According to new syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and State Boards of Uttarakhand, Karnataka (II nd Year PUC), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur and other States following CBSE & ISC curriculum. BIOLOGYabc OF
Class XII PART-I By Dr. B. B. Arora M.Sc., Ph.D., Dip. in French Formerly Head, Deptt. of Botany, Dyal Singh College, Karnal Strictly A. K. Sabharwal in accordance M.Sc., M.Phil. (Gold-Medalist), with the Latest Formerly Head, Deptt. of Zoology, Guidelines and Syllabus S.D. College, Including Panipat Value Based Questions issued by GENERAL EDITORS Dr. Ruchi Arora N.C.E.R.T. / C.B.S.E. Raj Sabharwal Suman Shreya
THOROUGHLY REVISED & UPDATED EDITION 2017–2018
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MODERN'S OUTSTANDING TEXTBOOKS FOR JEE-Main, JEE-Advance FOR CLASS XII & Medical (NEET) Modern's abc of Physics Modern's abc of Objective Physics Modern's abc of Practical Physics Modern's abc of Physics Lab Manual Modern's abc of Objective Chemistry Modern's abc + of Chemistry Modern's abc of Objective Mathematics Modern's abc of Practical Chemistry Modern's abc of Objective Biology Modern's abc of Chemistry Lab Manual Modern's abc of Crash Course Physics (JEE-Main) Modern's abc + of Biology Modern's abc of Crash Course Chemistry (JEE-Main) Modern's abc of Practical Biology Modern's abc of Crash Course Mathematics (JEE-Main) Modern's abc of Biology Lab Manual Modern's abc + of Mathematics KIND ATTENTION : DEAR CUSTOMER Solutions of Modern's abc of Mathematics To avoid duplicacy, a HOLOGRAM has been pasted on the cover of this book. If this hologram is missing, ++ Modern's abc of Computer Science C please do not purchase the book as it is likely to be a duplicate book. Any such duplicacy if noted may please be intimated to the Publishers.
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Published by : Balwant Sharma MODERN PUBLISHERS MBD House, Railway Road, Jalandhar E [email protected] W www.mbdgroup.com Printed at : TECHNOVAL PRINTERS Toll Free No. : 1800 200 2233 C-57-58, Focal Point Extension, Jalandhar We are pleased to present the revised edition of textbook entitled ‘Modern's abc + of Biology’ to all those teachers and students who are engaged in teaching and studying XII class of CBSE and various State Educational Boards. This textbook has been compiled according to the latest syllabus. About the book This book has been divided into five units : Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology in Human Welfare, Biotechnology and Its Applications and Ecology and Environment. First unit on ‘Reproduction’ includes chapters on Reproduction in Organisms, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health. Second unit on ‘Genetics and Evolution’ deals with the chapters like Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Molecular Basis of Inheritance and Evolution. We have put special emphasis on making the concepts clear for various aspects of Genetics and Evolution. Third unit of ‘Biology and Human Welfare’ includes the comprehensive study of Human Health and Disease, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production and Microbes in Human Welfare. In fourth unit on 'Biotechnology and Its Applications' which has been introduced in syllabus for the first time, attempts have been made to explain the basic principles, processes and applications of Biotechnology. The fifth unit on 'Ecology and Environment' incorporates topics like Habitats, Organisms and Populations, Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Environmental Issues. This unit includes details of Ecosystem components, types and Energy flow, Species, Population and Community, Ecological adaptations, Conservation of biodiversity and various current environmental problems. Other important features of this book are ❍ The boxes which provide additional information about some specific topics. ❍ The boxes containing some interesting facts useful for competitive examinations. ❍ Comparative tables to highlight the differences between important concepts. ❍ Profusely illustrated with examples and well labelled diagrams. ❍ Important technical terms mentioned in the chapter defined under the heading ‘Key Terms’. ❍ NCERT Textbook Questions Solved. ❍ NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved. ❍ Value Based Questions Solved. ❍ HOTS and Brain Twisting Questions. ❍ Quick Memory Test ❍ Solved objective type questions which have been categorized into the following categories : • A. Multiple Choice Questions. These include self-prepared questions as well as questions asked in various competitive examinations like CBSE, AFMC, BHU, AIIMS, CPMT, DPMT, MP-PMT, KCET, Chd. CET, Haryana PMT, Pb. PMT, NEET etc., including MCQs of latest 2016 competitive examinations. This will help you to assess your knowledge and to prepare yourself for CBSE and various competitive examinations. • B. Fill in the Blanks. • C. Match the words/sentences. • D. True or False. • E. Reasoning Type Questions (For AIIMS aspirants). • F. Assertion Type Questions (For AIIMS aspirants). ❍ Test questions at the end of each chapter. These have been classified into following categories: • Very Short Answer Questions (One mark each)— Solved. • Short Answer Questions (Two marks each) — Solved. • Short Answer Questions (Three marks each). • Long Answer Questions (Five marks each). ❍ Solved Very Short Answer Questions (One mark) and Short Answer Questions (Two marks) asked in CBSE and various State Board examinations have also been included. ❍ Chapter Practice Test This ‘SMART BOOK’ is being presented after microscopic revision. Each and every word has been read with utmost care. Being a smart book, it is incorporated with “NYTRA”, which is the first augmented reality app. for K-12 Education in India. NYTRA will facilitate the readers to understand the basics and the alligorical background of the subject matter very easily and clearly with the help of different laminations. Acknowledgements Our strength is Modern Publishers who helped us with boundless support. We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Manik Juneja, National Head—Content Operations, Mr. B.S. Rawat, Mr. S.K. Sikka and Mr. Ravinder Pathania for their help and cooperation to prepare the project.
