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Home , Biologist, Biology, Carl Linnaeus, Ferdinand Cohn, History of biology, Konrad Lorenz

History of Charak, sometimes spelled Caraka, born c. 300 BC was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and of , a system of and lifestyle developed in Ancient . He is sometimes referred to as the Father of (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

 Father of Biology

 Natural philosopher, identified some of the known living characteristics such as . (460 BC – 370 BC) He is referred to as the Western father of medicine (AD 129 – 217) was a prominent , surgeon and philosopher. Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines including anatomy,, , , neurology, , and logic.

- Studied the functions of the kidneys and using the Barbary . (1514 –1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human ). Vesalius was born in Brussels. Vesalius is the Latinized form of Andreas van Wesel. He is sometimes also referred to as Andreas Vesal and Andre Vesale.

- was the founder of modern anatomy. - Broke traditions by performing his own using cadavers. (1578 – 1657) was an English physician who was the first to describe correctly and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of being pumped to the body and by the .

- Correctly described how the blood is pumped around the body by the heart Marie François Xavier Bichat (1771 –1802), French anatomist and physiologist, was born at Thoirette (Jura). Bichat is best remembered as the father of modern and pathology. Despite the fact that he worked without a he was able to advance greatly the understanding of the . He was the first to introduce the notion of (tissues) as distinct entities. He maintained that attacked tissues rather than whole organs. René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776 –1847) was a French physician, botanist and physiologist. He investigated and described , respiration, , and the effect of light on . He has been given credit for discovering biology and cells in plants and the actual discovery of the process of osmosis.

- Was credited for the formation of - Discovered cells in plants and actual process of osmosis (1635 – 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the , through both experimental and theoretical . Hooke is known for his law of elasticity (Hooke's law), his book, , and for first applying the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of .

- Coined the term ―Cell‖ - First to observe a cell (cork cell) Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723 ) was a Dutch tradesman and from Delft, . He is commonly known as "the Father of ", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted he was the first to observe and describe single celled , which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as . He was also the first to record microscopic of muscle fibers, , spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels).

- Helped in the improvement of the microscope - First to describe muscles, blood flow in capillaries, spermatozoa, bacteria and protozoans (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus (1707 –1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial . He is known as the father of modern , and is also considered one of the fathers of modern .

- Laid the foundations for the modern scheme of Taxonomy - Introduced the use of ( + ) (1626 –1697) was an Italian physician, naturalist, and poet. He is most well-known for his series of , published in 1668 as Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti (Experiments on the of ) which is regarded as one of the first steps in refuting "" - a also known as Aristotelian . Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884) was an Augustinian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the . rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics.

- Father of Genetics - First to discover the ability of organisms (pea plants) to pass traits from parents to . FRS (1766 –1834), was a British scholar, influential in political economy and demography . Malthus has become widely known for his concerning and its increase or decrease in response to various factors. (1822 –1895) was a French and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of . His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first for rabies. His experiments supported the He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with and .

- Confirmed the theory of diseases - Introduced the process of pasteurization

- First to create a vaccine against rabies - Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation Sir (1881 –1955) was a Scottish and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on , and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the lysozyme in 1923 and the substance from the Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

- Isolated and discover the antibiotic properties of penicillin. Charles Robert Darwin (1809 –1882) was an English naturalist who established that all species of life have descended over from common ancestors, and proposed the that this branching pattern of resulted from a process that he called . He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book . In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life , explaining the diversity of life

- Pioneered the evolutionary theory - Proponent of the theory of natural selection Watson and Crick were James D. Watson and who, using x-ray diffraction data proposed the double or spiral staircase of the DNA in 1953. Their article, Molecular Structure of Nucleic : A Structure for Nucleic , is celebrated for its treatment of the B form of DNA (B- DNA), and as the source of Watson-Crick base pairing of . They were, with , awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.

