DOCSLIB.ORG

Brief Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brief Contents Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Brief Contents Part I Historical and Methodological Issues 1 1 Historical Introduction: Evolution and Theories of Mind and Behaviour, Darwin and After 3 2 Foundations of Darwinian Psychology 17 Part II Two Pillars of the Darwinian Paradigm: Natural and Sexual Selection 33 3 Natural Selection, Inclusive Fitness and the Selfish Gene 35 4 Sex and Sexual Selection 50 Part III Human Evolution and its Consequences 69 5 The Evolution of the Hominins 71 6 This Quintessence of Dust: The Hominin Package 87 Part IV Adaptations and Developmental Plasticity 109 7 Adaptations and Evolved Design 111 8 Life History Theory 138 Part V Cognition and Emotion 163 9 Cognition and Modularity 165 10 Emotions 190 Part VI Cooperation and Conflict 203 11 Altruism and Cooperation 205 12 Conflict and Crime 229 Part VII Mating and Mate Choice 253 13 Human Sexual Behaviour: Anthropological Perspectives 255 14 Human Mate Choice: The Evolutionary Logic of Sexual Desire 268 15 Facial Attractiveness 293 16 The Paradox of Homosexuality 312 17 Incest Avoidance and the Westermarck Effect 323 Part VIII Health and Disease 339 18 Darwinian Medicine: Evolutionary Perspectives on Health and Disease 341 v Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 vi BRIeF CONteNtS 19 Three Case Studies in Evolution and Health: Diet, Cancer and Mental Disorders 371 Part IX Wider Contexts 397 20 The Evolution of Culture: Genes and Memes 399 21 Ethics 418 Glossary 435 References 447 Index 484 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Historical Introduction: Evolution and Theories CHAPTER of Mind and Behaviour, Darwin and After 1 In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. The origin of species 4 Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary The study of animal behaviour: ­acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be ethology and comparative thrown on the origin of man and his history. ­psychology in the 20th century 5 (Darwin, 1859b, p. 458) The rise of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology 10 Summary 14 Further reading 15 Charles Darwin published his two greatest books on inadequately informed by selectionist thought. Had evolutionary theory, On the Origin of Species by Means Freud better understood Darwin, for example, the of Natural Selection, and The Descent of Man and Selec- world would have been spared such fantastic dead-end tion in Relation to Sex, in 1859 and 1871 respectively, notions as Oedipal desires and death instincts. (Daly, and he was convinced that a revolution in psychol- 1997, p. 2) ogy would shortly follow. But for the first three-­ quarters of the 20th century, while biology became The project of Darwinising humanity, however, more securely based on deepening evolutionary is not just an activity taking place inside the disci- foundations, psychology failed lamentably to exploit pline of psychology: it is to be found in, and draws the potential of Darwinian thought. There were some upon, a whole range of academic fields such as ani- exceptions – William James being the most notable – mal behaviour, behavioural ecology, physical and but many psychologists either ignored Darwinism or, cultural anthropology, genetics and medicine. This more damagingly, misunderstood the message that it book takes a broad-based and catholic approach to held. Psychology was poorer as a result. this enterprise and draws upon these diverse fields Borrowing the terminology of Thomas Kuhn as required. (1962), we might say that for most of its history psy- Darwinism began in 1859 when Darwin chology has lacked a unifying paradigm – a set of (Figure 1.1), in his fiftieth year, finally published procedures, assumptions, methodologies and back- his masterwork On the Origin of Species by Means ground theories that all its practitioners can agree of Natural Selection. The book, originally intended upon. There are those who would argue that evolu- as an abstract of a much larger volume, contained tionary psychology has the potential to supply this concepts and insights that had occurred to Darwin missing paradigm, and this book is partly an attempt at least 15 years earlier, yet he had wavered and to explore the strength of this claim. This belief is delayed before publishing. The larger volume neatly summarised by the late Margo Daly: never appeared, and Darwin was forced to rush out his Origin following a remarkable series of The reason why psychologists have wandered down events that began in June of the previous year. It is so many garden paths is not that their subject is 1858, therefore, that serves as a convenient start- resistant to the scientific method, but that it has been ing point. 3 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 4 EVOlUtiON AND HUMAN BEhAViOUR 1.1 The origin of species After the Linnean meeting, Darwin set to work on what he thought would be an abstract of the great On 18 June 1858, Darwin received a letter from a volume he was working on. The abstract grew to a young naturalist called Alfred Russel Wallace, then full-length book, and his publisher, Murray, even- working on the island of Ternate in the Malay Archi- tually persuaded Darwin to drop the term ‘abstract’ pelago. When Darwin read its contents, he felt his from the title. After various corrections, the title was world fall apart. In the letter was a scientific paper in pruned to ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of the form of a long essay entitled ‘On the tendency of Natural Selection’, and Murray planned a print run varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type’. of 1,250 copies. Wallace, innocent of the irony, wondered whether Darwin, amid fits of vomiting, finished correct- Darwin thought