Mobility behaviour in different car sharing variants

SHARE North Webinar, 15 March 2019 Gunnar Nehrke, Bundesverband e.V.

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Car sharing in Germany

Car sharing market (as of 01.01.2019) – 20.200 Car sharing cars – 2.460.000 Customers

– 740 Cities with car sharing (7 big cities with free-floating services) – 165 Operators

Bundesverband CarSharing e.V. – since 1998 – 151 Operators

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Market segments in Germany

Number of customers Biggest operators (by number of vehicles)

Free-floating Roundtrip

Roundtrip Free-floating

Number of vehicles

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Impact of car sharing on urban mobility

Less space consumption: Up to 20 private cars substituted by 1 car sharing car*

*Result for roundtrip car sharing in 16 inner city areas in Germany

bcs 2016

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Impact of car sharing on urban mobility

Change of mobility behaviour: More trips done with sustainable modes

Subjective change in travel behaviour in households that got car-free directly before or after joining car sharing.

Results for roundtrip car sharing in 16 inner city areas in Germany

bcs 2016

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 STARS case study in Germany

Aim: Study the differences in mobility behaviour and attitudes towards car sharing … in different car sharing variants … under controllable “best practice” circumstances for car sharing adoption

Study overview: Defined areas of investigation in Cologne, , 1.122 responding car sharing customers 185 non-users Online survey send out by car sharing operators (non users: white mail) Year: 2018

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Areas of investigation

Frankfurt Stuttgart

Cologne

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Car sharing variants in German case study

(Stuttgart, Frankfurt), station-based cambio (Cologne) Roundtrip homezone-based -

with operational area car2go (Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Cologne) Free-floating with pool stations -

Combined free-floating + roundtrip book-n-drive (Frankfurt)

Peer-to-peer homezone-based Drivy (national sample)

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 User groups: Single and multiple membership Groups # of participants % Roundtrip (stationbased) 269 24,0 % Free-floating (with operational area) 190 16,9 % Peer-to-peer (homezone based) 131 11,7 % Combined (Roundtrip + Free-floating) 157 14,0 % total 747 66,6 % Roundtrip + Free-floating 159 14,2 % Roundtrip + Peer-to-peer 15 1,3 % Free-floating + Peer-to-peer 64 5,7 % Combined + Roundtrip 38 3,4 % Combined + Free-floating 33 2,9 % Combined + Peer-to-peer 2 0,2 % total 311 27,7 % Roundtrip + Free-floating + Peer-to-peer 30 2,7 % Combined + Roundtrip + Free-floating 34 3,0 % total 64 5,7 %

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 User groups: Focus of STARS analysis

Groups # of participants % Roundtrip (stationbased) 269 24,0 % Free-floating (with operational area) 190 16,9 % Combined (Roundtrip + Free-floating) 157 14,0 % total 747 54,9 % Roundtrip + Free-floating 159 14,2 % total 906 69,1 %

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Car stock

Cars per 1.000 persons in households 500

400

300

485 484 200

100 173 108 104

0 Roundtrip Combined Free-floating Roundtrip + Free- Non-User floating

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Development of car stock

95%

82%

68%

58%

42% 40%

34% 36%

cars

cars

cars

cars

cars

187 187

98 98

103 103

193 193 175 175

Roundtrip Combined Free-floating Roundtrip + Non-User n = 269 n = 157 n = 190 Free-floating n = 184 n = 158 12 months before CS when joining CS now

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Car-free households

100%

90%

80% 81% 77% 78% 78% 70% 68% 60%

50% 54% 40%

30% 35% 32% 20% 25% 10%

0% Roundtrip Combined Free-floating Roundtrip + Non-User n = 269 n = 157 n = 190 Free-floating n = 184 n = 158 Car-free households when joining CS Car-free households now

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Parallel use of car sharing and private car?

„Car sharing is an additional product to a private car.“

Roundtrip 53% 26% 9% 6% 6%

Combined 57% 22% 11% 5% 6%

Free-floating 13% 17% 19% 22% 29%

Roundtrip + Free- 38% 30% 9% 8% 15% floating

Non-User 40% 25% 14% 13% 8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 = strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 = strongly agree

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 What are reasons for the differences found in car sharing variants?

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Attitude towards car „Driving a car ist fun.“

Roundtrip 12% 18% 31% 29% 10%

Combined 8% 17% 24% 26% 25%

Free-floating 4% 8% 11% 29% 48%

Roundtrip + FF 5% 15% 30% 27% 23%

Non-User 11% 20% 33% 22% 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 = strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 = strongly agree

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Attitude towards car sharing

„Car sharing is a full replacement for a private car.“

Roundtrip 3% 11% 22% 32% 31%

Combined 4% 11% 20% 25% 40%

Free-floating 19% 24% 24% 20% 13%

Roundtrip + FF 11% 10% 18% 31% 30%

Non-User 13% 17% 28% 27% 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 = strongly disagree 2 3 4 5 = strongly agree

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Satisfaction with car sharing Satisfaction with availability of cars

Parallel RT/FFStatbas users + Ff:, Satisfaction with Roundtrip 3% 10% 49% 34% Zufriedenheit mit Stationsbasiert 4%

Parallel RT/FFStatbas users +, Ff: 17% 19% 36% 23% 4% SatisfactionZufriedenheitwith mitFree Free-floating-floating

Satisfaction with costs

Parallel RT/FFStatbas users + ,Ff: 3% 27% 48% 17% SatisfactionZufriedenheitwith mitR Stationsbasiertoundtrip 4%

Parallel RT/FFStatbas users +, Ff: 7% 24% 39% 24% 4% SatisfactionZufriedenheitwith mitFree Free-floating-floating

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 = sehrvery unzufriedenunsatisfied 2 3 4 5 = sehrvery zufriedensatisfied

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Do car sharing variants have different impacts on other modes?

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Different patterns of car sharing use

Roundtrip Free-floating

Lenght of booking 5:43 7:38 0:30 0:48 (h)

Distance travelled 53 84 9 13 (km)

CiteeCar, , car2go, DriveNow, München, München, München, München, EVA-CS EVA-CS EVA-CS Kopp 2015

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Different use-cases in different variants

Roundtrip & combined: Longer and planned trips (e.g. bulk shopping, trip out of town, visit friends in another town) = classic use-cases for a car

Free-floating: Spontanous, short inner-city trips (e.g. dinner in a restaurant, shopping in the city) = new use-cases for a car (triggered by ability to go one-way)

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Example 1: Trip purposes and car sharing Bulk shopping

Roundtrip 15% 41% 41% 3%

Combined 15% 41% 40% 5%

Free-floating 66% 15% 17% 2%

Roundtrip + FF 26% 42% 30% 3%

Non-user 61% 30% 9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Private car CarSharing PT+Bike+Walking Other

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Example 2: Trip purposes and car sharing Going to a restaurant for dinner

Roundtrip 4% 1% 94% 2%

Combined 2% 5% 93%

Free-floating 19% 20% 61% 1%

Roundtrip + FF 6% 8% 84% 1%

Non-user 10% 84% 6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Private car CarSharing PT + Bike + Walking Other

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Change in mode-use because of car sharing: PT

„After joining car sharing i use public transport …“

Roundtrip 24% 10%

Combined 19% 12%

Free-floating 11% 34%

Roundtrip + FF 22% 18%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

… more often … as often … less often

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Frequency of car sharing use

60%

50% 53%

45% 40% 41% 37% 30% 33% 31% 31% 27% 20% 17% 18% 15% 15% 10% 13% 11% 11%

2% 0% Peer-to-peer StationsbasiertRoundtrip CombinedKombiniert FreeFree-floating-floating Peer-to-peer CarSharing

mind.Minimum 1 x pro1 per Woche week mind.Minimum 1 x 1im per Monat month mind.Minimum 1 x 1im in halben6 months Jahr mind.Minimum 1 x 1 imper Jahr year

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Public transport seasonal tickets

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40% 68% 66% 30% 55% 47% 47% 20% 38% 10%

0% Roundtrip Combined Free-floating Peer-to-peer Roundtrip + FF Non-User

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Conclusions In inner-city urban areas with good availability of car sharing and public transport:

Free-floating car sharing is often used parallel to private car. Roundtrip and combined variants produce more car-free households - so does parallel roundtrip/free-floating use (= roundtrip seems to be the main reason for living car-free). Free-floating is used for short inner-city trips. Roundtrip is used for planned, longer lasting activities (= classic use-cases for private cars). To replace as many private cars as possible, the ability of free-floating to attract car owners needs to be connected with the ability of roundtrip car sharing to replace private cars.

This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n°769513 Thank you Get in touch for more information!

www.carsharing.de www.stars-h2020.eu Gunnar Nehrke Bundesverband CarSharing e.V. Schönhauser Allee 141 B [email protected] 10437 [email protected]

@StarsH2020 @bcs_eV

The contents of this presentation reflect only the author’s view. The European Commission and INEA are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.