– Dr. B.B. Arora – Ashok Sabharwal SYLLABUS BIOLOGY CLASS XII (THEORY) Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks 70 Unit Title No. of Periods Marks I. Reproduction 30 14 II. Genetics and Evolution 40 18 III. Biology and Human Welfare 30 14 IV. Biotechnology and its Applications 30 10 V. Ecology and Environment 30 14 Total 160 70
Unit I : REPRODUCTION 30 Periods ● Reproduction in organisms : Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual reproduction; Asexual reproduction – Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants. ● Sexual reproduction in flowering plants : Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination – types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes – apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. ● Human reproduction : Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation; embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea). ● Reproductive health : Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness). Unit II : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 40 Periods ● Heredity and variation : Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex–linked inheritance - Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes. ● Molecular Basis of Inheritance : Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon; Genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting. ● Evolution : Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, Modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution. Unit III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE 30 Periods ● Health and Disease : Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescene, drug and alcohol abuse. ● Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry. ● Microbes in human welfare : In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use. Unit IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 30 Periods ● Principles and processes of Biotechnology : Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). ● Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture : Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues - Biopiracy and patents. Unit V: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 30 Periods ● Organisms and environment : Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. ● Ecosystems : Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services – Carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief). ● Biodiversity and its conservation : Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. ● Environmental issues : Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and climate change; Ozone layer depletion; Deforestation; Any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s). CONTENTS PART–I
UNIT I : REPRODUCTION 1. Reproduction in Organisms 3 – 42 ● Chapter Summary 22 – 22 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 23 – 24 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 25 – 28 ● Revision Exercises 31 – 36 ● Competition File 36 – 42 2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 43 – 100 ● Chapter Summary 73 – 73 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 74 – 75 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 75 – 78 ● Revision Exercises 81 – 90 ● Competition File 90 – 99 3. Human Reproduction 101 – 181 ● Chapter Summary 135 – 136 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 137 – 139 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 139 – 143 ● Revision Exercises 146 – 161 ● Competition File 161 – 180 4. Reproductive Health 182 – 230 ● Chapter Summary 201 – 201 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 202 – 203 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 204 – 207 ● Revision Exercises 209 – 219 ● Competition File 219 – 229 UNIT II : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 233 – 325 ● Chapter Summary 287 – 287 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 288 – 289 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 290 – 293 ● Revision Exercises 297 – 309 ● Competition File 309 – 324 6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 326 – 409 ● Chapter Summary 372 – 372 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 373 – 376 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 376 – 380 ● Revision Exercises 384 – 395 ● Competition File 396 – 408 7. Evolution 410 – 528 ● Chapter Summary 477 – 477 ● NCERT Exercise Questions Solved 479 – 480 ● NCERT Exemplar Problems Solved 480 – 484 ● Revision Exercises 488 – 500 ● Competition File 500 – 527 Answers to Chapter Practice Tests (1 to 7) 529 – 536 in Engineering and Medical
Objective Physics Objective Biology Objective Chemistry JEE-Main Sample Papers Objective Mathematics
For For Precise discussion of chapters,emphasising all NEET JEE-Main basic principles, definitions, diagrams, terms and analytical relations. Exclusive Numerical Problems (Solved). Multiple Choice Questions with Miscellaneous MCQ's (with Hints and Solutions). Fill in the Blanks and True or False Statements. Self Evaluation Tests.
