Scientists Of The Past SCIENCE Lesson Objectives • Students will compare and contrast how the rules of society restricted the progress of science in the past. • Students will list several famous scientists from history.

Activities Checklist

In this lesson, the student will • Watch the instructional video about how the rules of society restricted the progress of science in the past and the scientists who, over time, were able to break away from these restrictions

• Interact with My Book and learn about how the rules of society restricted the progress of science in the past

• Complete the crossword puzzle, in the Science Activities Workbook, by determining the scientist who made each cited discovery

• Complete all learning activities assessing understanding of the sequence of scientifi c events and discoveries

Video Summary

Students are given a modern-day scenario of reading something aloud in front of the classroom to better understand the stress scientists felt during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when they were presenting new scientifi c theories to society. Scientists of the past were not always respected. Sometimes publicly voicing their scientifi c opinions could result in jail, exile, or even death. Religion determined what could or could not be accepted as explanations and discoveries. When a scientist would come up with a new explanation for why something occurred in nature, he or she would often have to argue the claim against the church -- and the church always won. After many, many years, the scientifi c community was able to break away from the church, resulting in numerous scientifi c endeavors. Some of the most famous scientists include Anton van Leeuwenhoek (improved the microscope), Carl Linnaeus (developed the classifi cation of life on Earth), Charles Darwin (developed

the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection), and Albert Einstein (worked within mathematics, GUIDE INSTRUCTOR’S physics, and astronomy).

My Book

Human society is complex. We all experience social, religious, political, and economic pressures. Some cultures are very open to new ideas while others are more resistant. We accept scientifi c theories once many scientists do the experiments with the same results. However, sometimes radical new ideas are not accepted even when they are proven. Consider Galileo Galilei, for example. He was sentenced to house arrest for life for proposing the idea of a heliocentric solar system, in which Earth orbits the Sun, rather than the Sun orbiting Earth. But what if these discoveries hadn’t been made? We might not have many of the things we take for granted in our lives today. We might not have the inventions we use in our daily lives. We might not have computers and cars. We might still be suffering from diseases like the Black Death. If these scientists never existed, we might not understand our world as well as we do today. Think about what that would be like! Activities of individual students may vary as prescribed by the algorithm that determines if a student needs enrichment or reteaching. Copyright © 2012. EdisonLearning, Inc. All rights reserved. Scientists Of The Past SCIENCE

Activities Workbook

Directions: Determine the scientist responsible for each discovery. Then, use their names to complete the crossword puzzle. The names of all the scientists in the word bank will be used.

Charles Darwin Dmitri Mendeleev John Dalton Benjamin Franklin

Albert Einstein Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Sir Isaac Newton

Niels Bohr Alexander Fleming

1N 2 B 3D M I T R I M E 4N D E L E E V C I N O E J L L A 5G A S M 6C A U B I H L S 7J O H N D A L T O N A I C H F R L O R R L E P A E O 8A L B E R T E I N S T E I N S G R K D 9A L E X A N D E R F L E M I N G A L I I R I C N W L U I E 10S I R I S A A C N E W T O N I INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE INSTRUCTOR’S ACROSS DOWN

3. _Dmitri Mendeleev_ developed the 1. _Nicolaus Copernicus_ discovered that the periodic table. Sun is the center of the our planetary system. 7. _John Dalton_ developed the Atomic 2. _Benjamin Franklin_ discovered that Theory. lightning is electrical. 8. _Albert Einstein_ developed the Theory of 4. _Niels Bohr_ developed the model of the General and Specifi c Relativity. atom. 9. _Alexander Fleming_ developed the 5. _Galileo Galilei_ improved the telescope antibiotic penicillin. and used it to advance astronomy. 10. _Sir Isaac Newton_ discovered the Laws 6. _Charles Darwin_ developed the Theory of of Motion. Evolution by Natural Selection.

Activities of individual students may vary as prescribed by the algorithm that determines if a student needs enrichment or reteaching. Copyright © 2012. EdisonLearning, Inc. All rights reserved. Activities ofindividual studentsmay varyasprescribed bythe algorithm that determinesif astudentneeds enrichment orreteaching. Circle thediscoveryforwhicheachofscientistsisbestknown. Additional Practice Extend YourThinking discoveries advancedourunderstandingoftheworld. scientific eventsanddiscoveries.Studentsshouldpreparebystudyingtheorderinwhichscientifi c Students areassessedusingorderingquestionsthattesttheirunderstandingofthesequence Learning Activities Past The Scientists Of 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. Charles Darwinpublished Carl Linnaeusdeveloped Dmitri Mendeleevdeveloped Jan Ingenhouszfirst discovered Anton vanLeeuwenhoekdiscovered Einstein. genius behindhistory’sgreatest“ the ScientistsWhoPushedOuterLimitsofKnowledge Go toyourlocallibraryandcheckout http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/scientists.html scientists. Eachlinkprovidesinformationandfunfactscoveringthatspecifi The ScienceKidswebsiteprovidesacollectionoflinksthatleadtoinformationaboutfamous http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/sc/Scientific_Revolution methodological developmentsoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies. “Scientific Revolution”page,youwillfi nd informationaboutthetheoretical,experimental,and You canreadmoreabouttheScientific RevolutionattheKids.Net.auwebsite.On sunlight thantheydoinshade observing thatplantsbehavedifferentlyin the fundamentalsofphotosynthesisby name andclassifyliving things taxonomy, thesystembywhichscientists the first theoryofheliocentrism the processofscientific method water underhismicroscope microorganisms withinadropof Copyright ©2012. EdisonLearning, Inc. All rights reserved.

madmen,” suchasArchimedes,SirIsaacNewton,andAlbert the book They CalledMeMad:Genius,Madness,and within humanbeings the fundamentalsofcellularrespiration to creature outlines hownutrientspass fromcreature the explanationoffoodchain,which Selection the Theoryof EvolutionbyNatural the periodictableofelements observation the processofwatercyclethrough (2010). Thisbookdescribesthetrue SCIENCE c scientist.

INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE Scientists Of The Past SCIENCE Answers:

1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered

microorganisms within a drop of the process of the water cycle through water under his microscope observation

2. Jan Ingenhousz fi rst discovered

the fundamentals of photosynthesis by the fundamentals of cellular respiration observing that plants behave differently in within human beings sunlight than they do in shade

3. Dmitri Mendeleev developed

the process of the scientifi c method the periodic table of the elements

4. Carl Linnaeus developed

taxonomy, the system by which scientists the explanation of the food chain, which name and classify living things outlines how nutrients pass from creature to creature

5. Charles Darwin published

the fi rst theory of heliocentrism the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE INSTRUCTOR’S

Activities of individual students may vary as prescribed by the algorithm that determines if a student needs enrichment or reteaching. Copyright © 2012. EdisonLearning, Inc. All rights reserved.