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Grapevine Trunk Diseases: wood damage caused by fungi causing disfunctions to vine physiology Laura Mugnai 1999 Italy [email protected] 2001 Portugal 2003 New Zealand Il complesso del mal dell’esca: nuovi 2004 South Africa 2006 California GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES: Insights into vineyard cultural 2008 Italy sviluppi nelle strategie di difesa 2010 Chile practices, alternative wound protection strategies, and radical 2012 Spain interventions to combat Esca and Grapevine Trunk Diseases 2014 Adelaide 2017 Reims 2019 Canada 2022 Repubblica Ceca ISPP Subject matter committee on GTDs:

International Council on Grapevine Trunk 26 different Diseases (ICGTD countries!!!

At the end of the ‘80ies …leaf symptoms, wilting, branch and But..wood diseases have vines death… always been there!

ì …they became a large problem in the last 30 yrs Mechanical grafting: an initially unavoidable consequence of the phylloxera invasion: “grapevines will ì How they start and how we grow grapevine changed start declining…”

ì Many botanists and agronomists immediatly reported that grafting and pruning management were going to give declines

Slow or rapid vine decline Sudden vine shut down, canes wilting Loss of production Loss of production quality Eventual death of the plant 1 04/12/19

Eppure ci sono stati degli “avvertimenti”. All’inizio del secolo si GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES …a new problem? Wood diseases have always been there! sono individuati i rischi End 1800 Phylloxera We must now accept this and - A large quantity of propagation material Lucien Daniel: Introduction of grafting on rootstock manage the diseases in the best produced way 1970’s Large new planting boom in Europe … ì « L’innesto ha - Lack of knowledge of its role in fungal Beginning of large scale nursery production momentaneamente salvato i Change in cultural techniques=industrialised viticulture …WITH CONSCIOUSNESS! wood diseases nostri vitigni, pur rischiando di

compromettere il futuro. 1980-90’s – Sudden and significant increase of Esca complex - LARGE MOVEMENT of propagation in Europe and world wide of young grapevine decline and material = spread of pathogens failure = Higher fungal inoculum ì Alla lunga, molto probabilmente Re-planting and new planting boom = Lower defence capability causerà l’estinzione dei vecchi Nurseries under pressure (A, B & C grade material) =More infection courts (nursery - Susceptible varieties large spread FROST in 1985 = stress factor - Changes in cultural techniques vitigni. » and field) - Changes in trellising and pruning Early 2000’s - Major GTD outbreaks worldwide + management Made worse by the prohibition and/or phase-out of effective Climate change? chemical controls for some wood disease agents

Phase-out of benomyl (Benlate) Re-evaluation of Benzimidazole fungicides (carbendazim & thyophanate-methyl)

from Sue et Grapevine ….is a vine, a creeping plant! al., 2009 WOUNDS! ….pruning….shoot suckering….propagation process….

WE START Grapevine is a VINE WOUNDING IN THE - No wound repair (no cambium NURSERY!!!!! reactivation, no reactivation of the meristematic activity of the parenchyma) - Dessication cones at wound level - In winter only formation of gels - Tyloses only when growth is reactivated

Sue et al., 2009

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Grapevine ...is a vine! The problem is always present

Grapevine has the largest vessels in The infections can remain latent – like herpes simplex infections! – order to bring sap to the leaves. UNTIL… Large mass of leaves with very little ì - the starting conditions are not the best (latent infections, bad quality wood compared to a tree propagation material, bad rooting, bad grafting, wounds on the rootstock, poor Very prone to cavitation = wounds remain open for months plantating practices…) ì - virulent pathogens are present in the area The size and distribution of the vessels = pruning and desuckering we do something is very important for the efficiency of ì - the pathogens reach the most active part of the vine (cambium and phloem) very much far away from what the vine the sap flow ì - our vineyard management produces too many / too large wounds would do ì - we manage vines in ways that they can not defend themselves well =WE MUST SUPPORT THE VINE BY ì - the climate favours the pathogens PROTECTING IT IN A SPECIAL WAY ì …….???

GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES WOOD CANKERS and VASCULAR DISEASES

Young vineyards (up to 3-6 year-old) VASCULAR CANKERS: sectorial necrosis DISEASES: black - Petri disease (Esca complex) YOUNG VINE DECLINE Eutypa, streaking - Black foot Botryosphaeriaceae Phaeomoniella Mature vineyards (> 6 year-old) Diaporthe Phaeoacremonium Cadophora - Eutypa dieback Phaeoacremonium - Botryosphaeria dieback Central necrosis: - White decay or Esca (Esca complex) Phaeoacremonium Cadophora - Grapevine Leaf Stripe disease (Esca complex) - Diaporthe/Phomopsis dieback

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WOOD DECAY: soft spongy mass, lignin degradation The inoculum sources of the fungal agents on grapevine and many other hosts…

Fomitiporia sp., Fomitiporella sp. Apoplexy? Inonotus sp. Stereum sp., Secondary metabolites Inocutis sp.... during degradation process?

Defence induced substances?

Si degrada la lignina, massa spugnosa, soffice…diventa ESCA per il fuoco

Ha dato il nome di ESCA alla presenza di carie nel legno (anche agrumi, kiwi, olivo etc)

GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES: Many fungi enter the wood but Decline, dieback, death of spurs or cordons: some are pathogenic!!! Cankers and dieback by BOTRYOSPHAERIACEAE Many fruit trees show increasing presence of damages by fungal wood pathogens: Almond, blueberry, olive, pistacio, avocado, apple, plum, etc…not to mention forest trees. DECLINE! • Death of spurs • Degrading enzymes DAMAGES: • Death of cordons Botryosphaeria CANKER • • Phytotoxins Decline Decline with no specific symptoms dieback Leaf necrosis and alteration WHITE • Degrading enzymes DECAY Death of vines or branches

• Degrading enzymes Reduction in fruit production

VASCULAR • Phytotoxins Reduction in production quality All able to live in ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS in the wood Only the MOST EXTERNAL RINGS ARE ACTIVE in grapevine

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Botryo dieback Botryo dieback Eutipiosi Botryo dieback Eutipiosi Complesso esca Eutipiosi Complesso esca

Some show typical leaf symptoms: Eutypa and Botryosphaeria dieback in the world Cankers and dieback by EUTYPA and DIATRYPACEAE

Eutypa dieback

Eutypa dieback “witches broom” shoots

Some show typical leaf symptoms: Grapevine Leaf Stripe Great care in epidemiological evaluations!! Disease (GLSD-ESCA complex)

QUALITY AND QUANTITY Fluctuation of symptoms: LOSSES The number of infected plants is ESCA, - Yield reduction of 30 to 50% Role of vascular pathogens? different from the annual incidence GLSD - Decrease of wine quality Role of phytotoxins? -lower phenolic level Role of vascular -lower anthocians malfunctioning? -lower sugar content The metabolome of a vine changes one month before - Lower quality as for uneven showing foliar symptoms age in the vineyard -Death of vines Necessary at least 3 yrs surveys -Short lived vineyards

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GRAPEVINE LEAF STRIPE DISEASE: limited wood colonization Climatic/environmental factors influence the diseases inciting FOLIAR symptoms. Role of stress factors? Role of CLIMATE CHANGE?

Eutypa = + symptoms if more rain ESCA-Grapevine Leaf stripe Disease = rain/ in the previous winter fluctuation of symptoms + warmer in spring = less symptoms

ESCA COMPLEX: sudden apoplexy of the whole vine ESCA COMPLEX: wilting (linked to summer water stress)

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ESCA COMPLEX: embolism, vascular disfunction ….and the vascular pathogens and canker agents can contribute to decline in young vineyards: PETRI DISEASE

Lecomte et al., 2012

Botryo dieback Botryo dieback Eutipiosi Botryo dieback Eutipiosi Complesso esca Eutipiosi Complesso esca

YOUNG VINE DECLINE BLACK FOOT (+bad drainage!) Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease and Petri disease PETRI DISEASE in the world Uneven growth, decline, dieback Black streaking symptoms, black gums vascular occlusion P P P P P P =Petri disease P P P P P P =Grapevine Leaf Stripe disease