Coverage of previous years' objective and subjective questions of various examinations.
All questions have been picked up from The most exhaustive books ever the various entrance examinations. published.
Cover the most tricky and difficult Modern’s abc Series Always First questions. with the Best.
MBD House, Gulab Bhawan, 6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110 002 Ph. : 23317931, 23318301, Fax : 011-23319471, website : mbdgroup.com Fathers in the field of Biology Important symbols and abbreviations Father of Biology : Aristotle Ala : Alanine Father of Botany : Theophrastus A:Androecium Father of Zoology : Aristotle A:Adenine ABA : Abscisic acid Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch ACTH : Adenocorticotrophic hormone Father of Plant Physiology : Stephan Hales ATP : Adenosine triphosphate Father of Taxonomy : Carl Linnaeus Aa : Heterozygous dominant Father of Genetics : G. J. Mendel AAAA : Autotetraploid Father of Experimental Genetics : Morgan AABB : .Allotetraploid Father of Modern Cytology : Carl P. Swanson Å:Angstrom (= 0.0001 of a micron) Father of Plant Anatomy : N. Grew ADP : Adenosine diphosphate Father of Mycology : Micheli AIDS : Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome Father of Palynology : Erdtman AMP : Adenosine monophosphate Father of Eugenics : Francis Galton 1 Atmosphere : 76.00 cm of Hg = 1.01 x 105 Pa. Father of Biochemical Genetics : Archibald Garrod ANS : Autonomic Nervous System Father of DNA finger printing : Alec Jaffery arg : Arginine Father of Endocrinology : Addison ACT : Acoustic test facility Father of ATP cycle : Lipmann ADH : Antidiuretic hormone Father of Indian Ecology : R. Mishra 5 Bro : 5 Bromo uracil Father of Comparative Anatomy : Bason George Cuvier Br : Bracteate flower Father of Modern Anatomy : Andreas Vesalium I : Bacteriophage Father of Experimental Physiology : Galen BOD : Biochemical oxygen demand Father of Modern Embryology : K. V. Baer BMR : Basal metabolic rate C:Corolla Father of Ayurveda : Charaka C:Cytosine Father of Palaeontology : L. da Vinci C : Plants showing photorespiration Father of Medicine : Hippocrates 2 CDP : Cytosine diphosphate Father of Indian Mycology : E. J. Butler CTP : Cytosine triphosphate Father of Microbiology : Louis Pasteur CT : Calcitonin hormone Father of Mutation : Hugo de Vries CoQ : Coenzyme Q Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner Cyt : Cytochrome Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson Cp : Compare Father of Blood groups : C. Landsteiner CMP : Cytosine monophosphate Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg CVA : Cerebrovascular accident Father of Biochemistry : Leibig C4 : Plants with Hatch and Slack cycle Father of ECG : Einthoven CoA : Coenzyme A Father of Conditioned Reflex : Pavlov C:Cytosine
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary C3 : Calvin cycle plants Father of Antibiotics : Alexander Flemming COD : Chemical oxygen demand Father of Radiation Genetics : H. J. Muller CIFRI : Central inland fisheries research institute Father of Chemotherapy : Paul Enrich DNP : Deoxyribo nucleoproteins Father of Virology : Stanley DLC : Differential leucocyte count DDT : Dichlorophenyl trichloroethane NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
DPD : Diffusion pressure deficit NADH2 : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide DPT : Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus vaccine (reduced) DNA : Deoxyribose nucleic acid NAA : Naphthalene acetic acid DPN : Diphosphopyridine nucleotide n:Nanometre (Same as NAD) PEPA : Phosphoenol pyruvic acid EPR : Electro paramagnetic resonance Pstd : Pistillode ECG : Electrocardiograph PAN : Peroxyacyl nitrate EDTA : Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid PEM : Protein energy malnutrition EEG : Electro encephalograph PPi : Inorganic pyrophosphate Ebr : Ebracteate P:Perianth EMP : Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway PQ : Plastoquinone ESR : Electron spin resonance PGA : Phosphoglyceric acid Epi : Presence of epicalyx PKU : Phenylketonuria ETS : Energy transfer system PS-I : Pigment system I ER : Endoplasmic reticulum PS-II : Pigment system II EM : Electron microscope PIH : Protein inhibiting hormone FSH : Follicle stimulating hormone PPLO : Pleuro pneumonia-like organisms FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide RH : Releasing hormone FMN : Flavin mono nucleotide RG : Regulator gene
F2 : Second filial generation RuBP (RuDP) : Ribulose biphosphate
FADH2 : Flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced) RER : Rough endoplasmic reticulum
F1 particle : Oxysomes in mitochondria RMP : Ribulose monophosphate
F1 : First filial generation RNA : Ribose nucleic acid GMP : Guanosine monophosphate RQ : Respiratory quotient GA : Gibberellic acid SER : Smooth endoplasmic reticulum G:Guanine S:Svedberg unit GH : Growth hormone SCID : Severe combined immunodeficiency GTH : Gonadotrophic hormone syndrome HCLV-III : Human cell leukaemia virus III SQUID : Superconducting quantum interference device HIV : Human immuno deficiency virus TP : Turgor pressure ICSH : Interstitial cells stimulating hormone tRNA : Transfer ribose nucleic acid IAA : Indole-3-acetic acid TLC : ICRAF : International Council for Research Total leucocyte count in Agroforest T:Thymine IU : International unit TPN : Triphosphopyridine nucleotide IMP : Inosine monophosphate TTP : Thymidine triphosphate IVI : Intravenous injection TSH : Thyroid stimulating hormone IBA : Indole-3-butyric acid TPP : Thymine pyrophosphate 1 light year : 9.46 x 1015 km TCA : Tricarboxylic acid cycle LSD : Lysergic acid dimethylamide UMP : Uridine monophosphate LH : Luteinising hormone UAG : Nonsense codon mRNA : Messenger Ribose Nucleic Acid U:Uracil 1 microgram : 10:6 gm UTP : Uridine triphosphate 1 microlitre (ml) : 10:6 litre UV : Ultraviolet MET : Magneto-encephalography ABP : Androgen binding protein MSH Melanocyte stimulating hormone ARF : Acute renal failure NMRI Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging WBC : White blood corpuscles Inventions and Discoveries Some Important Days Amoeba : Roesel Von Rosenhof 1st Week of Feb. Van Mahotsava (Festival of Tree Planting) ABA : Addiott 28th Feb. Vigyan Divas (National Science Day) Amino acid sequence of : Sanger protein (insulin) 8th March International Women Day Anaerobic release of energy : L. Pasteur (1878) 21st March World Forest Day (Yeast & Mould) 26th March World Tuberculosis Day Bacteria : Leeuwenhoek 7th April World Health Day Pure culture of Bacteria : Lister J. 22nd April World Earth Day Bacteriophage : Towrt and De Herelle 3rd May International Sun Day (1915) (Non-conventional Energy Sources Day) Barr body : Barr and Bertram (1949) 8th May World Red Cross Day Blood capillaries : Marcello Malpighi 31st May World No Tobacco Day Blood groups : Karl Landsteiner 5th June World Environment Day Blood circulation : William Harvey 1st Week of July Van Mahotsava (Tree Plantation) Bioluminescence : E. R. Dubois llth July World Population Day Biocatalysts : Buchner 6th Aug. Hiroshima Day Cyanophage : Saffermann and Morris First description of cell (RBC) : Jan Swammerdam (1658) 8th Aug. Nagasaki Day Chromosome number in man : Tijo and Levan 20th Aug. Malaria Day (Mosquito Day) Cell : Robert Hooke (1665) 1st Oct. Blood Donation Day Cell theory : Schleiden and Schwann 3rd Oct. World Animal Day Reproductive system in flower : Grew (1682) 4th Oct. World Habitat Day Stethoscope : Laennec 16th Oct. World Food Day Chromosomes : Hofmeister 14 Nov. World Diabetes Day (Birthday of Golgi bodies : Cammileo Golgi Frederick Bauting - codiscoverer of Insulin in October, 1921) Plastids : Haeckel (1866) Chloroplast : Schimper 1st Dec. World AIDS Day Mitochondria : Kolliker (1880) 2nd Dec. National Pollution Prevention Day Microtubules : Robertis and Francis 3rd Dec. World Conservation Day Phase contrast microscope : Zirnicke 23rd Dec. Kisan Divas Nucleolus : Fontana 29th Dec. International Day for Biological Diversity Nucleoplasm : Strasburger Ribosomes (Animal cell) : Palade Sphaerosome : Pernes (1953) Astral rays and spindle : Beevers Endoplasmic reticulum : Porter Central dogma : F.H.C. Crick (1918) Coenzyme A : C. Lipmann Chlorophyll structure : Willstartter and Fisher Cyclosis : Amici Cytochrome : C.A. Macmunn (1886) Citric acid cycle : Hans A. Krebs Double helical structure of DNA : Watson and Crick Biological synthesis of : A. Kornberg DNA with template Vitamin : Funk (1911) Streptomycin : Waksman Patau’s syndrome : K. Patau Important Theories/ Doctrines/Laws
Artificial system of classification Aristotle Moist vapour theory Pythogoras Apical cell theory Hofmeister (580 - 800 B.C.) Allen’s Law Allen Mutation theory Hugo de Vries Artificial Parthenogenesis Loeb Mechanism of development Roux Axial Gradient theory Child Mechanistic theory Haeckel Biogenetic Law Earnst Haeckel (1868) Materialistic theory Oparin Biological Species Concept Earnst Mayer Neo Lamarckism Spensor and Meduguaz Biogenesis Theory Developed by F. Neo-Darwinism Organizers concept Speeman Redi and supported by One gene-one enzyme Beadle and Tatum Spllanzani and Louis Pasteur One gene-one polypeptide Yanofsky Birds are glorified reptiles Huxley Operon concept Jacob and Monod Chromosomal Theory of Sutton and Boveri Protoplasmic theory Hertwig Inheritance Protoplasm is physical basis of life Huxley Chromosomal Theory of Linkage T.H. Morgan Preformation theory Malpighi Coupling and Repulsion theory Bateson and Punnet Pangenesis theory Maupertius Chemosynthetic theory of Oparin and Haldane Recapitulation theory (Baer Law) origin of life K. Von Baer (1828) Conditioned reflex I. V. Pavlov Reflex theory in Nervous system Muller and Mershely Cosmozoic theory Richter Reproductive Blood theory Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) Cosmic panspermia theory Arrhenius Spontaneous generation theory Thales Empedocle Central dogma Crick Sol-gel theory of Amoeba Hyman, Pantin and locomotion Mast Fluid theory Empedocles (504-433 B. C.) Sliding filament theory Huxley Five kingdom classification Whittaker Theory of eternity of life Helmholtz and Arrhe- Germplasm theory Weismann nius Gene theory T. H. Morgan Theory of epigenesis C.F.Walff Germ Layer theory Von Baer Theory of acquired characters Lamarck Gause Hypothesis (Competitive Gause 1937 Theory of natural selection Charles Darwin exclusion principle Hardin) Special creation theory Father Saurez Germ theory of disease L. Pasteur Tunica corpus theory Schmidt Hardy-Weinberg law Hardy-Weinberg Vital theory J. C. Bose Law of Minimum Liebig Law of Maximum Shelford Nobel Prize Winner — Physiology or Medicine