- Discovered structure of the DNA Jean-Baptiste de la Marck (1744–1829), often just known as "Lamarck", was a French soldier, naturalist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. n the modern era, Lamarck is primarily remembered for a theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, called soft inheritance or . In 1801, he published Système des animaux sans vertèbres, a major work on the classification of , a term he invented. In an 1802 publication, he became one of the first to use the term biology in its modern . Lamarck continued his work as a premier authority on . He is remembered, at least in , as a taxonomist of considerable stature (1810–1882) was a German physiologist. His many contributions to biology include the development of , the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral , the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic of , and the invention of the term . (1804 - 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and . He also recognized the importance of the , discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and sensed its connection with cell . Robert Brown (1773 –1858) was a Scottish botanist who made important contributions to largely through his pioneering use of the microscope. His contributions include the discovery of the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic streaming; the first of Brownian motion; Hugo Marie de Vries (1848–1935) was a Dutch botanist and one of the first . He is known chiefly for suggesting the concept of , rediscovering the laws of in the 1890s while unaware of 's work, for introducing the term "", and for developing a mutation theory of evolution. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843 –1910) was a German physician. He became famous for isolating anthracis (1877), the bacillus (1882) and the (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905. He is considered one of the founders of microbiology, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (1834 –1919),also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, , phylogeny, and the Protista. Haeckel developed the controversial recapitulation theory (" recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an 's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny. (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of . Making use of aniline he was able to find a structure which strongly absorbed basophilic dyes, which he named . He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike in the cell nucleus— the (meaning coloured body), which were thus named later on by German anatomist Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836–1921). Flemming investigated the process of and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called from the Greek word for thread. (1866 –1945) was an American embryologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the plays in heredity. Following the rediscovery of in 1900, Morgan's moved to the study of mutation in the melanogaster. In his famous Fly Room at Morgan was able to demonstrate that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics. When he was awarded the Nobel Prize, he was the first person awarded the Prize in genetics. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 –1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. Fleming published many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. Walter Stanborough Sutton (1877 - 1916) was an American and physician whose most significant contribution to present- day biology was his theory that the Mendelian laws of inheritance could be applied to chromosomes at the cellular level of living organisms. This is now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize winning American , author, and lecturer. In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in with . The process was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana, and allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences.The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in and . , or Hargobind Khorana (Punjabi: born January 9, 1922) is an Indian American molecular biologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic and its in synthesis. (1918 –2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. of New York University Melvin Ellis Calvin (1911 - 1997) was an American chemist most famed for discovering the along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 . Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900 –1981) was a German-born British physician and biochemist. Krebs is best known for his of two important metabolic cycles: the cycle and the . The latter, the key sequence of metabolic chemical reactions that produces in cells, is also known as the Krebs cycle and earned him a Nobel Prize in 1953, which he shared with Fritz Lipmann. Godfrey Harold “G. H.” Hardy FRS (1877 –1947) was a prominent English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and ., Hardy is also known for formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of , independently from Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908 Dr Wilhelm Weinberg (1862 – 1937) was a German Jewish physician and obstetrician-gynecologist, practicing in Stuttgart, who in a 1908 paper published in German, expressed the concept that would later come to be known as the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Linus Carl Pauling (1901 –1994) was an American chemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He is one of only four to have won multiple Nobel Prizes. In 1951, based on the structures of amino acids and and the planarity of the bond, Pauling, Robert Corey, and Herman Branson correctly proposed the alpha helix and sheet as the primary structural motifs in protein secondary structure Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. (25 February 1869 – 6 September 1940) was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of , DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained , , , , deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. George Wells Beadle (1903 –1989) was an American scientist in the of genetics, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel laureate who with Edward Lawrie Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells.

Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909 –1975) was an American geneticist. He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Wells Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism (1868 – 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. He is noted for his development in 1901 of the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and in 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. With Alexander S. Wiener, he identified the Rh factor in 1937. Landsteiner and Erwin Popper discovered the polio in 1909. Karl Ritter von Frisch (1886 –1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along with and . His work centered on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey and he was one of the first to translate the meaning of the . Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952 in Chidambaram, , India) is a structural biologist at the MRC of Molecular Biology in , England. He shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ".