (angiogenic cells) differentiate into: - angioblasts endothelium (at the periphery of blood islets) - hemoblasts primitive erythrocytes (in the center of blood islets) Clusters of angiogenic cells form a "horseshoe-shaped" space between somatic and splanchnic layer of mesoderm = pericardial cavity. Two endothelial tubes arrise in splanchnic mesoderm. The ventral portion of these tubes forms the cardiogenic area with two heart tubes, while the lateral portions form the dorsal aortae. Germ disc: prosencephalon mesencephalon eye rhombencephalon heart lateral mesoderm somites small blood vessels blood islands 8,9 Spine primitive streak Initially, the cardiogenic area is located anterior to the prechordal plate and the neural plate. The growth of the central nervous system pulls the cardiogenic area and prechordal plate (buccopharyngeal membrane ventrally and caudally ( ). Cardiogenic region just cranial to the prechordal plate. The canalization of cardiogenic clusters in the splanchnic mesoderm results in the formation of the paired heart tubes. Folding of embryo and primitive gut separation from yolk sac. Fusion of the heart tubes a single heart tube is, temporarily attached to the dorsal side of the pericardial cavity by the -
Endothelial Dysfunction May Link Interatrial Septal Abnormalities and MTHFR-Inherited Defects to Cryptogenic Stroke Predisposition
biomolecules Article Endothelial Dysfunction May Link Interatrial Septal Abnormalities and MTHFR-Inherited Defects to Cryptogenic Stroke Predisposition 1, 2, 1 1 Luca Sgarra y, Alessandro Santo Bortone y, Maria Assunta Potenza , Carmela Nacci , Maria Antonietta De Salvia 1, Tommaso Acquaviva 2, Emanuela De Cillis 2, Marco Matteo Ciccone 2, Massimo Grimaldi 3 and Monica Montagnani 1,* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology—Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (M.A.P.); [email protected] (C.N.); [email protected] (M.A.D.S.) 2 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation—Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (A.S.B.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (E.D.C.); [email protected] (M.M.C.) 3 General Hospital “F. Miulli” Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021 Bari, Italy; fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 28 March 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 4 June 2020 Abstract: We explored the significance of the L-Arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine (L-Arg/ADMA) ratio as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in stroke patients. To this aim, we evaluated the correlation, in terms of severity, between the degree of endothelial dysfunction (by L-Arg/ADMA ratio), the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype, and the interatrial septum (IAS) phenotype in subject with a history of stroke. Methods and Results: L-Arg, ADMA, and MTHFR genotypes were evaluated; the IAS phenotype was assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. -
The Interventricular Septum by E
Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.12.4.304 on 1 December 1957. Downloaded from Thorax (1957), 12, 304. THE INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM BY E. W. T. MORRIS From the Anatomy Department, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School, Londoni (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION JULY 26, 1957) It is difficult to find in the literature a clear and between the tips of its two horns where the concise account of the development and form of boundary is formed by the fused atrioventricular the interventricular septum. Moreover, some of cushion (A, in Fig. 4). This septum does not lie the accounts in the clinical literature are at vari- in one plane and the main part of its free border ance with that generally accepted by embryo- forms a spiral (Figs. 4 and 5). logists. For this reason and in view of the recent (2) While the muscular part is forming. changes technical advances in the surgery of the heart, it are taking place in the relative positions of the seems opportune to describe the development and bulbus cordis and the ventricles. Earlier the heart anatomy of the interventricular septum and to tube is flexed at the bulboventricular junction so correlate this knowledge as far as possible with that the bulbus cordis comes to lie ventrally and the sites of interventricular septal defects. to the right of the ventricle (Fig. 2). Their con- At an early stage the heart consists of the sinus tiguous walls form a septum-the bulboven- venosus, the common atrium, the common ven- tricular septum-around the lower free border tricle, and the bulbus cordis, serially arranged in of which the two cavities communicate (see Figs.copyright.