P

P P P P 7 04/12/19

So….the pathogens have a very relevant role but the conditions Alone or together??? that allow their action are just as important

MANY of these pathogens can be present in the same vineyard, ì Infections are unavoidable even in the same wound ….BUT THEY NEED TO BE MINIMIZED!!! ì MULTIPLE and ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS are very common. Depending on which prevails or how they interact we can have the different symptoms: ì Slow decline ì The vineyard cultural practices are not likely to change much ì Necrosis of tissues ….BUT WE CAN IMPROVE THEM, KEEPING IN MIND THAT ì Leaf symptoms WOOD DISEASES ARE ALWAYS READY TO ATTACK

So….the pathogens have a very relevant role but the conditions that allow their action are just as important Control???? PREVENTION IS THE KEY WORD!

…TO CREATE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE VINE AND It is a biological reality UNFAVORABLE FOR THE PATHOGENS IS POSSIBLE!! Approccio inevitabile ….BUT THEY NEEDwe TO haven’t BE MINIMIZED!!! yet Direct action to reduce infection: per le malattie da agenti di cancro e di carie embraced! - 1. inoculum reduction (in the nursery and in the vineyard) - 2. wound protection (in the nursery, in mother plants fields, in the vineyard) The approach to the - 3. wound susceptibility - to choose when to prune (risk assesment models?) vineyard management …and indirect action on the host: needs to change - 3. to create conditions that hinder growth in the wood by the pathogens - 4. to create conditions that help the vine react at its best to the effects of colonization

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• MALATTIA DELLE FOGLIE STRIATE: Una complessa interazione con molti attori…….

TO START OFF WITH THE RIGHT FOOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! MOLTI DIVERSI PATOGENI: • Enzimi degradativi INDIRECT ACTION: ….THERE ARE CULTURAL CHOICES THAT ENCOURAGE PATHOGENS SET UP • Metaboliti fitotossici e loro trasformazioni AND DECREASE HOST REACTION - SOMETIMES IT IS AN ECONOMIC CHOICE Environmental factors: soil waterlogging, drainage, rain OSPITE: Plant at the • Stress ossidativo nella foglia right Foliar symptoms development Soil preparation • CheckAccumulo the quality di stilbene of your e resveratrolo time!!!!! incited by rainy spring, bad and • Accumulopropagation di material sostanze di difesa drainage management! • Disfunzioni nel flusso della linfa Good, clean graft union, AMBIENTElimited (PIOGGIA, wood infections TEMPERATURA, Care in setting up 40 SUOLO…...): a good drainage (HYGENE? HWT?) GLSD annual incidence % • Dispersione dell’inoculo 30 • Flusso linfatico 20 To start a • Trasporto di fitotossine Help rooting: 10 Suitable site and variety choice • Influenza del potenziale di difesa new MYCORRYZHAE, Soil management!!!! 0 (scion and rootstock) TRICHODERMA… INCIDENZA % inciden inciden inciden inciden za % za % za % za % vineyard 2012 2013 2014 2015 NON trattato 7,009 23,465 27,124 17,69

Eutypa Nelle malattie del legno …..le infezioni iniziano dalle prime ferite….

Vascular pathogens and some canker agents can be present in the - RIGHT ROOTSTOCK FOR THE SOIL propagation material… NEED OF AS CLEAN AS POSSIBLE PLANT - CULTIVARS SUSCEPTIBILITY MATERIAL (OZONE, EAW, Trichoderma) 100 Red wine varieties 80 Eutypa 60 Sosnowski et al. 2016 40 20 0 Fer

Freisa Odola Shiraz Shiraz Portan Sumoll Merlot Tannat Souzao Gamay Lagrain Gascon Malbec Cinsaut Royalty Mataro Touriga Ganson Rubired Mantey Jacquez Barbera Aramon Ughetta Kadarka Aleatico Gramon Cascade CG 1730 Saperavi Egiodola Meunier Dolcetto Carignan Bastardo Graciano Monerac Tarrango Symptom severity (%) Valdiguie Zinfandel Abouriou Tinta Cao Trollinger Prokupac Grenache Bonvedro Baco Noir Arinarnoa Grec Rose St. Macair Pinot Noir Teroldego Limberger Mammolo Mondeuse Constantia Americano Americano Terret Noir Sangiovese Calitor Noir Tempranillo De Chaunac Petit Verdot Criolla Negra Raboso Piave Chambourcin Nebbiolo Fino Auldana No. 1 Auldana No. 3 Merlot Tinta Carvalha Tinta Amarella Ruby Cabernet Piquepoul Noir