1901 Emil von Behring 1954 John Enders, Thomas Weller and 1902 Sr Ronald Ross Fredrick Robbins 1903 Niels Finsen 1955 Hugo Theorell 1904 Ivan Pavlov 1956 Andre Cournand, Dickinson Richards Jr. and 1905 Robert Koch Werner Forssmann 1906 Camilio Golgi and Santiago Ramony Cajal 1957 Daniel Bovet 1907 Charles Laveran 1958 George Beadle, Edward Tatum and 1908 Paul Ehrilch and Elie Metchnikoff Joshun Lederberg 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher 1959 Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1960 Sir Macfarlene Burnet and Peter Medawar 1911 Allvar Gullstrand 1961 Georg von Bekesy 1912 Alexis Carrel 1962 Francis Crick, Maruice Wilkins and James Watson 1913 Charles Richet 1963 Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley and 1914 Robert Barany Sir John Ecdes 1915-18 No award 1964 Konrad Bloch Feodor Lynen 1919 Jules Bordet 1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod 1920 August Krogh 1966 Charles Huggins and Francis Rous 1921 No award 1967 Ragner Granit, Haldan Hartline and George Wald 1922 Archibald Hill and Otto Meyerhof 1968 Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and 1923 Sir Frederick Banting and John Macleod Marshal Nirenberg 1924 Willem Einthoven 1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and 1925 No award Salvador Luria 1926 Johannes Fibiger 1970 Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. 1928 Charles Nicolle 1972 Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman 1929 Christmas Eijkman and Sir Frederick Hopkins 1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and 1930 Karl Landsteiner Nikolaas Tinbergen 1931 Otto Warburg 1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and 1932 Edgar Adrian and Sir Charles Sherrington George Palade 1933 Thomas H. Morgan 1975 David Baltimore, Howard Temin and 1934 George Minot, William P. Murphy and Renato Dulbecco George Whipple 1976 B.S. Blumberg and D.G. Gajdusek 1935 Hans Spemann 1977 Rosalyn Yalow, R. Gullemin and A. Schally 1936 Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi 1978 W. Araber, D. Nathons and H. Smith 1937 Albert Szent Gyoigyi 1979 Godfrey Newbold Housfield and 1938 Corneille Heymans Allan Mc Leod Cormack 1939 Gerhard Domagk-declined 1980 George Snell, Jean Dausset and Baruj Benacerraf 1943 Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy 1981 David Hubel, Roger Sperry and Torsten Wiesel 1944 Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser 1982 Sune Sune Bergstroen, Bengt Smuelson and 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey and John Vane Emst Chain 1983 Barbara Mc Clintock 1946 Herman Muller 1984 Cesal Milstein, Georges Kohler and Neils Jeme 1947 Carl and Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay 1985 Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein 1948 Paul Muller 1986 Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi Montalcini 1949 Walter Hess and Antonio Moniz 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1950 Philip Hench, Edward Kendal and 1988 Gertude Elion, George Hitchings and Tadeus Reichstein Sir James Black 1951 Max Theiler 1989 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus 1952 Selman Waksman 1990 Donnal E. Thomas and Joseph Murray 1953 Fritz Lipman and Hans Krebs 1991 Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann Moderns ABC Plus Of Biology Class 12 Part-I
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Publisher : MBD Group Author : Dr. B. B. Arora, A. ISBN : 9789351841203 Publishers K. Sabharwal
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