the paper important and ‘hoped the ing the proofs on 1 October 1859. He then retired idea would be as new to him as it was to me, and that for treatment to the Ilkley Hydropathic Hotel in it would supply the missing factor to explain the ori- Yorkshire. In November, Darwin sent advance copies gin of species’ (Wallace, 1905, p. 361). The ideas were to his friends and colleagues, confessing to Wallace far from new to Darwin: they had been an obsession his fears that ‘God knows what the public will think’ of his for half a lifetime. Wallace had independently (Darwin, 1859a). Many of Darwin’s anxieties were arrived at the same conclusions that Darwin had unfounded. When the book went on sale to the trade reached at least 14 years earlier, and the demonstra- on 22 November, it was already sold out. It was an tion of which Darwin saw as his life’s work. Darwin instant sensation, and a second edition was planned knew that the essay must be published and, in a mis- for January 1860. Thereafter, man’s place in nature erable state, exacerbated by his own illness and fever was changed, and changed utterly. in the family, wrote for advice to his geologist friend and scientific colleague Sir Charles Lyell, comment- ing that he ‘never saw a more striking coincidence’ and lamented that ‘all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed’ (Darwin, 1858). Fortunately for Darwin, powerful friends arranged a compromise that would recognise the importance of Wallace’s ideas and simultaneously acknowledge Darwin’s previous work on the same subject. A joint paper, by Wallace and Darwin, was to be read out before the next gathering of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. The reading was greeted by a muted response. The president walked out, later complaining that the whole year had not ‘been marked by any of those striking discoveries which at once revolutionise, so to speak [our] department of science’ (Desmond and Moore, 1991, p. 470). At his home, Down House, Darwin remained in an abject state, coping with a mys- terious physical illness that plagued him for the rest of his life and nursing a nagging fear that it might seem as if he had stolen the credit from Wallace. He was also grieving: his young son Charles Waring had died a few days earlier. As the Linnean meeting proceeded, Darwin stayed away and attended the funeral with his wife Emma. By the end of the day, the theory of evolu- FiGURE 1.1 Charles Darwin (1809–82) from a tion by natural selection had received its first public ­photograph taken by Maull and Fox around 1854. announcement, and Darwin had buried his child. SOURCE: Public domain Wikimedia Commons. Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 Copyrighted material – 9781137348005 1 EVOlUtiON AND ThEORiEs Of MiND AND BEhAViOUR, DARwiN AND AftER 5 1.1.1 New foundations the analogy between animals and humans in both directions. Animals could be understood using con- In On the Origin, Darwin was decidedly coy about the cepts drawn from the mental life of humans, and this application of his ideas to humans, but the implica- understanding could then be reapplied to understand tions were clear enough and, in the years following, the human condition. Lorenz frequently expressed both Darwin and Thomas Huxley began the process his debt to Heinroth’s approach. of dissecting and exposing the evolutionary ancestry By conducting experiments at his home on the and descent of man. It was towards the end of On the outskirts of Vienna, Lorenz observed numerous fea- Origin, however, that Darwin made a bold forecast tures of animal behaviour that have become associ- that psychology would be placed on a new founda- ated with his name. In one classic study, he noted tion and that light would be thrown on the origin of how a newly hatched goose chick will ‘imprint’ itself man and his history (Darwin, 1859b, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Insight from the Sociology of Science
    CHAPTER 7 INSIGHT FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE Science is What Scientists Do It has been argued a number of times in previous chapters that empirical adequacy is insufficient, in itself, to establish the validity of a theory: consistency with the observable ‘facts’ does not mean that a theory is true,1 only that it might be true, along with other theories that may also correspond with the observational data. Moreover, empirical inadequacy (theories unable to account for all the ‘facts’ in their domain) is frequently ignored by individual scientists in their fight to establish a new theory or retain an existing one. It has also been argued that because experi- ments are conceived and conducted within a particular theoretical, procedural and instrumental framework, they cannot furnish the theory-free data needed to make empirically-based judgements about the superiority of one theory over another. What counts as relevant evidence is, in part, determined by the theoretical framework the evidence is intended to test. It follows that the rationality of science is rather different from the account we usually provide for students in school. Experiment and observation are not as decisive as we claim. Additional factors that may play a part in theory acceptance include the following: intuition, aesthetic considerations, similarity and consistency among theories, intellectual fashion, social and economic influences, status of the proposer(s), personal motives and opportunism. Although the evidence may be inconclusive, scientists’ intuitive feelings about the plausibility or aptness of particular ideas will make it appear convincing. The history of science includes many accounts of scientists ‘sticking to their guns’ concerning a well-loved theory in the teeth of evidence to the contrary, and some- times in the absence of any evidence at all.
    [Show full text]
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction and Historical Perspective
    Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful
    [Show full text]
  • Nikolaas Tinbergen: the Careful Scientist), Respectively, by Sindhu Radhakrishna in This Issue
    Editorial T N C Vidya, Associate Editor We are happy to bring to you, an issue that celebrates Niko- laas Tinbergen, who along with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, laid the foundations of the field of ethology, the study of animal behaviour. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal behaviour was largely approached either through vital- ism and purposive psychology (in England and then America), suggesting that behaviour was the outcome of mystical forces Email: within individuals that could, therefore, not be explained through [email protected] physico-chemical processes, or through comparative psychology (in America) that placed an almost exclusive emphasis on learn- ing as the process responsible for behaviour. Comparative psy- chologists at that time often anthropomorphised animal behaviour and relied on laboratory experiments to test animals. Ethologists Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch (in Europe), on the other hand, articulated how animal behaviour itself could be an evolved phe- nomenon. The behaviour showed by an animal could, therefore, be inherited, have survival value, and be acted upon by natu- ral selection. This was in contrast to the view of comparative psychologists who thought that mental faculties – and not be- haviours – evolved and allowed various species to learn appro- priate behaviours. Therefore, ethologists tended to focus on an- imal behaviour in the natural environment and study instinctive behaviours – behaviours that animals displayed in response to specific stimuli even in the absence of prior experience. How- ever, they realized that learning could also be important in some species at least. Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch carried out careful observations and experiments on insects, fishes, and birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
    Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Niko Tinbergen R
    Niko Tinbergen R. W. Burkhardt, Jr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Life and Scientific Career was to live in the Arctic among the Inuit and witness the stark, natural beauties of the area. Nikolaas (Niko) Tinbergen, the third of five children of After 15 months in Greenland, the Tinbergens two Dutch schoolteachers, was born in The Hague on returned in the fall of 1933 to Holland. Tinbergen took 15 April 1907. Remarkably, two of the family’s four up again an assistantship in the Leiden Department of sons were eventually awarded Nobel Prizes. Niko’s elder Zoology (a position to which he had been originally brother Jan received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969; appointed in 1931). In this capacity, he developed a pro- Niko received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine gram of research and teaching involving field and labora- in 1973. When reporters asked Niko how it was that his tory studies of animal behavior. He established in the family had produced two Nobel Prize winners, he attrib- spring of 1935 a special, 6 week, laboratory ‘practical’ for uted this not to innate abilities but rather to the support- third-year undergraduates. In this course, he and his ive conditions in which he and his siblings were raised. students researched the reproductive behavior of fish, The Tinbergen parents allowed their children to follow most notably the three-spined stickleback. In summers, their own interests. For Niko, this meant outdoor activ- he took students to a field camp in the Dutch dunes to ities – sports, nature rambles, camping out, and eventually study the behavior of insects and birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty Years of Neuropsychopharmacology
    Z. Lacković Fifty years of neuropsychopharmacology FIFTY YEARS OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Zdravko Lacković Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsihopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology & Croatian Brain Research Institute, University of Zagreb School of Medicine In the fi fty years since the fi rst Pula congress a lot of methodology of reverse pharmacology – instead has changed in neuropsychopharmacology. Granted, of a classic approach, nowadays receptors are more the major groups of psychoactive drugs had already and more often synthesized from the human genome been discovered: neuroleptics, antidepressants, ben- followed by search for their endogenous ligands and zodiazepine anxiolitics, psychostimulants... Neu- possibilities of their pharmacological manipulation. rology was using the basic antiepileptics while, for Th rough this, we now have orexines (hypocretins) example, the treatments for vascular and immuno- as key neurotransmitters of wakefulness. By reverse logical diseases were more expectative. At the time pharmacology we have discovered such receptors as of the fi rst Pula congress in 1960 we had only just the new opioid receptor ORL1 and its endogenous discovered that myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune ligand, nociceptin and fi nally, after several decades disease. It is also the year when dopamine defi ciency of diff erent assumptions, the prolactin-stimulating in the brain of Parkinsonian patients was discovered, a factor. What is especially intriguing and motivating fi nding which was to revolutionize understanding and is the fact that there are still hundreds of G-protein treatment of this disease. Th e last fi fty years have also receptors, nuclear receptors and synaptic receptors seen a proliferation of approaches to therapy and the waiting for researchers to discover their function and success of these medical fi elds has grown considerably.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Nobel Laureates 1
    List of Nobel laureates 1 List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Nikolaas Tinbergen the Careful Scientist
    GENERAL ARTICLE Nikolaas Tinbergen The Careful Scientist Sindhu Radhakrishna What is it about the work of some great scientists that sets them apart from the admirable work done by many good sci- entists? Is it because some, if not all, of their contributions stand the test of time? Or is it because their work paved the way for other great ideas to develop? Nikolaas Tinbergen’s life and work suggests that it is a combination of both these factors that characterise a truly great scientist. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988) was a Dutch scientist who stud- ied animal behaviour. Tinbergen began his academic career at Sindhu Radhakrishna holds a master’s degree in psychology the University of Leiden in the Netherlands and later moved to and a doctorate in animal Oxford, where he set up a school for animal behaviour stud- behaviour. She is presently ies. Tinbergen pioneered and popularised the science of ethol- Professor and Dean at the ogy through his research and teaching. He lectured widely on Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, the subject and wrote extensively; some of his more well-known National Institute of books include The Study of Instinct (1951), The Herring Gull’s Advanced Studies, World (1953), Curious Naturalists (1958), and the Time-life vol- Bengaluru. Her research ume, Animal Behavior (1965). Tinbergen was an influential bi- interests are in the fields of primatology, behavioral ologist within his lifetime and received many honours for his ecology and conservation work, most notably, the Nobel Prize, the Swammerdam Medal, biology, and her work is the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Ameri- focused on gaining a better can Psychological Association and the Diploma of Honour of the understanding of social behaviour and Sociedad Argentina Protectora de Animales.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Prizes List from 1901
    Nature and Science, 4(3), 2006, Ma, Nobel Prizes Nobel Prizes from 1901 Ma Hongbao East Lansing, Michigan, USA, Email: [email protected] The Nobel Prizes were set up by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, industrialist, and the inventor of dynamite on November 27, 1895 at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, which are awarding to people and organizations who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. The Nobel Prizes are generally awarded annually in the categories as following: 1. Chemistry, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2. Economics, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 3. Literature, decided by the Swedish Academy 4. Peace, decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget 5. Physics, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 6. Physiology or Medicine, decided by Karolinska Institutet Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the highest prize in the world today. As of November 2005, a total of 776 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, 758 to individuals and 18 to organizations. [Nature and Science. 2006;4(3):86- 94]. I. List of All Nobel Prize Winners (1901 – 2005): 31. Physics, Philipp Lenard 32. 1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan 1. 1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff 33. Literature, Giosuè Carducci 2. Literature, Sully Prudhomme 34. Medicine, Camillo Golgi 3. Medicine, Emil von Behring 35. Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal 4. Peace, Henry Dunant 36. Peace, Theodore Roosevelt 5. Peace, Frédéric Passy 37. Physics, J.J. Thomson 6. Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 38.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Death of Ethology
    Animal Biology, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 491-493 (2003) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2003. Also available online - www.brill.nl The Life and Death of Ethology Niko’s Nature. A life of Niko Tinbergen and his science of animal behaviour H. Kruuk. 391 pages, 67 drawings, 76 photographs, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-851558-8 This is a wonderful book about the life of Nikolaas Tinbergen, a man whose unusual talent for naturalistic observation and experimentation contributed to the establishment of ‘ethology’, an approach to animal behaviour for which he was awarded, jointly with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Hans Kruuk, a Dutch compatriot, student and friend, has produced a detailed and enthralling biography of Niko Tinbergen. The ten chapters look at Tinbergen’s youth spent in a Holland that no longer exists, his studies, and his trip to Greenland. The book describes the birth of ethology in a pre-World War II Leiden. The invasion of Holland by the Nazis and the subsequent two years endured by Tinbergen in a Nazi hostage camp not only affected his life deeply but also changed the direction of the development of ethology. The future of ethology would also change with Tinbergen’s move to Oxford. The book covers the Oxford years and Tinbergen’s retirement, and gives a much appreciated evaluation of his scientific legacy and list of progeny. You will, I am sure, find it illuminating to trace the intellectual genealogies of many people who currently practise behavioural biology.
    [Show full text]