Cabernet Franc Pinot Noir Quick's Seedling

Grenache Nebbiolo Bourgu

Shiraz Muscat Hamburg Alicante Bouschet risk Cabernet Sauvignon

Tinta Molle (Madeira)

Cab Sauv Muscat a Petits Grains Susceptibility to colonization or GLSD, Esca complex symptoms? Different susceptibility to different diseases? Infection

!!!!! Key aspect for research

Romanazzi et al.,, 2014 Wounds

Suscettibilità alla colonizzazione del legno o suscettibilità alla FISIOLOGIA: anche il tipo di INNESTO influenza l’incidenza manifestazione di sintomi?….non sono la stessa cosa! dei sintomi fogliari!!! Grande contributo possibile dalle conoscenze sulla suscettibilità cultivars 9 04/12/19

Aspetti colturali:

OSTACOLI AL MOVIMENTO DELLA LINFA, il ruolo dell’INNESTO

Infections in the nurseries CAN BE REDUCED even if they MONITORING IN 59 PLOTS FOR 2 YEARS. will never be fully eliminated Hygene in the nursery: 1. spacco pieno to revise the production Natural infections by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora2. Spacco inglese process 3. omega T SEVERINE ET AL., 2017. Oenone , vol 51 R T I R LEAF SYMPTOMS INCIDENCE • HOT C I varies with the type of graft WATER H C AFTER 20-40 YRS. TREATMENT! O H • ACID WATER O Mark Birebent: MUCH LOWER • TRICHODERMA INCIDENCE with bud grafting in the field MOTHER VINES MANAGEMENT

TO CONTINUE PROTECTING AND HELPING THE VINE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! TO CONTINUE PROTECTING AND HELPING THE VINE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! INDIRECT ACTION: ….THERE ARE CULTURAL CHOICES THAT ENCOURAGE PATHOGENS SET UP INDIRECT ACTION: ….THERE ARE CULTURAL CHOICES THAT ENCOURAGE PATHOGENS SET UP AND DECREASE HOST REACTION - SOMETIMES IT IS AN ECONOMIC CHOICE…RENEW THE AND DECREASE HOST REACTION - SOMETIMES IT IS AN ECONOMIC CHOICE…RENEW THE VINEYARD AFTER 10 YRS…. The ENERGY that VINEYARD AFTER 10 YRS…. The ENERGY that Prune the plant spends Prune the plant spends Eliminate pruning respecting Prune at on growth is not Eliminate pruningPREVENTION IS A KEY respecting Prune at on growth is not residues = INOCULUM the sap flow the right available for residues = INOCULUM the sap flow the right available for SOURCES time DEFENCE!!!!!! SOURCES WORD: START IN THE time DEFENCE!!!!!!

Select a suitable Protect the Select a suitableNURSERY BUT CONTINUE Protect the TRELLISING SYSTEM wound TRELLISING SYSTEM IN THE VINEYARD! wound

BALANCED Soil managemet and BALANCED Soil managemet and DO NOT push organic nutrition!!!! DO NOT push organic nutrition!!!! vigour or GROWTH vigour or GROWTH COVER CROPS for water COVER CROPS for water production!!!!..... production!!!!..... in the field balance in the field balance

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CANE PRUNING: LESS LEAF SYMPTOMS BUT MORE VINE DEATH

PRUNING SYSTEM GLSD (ESCA COMPLEX) cv. Sangiovese LONG ARMS = 60 Leaf symptoms % 50 less non productive 40 vines, dead or with 30 wood damage 20 PERMANENT CORDON = = 10 More foliar symptoms but fewer dead vines 0 LOWER DAMAGE 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

GUYOT CORDONE SPERONATO Guyot= CANE 90 PRUNING 80 GUYOT Traditional simple 70 Guyot 60 Less foliar symptoms 50 = 40 CORDONE More dead vines, always the highest 30 20 SPERONATO more necrotic wood wood damages 10 0 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 tot …SOLUTION? …Guyot-Poussard! Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 2018, Vol. 57(3)

Guyot-Poussard pruning system

u Dead wood following pruning will be in the upper part Francoise Dal, France u The sap flow is preserved in the lower part by selecting the bud SICAVAC Guyot-Poussard pruning system u Annual wounds from the removal of canes from = dead wood following pruning will be in the the previous year are always on the top of the upper part ALSO GREEN PRUNING IS arms = to preserve the sap flux in the lower part IMPORTANT! Leaving shoots The spurs are always placed below well positioned for winter “Guyot – Poussard” pruning system the vine arms = annual wounds from the pruning «T» shape removal of long canes from the previous year are always on the top of the arms This pruning system avoids the raising of the vines, instead the “T” lengthens horizontally.

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WOUNDS! ….pruning….shoot suckering….propagation process…. What are the inoculum sources?

..and they can remain ASYMPTOMATIC for years!!!

PREVENTION IN THE FIELD: TO REDUCE THE INOCULUM and TO REDUCE INFECTIONS

REDUCE INOCULUM SOURCES Remove dead wood Pruning residues = Compost!!! Chip canes into tiny pieces!!! WHEN THERE IS LESS INOCULUM ? Avoid - Temperature => 10°C - less infections if temperatures are lower, as most fungal pathogens = wounds remain open for months infections need temperatures => 10°C - Rainy months: MORE inoculum after a rain that spreads the spores = pruning and desuckering we do something LATE PRUNING /EARLY PRUNING = variable in different areas (different rainy periods in diff. Regions) very much far away from what the vine would do To prune WHEN THE VINE WOUND IS LESS SUSCEPTIBLE? The fresh wound is more susceptible, but susceptibility remains, decreasing in 2-4 months at the =WE MUST SUPPORT THE VINE BY

right DOUBLE PRUNING = an organizational strategy to help manage the work for an optimal final PROTECTING IT IN A SPECIAL WAY time pruning

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2 yrs old vineyards Non treated Treated PROTECTION!!! …works really well if you start early!: 2011 – first treatment ì With Trichoderma species….. ciao Vineyards treated (Remedier) from year 2 Needed a long lasting efficacy shows a much lower (susceptible for 4 months) incidence of GLSD!!!!!

N° DISEASED VINES The earlier the better CULTIVAR LOCATION PARTNER Trials repeated in the vineyard CONTROL TREATED

• Biocontrol agents – Different Trichoderma for 5-6 years show a reduction 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 formulations in GLSD foliar symptoms and CONSORZIO FITOSANITARIO PROVINCIALE LAMBRUSCO SALAMINO CAVEZZO (MO) 4 4 11 0 in No. of dead vines MODENA – REGGIO EMILIA 0 1

TREBBIANO S. ANDREA (RA) AGRINTESA 12 32 30 0 12 1

TREBBIANO BAGNARA (RA) AGRINTESA 10 10 26 0 1 9 Trichoderma gamsii + T. asperellum T. atroviride SC1 T. atroviride I-1237

CABERNET SAUVIGNON TAURIANO (PN) COOP - S.GIORGIO RICHINVELDA 13 18 21 1 6 7

PROTECTION!!! …new formulations Artificial inoculations with pathogens in the field revealed…… CHEMICAL + PHYSICAL PROTECTION

• Trichoderma is still present after 7 months ü Polymer= PHYSICAL BARRIER • The protection level changes from year to year but there is WE CAN GET A always an effect on Pch infections ü Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin = CHEMICAL REDUCTION IN • Important to treat when temperatures >10°C to allow THE Manual application Trichoderma development by specific device INFECTION • Treatment at sap flow = good colonization BUT IT IS • Trichoderma needs a few days to establish on the wound IMPOSSIBLE • Application on winter pruning is succesful but less efficient TO ELIMINATE (TO REPEAT APPLICATION) THEM FULLY • Most fungicides are compatible with Trichoderma products

BASF, 2018

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Is prevention economically convenient? PREVENTION IN THE FIELD: PRUNING WOUND PROTECTION

Many infections/ By many pathogensogeni / In many years= PRUNING WOUND PROTECTION must be CONSTANT AND EARLY=

Analysis of the impact of preventative tools (Davis University, California) , Hills et at. 2017 START SOON AND DO IT EVERY YEAR

What happens if we start protection in 3, 5 or 10 yrs old vineyards? Also wounds caused by shoot desuckering need to be protected!

SURVEY: 50-60% do NOT apply preventative measures

And if they do . … …don’t wait to have ì - 35% apply protective measures only when leaf symptoms occur (9-10 yrs) The earlier lung cancer to stop the better ì - 55% over 13 yrs old –losses in the production are recorded smoking!!!

And when the damage is already there ? And when the damage is there ? Defence induction by specif leaf applications

v In all wood diseases: TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF LEAF SYMPTOMS: v TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGED WOOD TISSUE by surgery v TO “DISACTIVATE the fungal colonization agents ì - less damage to fruit quality

ì - fewer dead vines

v In ESCA COMPLEX: v TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF LEAF SYMPTOMS using foliar applications

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Average leaf area (cm2) in treated and untreated healthy and asymptomatic 25,00 To SUPPORT THE VINE TO A vines of the cv Trebbiano d'Abruzzo in 2012 (24 vine-shoot per treatment) Trebbiano Montepulciano Montepulcian Leaf type Treatment Healthy vines Asymptomatic vines d’Abruzzo d’Abruzzo 1 o d’Abruzzo 2 DEFENCE REACTION Primary shoot leaves Treated 29293 37656 20,00 Untreated 27036 27829 New formulation for foliage P value 0,41 0,0005 Secondary shoot leaves Treated 35312 46227 15,00 applications, nutrients and seaweed Untreated 41702 53958 180 Kg treated P value 0,42 0,62 extracts Values in bold refer to significant differences following analysis of variance 120 Kg control 10,00 Cabernet and Student's t-test (P≤0.05) * 60,00 Sauvignon 5,00 Grape yield in the cv Trebbiano vineyard in 2012 following treatment | I 50,00 in healthy and asymptomatic vines 409 clusters | I Sangiovese | I Yield parameters Treatment Healthy vines Asymptomatic vines | 0,00 I Trebbiano d’Abruzzo: Weight of yield Treated 136,1 180,1 treated 9 applications 6 applications Untreated 9 applications 6 applications Untreated 9 applications Untreated 40,00 Full mixture Full mixture Control Full mixture Full mixture Control Full mixture Control 6 or 9 appl. Untreated 88,8 120,1 Trebbiano Trebbiano Trebbiano Montepulciano Montepulciano Montepulciano Montepulciano Montepulciano P value 0,035 0,073 310 control d'Abruzzo d'Abruzzo d'Abruzzo d'Abruzzo 1 d'Abruzzo 1 d'Abruzzo 1 d'Abruzzo 2 d'Abruzzo 2 Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard 30,00 No. of clusters Treated 337 409 Untreated 241 310 incidence % severity % P value 0,036 0,093 20,00 Values in bold refer to significant differences following analysis of variance Applications with the regular and Student's t-test (P≤0.05) 10,00 pesticides, I I I I I I 0,00 I I Quantity and quality at harvest is also increased 6 or 9 applications per year 9 applications 6 applications Untreated 9 applications Untreated 9 applications Untreated Full mixture Full mixture Control Full mixture Control Cabernet Full mixture Control Trebbiano Trebbiano Trebbiano Cabernet Sauvignon Sangiovese Sangiovese d'Abruzzo d'Abruzzo d'Abruzzo Sauvignon Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Vineyard Calzarano et al., 2014, 2017, 2018. Phytopathologia Mediterranea incidence % severity %

I consider that curettage and trunk renewal have the same purpose : supress the white rot. Trunk renewal is a lot more simple to practise so it is the best solution except when there is no shoot at the base of the trunk. For most of the varieties and the way of working of french winegrowers, there is very few shoots at the base when the vines ae more than 12 years. In that case we do curetage.

And when the damage is there ? And when the damage is there ? SURGERY: 1) To remove the necrotic tissue SURGERY: 2) To remove ALL the decayed tissue

ì Remedial surgery -Removal of dead spurs and cordons ì Only for cultivars that do not produce basal shoots ì Trunk renewal -Eutypa or Botryosphaeria necrotic tissue ì Not suitable to all training systems 1) TRUNK Better to protect the new RENEWAL wound and use clean tools for ì Economic evaluation (very expensive) - Choose a shoot at first lower-most cut symptoms ì Different results with different - Not very efficient on symptoms vines with severe symptoms ì Importance of the surgery wound protection??.. under evaluation - Better to apply a lower Curéttage cut - REMOVE REMAINING NEED of scientific studies, to understand Dati da sperimentazione su Eutypiosi the mechanism of action involved DECAYED WOOD Mark Sosnowsky, SARDIBy -Richard Australia SMART

Trunk renewal in Eutypa

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NEW SOLUTIONS? synthetic fungicides but also natural substances that “work La gestione della difesa è molto complessa perché .. from inside the trunk” … Malattie complesse: ì Diversi e numerosi i patogeni Monitoraggi implicati necessari e ì Sintomi spesso non distinguibili complessi ì Sintomi diversi in vitigni diversi ì Sintomi fluttuanti ì Distribuzione non epidemica

Jochen FISCHER, et al., 2019. Targeted Drug Delivery in Plants: Enzyme-Responsive To have answers proper experiments and field monitoring are LigninNanocarriers for the Curative Treatment of the WorldwideGrapevine Trunk Disease Esca. Adv. Sci., DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802315 essential!!!!! NON TREATED CONTROL!!!!!!!!!!!!!

To have answers proper experiments and field monitoring are

38 F 39 essential38 !!!!!38 NONJ 38TREATED38 CONTROL!!!!!!!!!!!!! PERSPECTIVES? 37 38 37 37 37 37 36 AP 37 36 36 36 C++/A- 36 CAPP 35 J 36 35 C- 35 35 C+++ 35 C+++ 34 35 34 34 34 J 34 33 34 J 33 33 J 33 33 J WHEN? Before vintage 32 33 32 32 32 32 To change the approach: PREVENTION IN ALL ASPECTS! 31 32 31 31 J 31 31 30 CAPP 31 30 30 30 C-/A+++ 30 J 29 30 29 29 29 29 J HOW ? 28 29 28 28 C+++ 28 28 J • To follow protocols that do not stress the vine pushing it to show symptoms 27 28 27 J 27 27 27 26 27 J 26 26 J 26 26 ü At least 2 classes of 25 J 26 25 J 25 25 C+++/A- 25 FROM THE NURSERY TO THE VINEYARD 24 25 24 C+ 24 24 C+++/A++ 24 symptoms(C/A + AP) 23 24 23 23 23 23 22 23 22 22 22 22 • …from soil preparation to everything that allow a balanced agronomic 21 22 21 J 21 21 21 ü Create a map in order to 20 J 21 C++/A- 20 20 20 J 20 19 J 20 C+/A++ 19 J 19 J 19 19 management 18 19 J 18 18 18 18 C++/A++ understand despite 17 J 18 J 17 17 17 17 16 17 16 J 16 16 16 J fluctuation 15 16 15 15 15 15 M 14 15 14 C-/A+++ 14 14 14 But great care in the evaluation of efficacy trials! 13 14 13 13 13 13 … 12 13 J 12 W 12 C++/A++ 12 12 11 12 J 11 J 11 11 11 10 11 J 10 10 C+++/A++ 10 10 9 10 9 9 9 J 9 Experimental procedures need to take into account that they are 8 9 8 8 8 8 J 7 8 C+ 7 J 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 complex diseases similar symptoms...mixed infections peculiar 5 6 5 5 5 5 J … … 4 5 4 J 4 4 4 J 3 4 3 3 3 3 epidemiology 2 3 2 2 J 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 F1 2014 2017 F2 2014 2017 F3 2014 2017 F4 2014 2017 F5 2014 2017 F6 2014 2017 • Not one magic solution but a STRATEGY! • To accept wound protection as UNAVOIDABLE

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Tanks for your atenton!!!!

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