Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41966-6 — the Victorian Palace of Science Edward J

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41966-6 — The Victorian Palace of Science Edward J. Gillin Index More Information

Index

A Geological Manual,94 Albemarle Street, 68 A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Albert, Prince, 160, 195 Natural philosophy,4 anti slavery, 158 A rudimentary treatise on clock and at the British Association, 68 watchmaking, 245 Michael Faraday, 184 Aberdeen, University of, 29 Alison, Archibald, 50–52 abolition of slavery, 3, 91, 158 on architecture, 51, 52 Acland, Thomas, 198 on Parliament, 51 acoustics, 30, 31, 56, 58, 59, 84, 140, 143 on utility, 52 Adams, Robert, 116, 117 political views, 51 Admiralty, 224 All Saint’s Church, Babbacombe, 120 Airy, George Biddell, 203, 216, 218, 220, All Souls College, Oxford, 95 232, 233, 238, 244, 252, 253, 256, An Introduction to the Study of Chemical 262, 263, 267, 268, 271 Philosophy,99 accuracy, 214, 224, 225, 237 Anderson, John Wilson, 131, 132 as Astronomer Royal, 221–23 Anglican, 6, 244 at Cambridge, 220 architecture, 109 at Greenwich, 216, 217, 221–23, 224, Broad Church, 6 225, 231 Cornwall, 188 authority over Edward John Dent, 250–51 geology, 107 career, 220 governance, 51 compass deviation, 221 High Church, 47, 106 dispute with Benjamin Vulliamy, 234–38 John Frederic Daniell, 99 Edmund Beckett Denison, 216 science, 5 Edward John Dent, 219, 225–26, 237 theology, 4 galvanic regulation, 217 universities, 125 galvanic time system, 227, 228–32, Anning, Mary, 91 238–44, 252, 253, 258 Ansted, David, 266 Greenwich time, 217 Anston stone, 102, 115, 117, 118, 265, Greenwich time system, 227–28 266, 267 horology, 224, 225, 226, 236 Architectural Magazine, 36, 49 mathematics, 221 architecture Parliament time, 214, 215, 216, 228–32, debates over Parliament, 48–52 238–44, 245–52 debates over style, 35–38, 42–47 plans for Greenwich control rejected, 259 in the history of science, 16 reports on the Westminster clock, 256 patronage, 27 role after 1853, 252 profession in the 1830s, 60–63 wave theory of light, 201, 202 regency, 26 Westminster clock, 214, 216, 219–20, science of, 87, 88, 103, 105, 112, 114, 223–24, 227, 228–32, 234–38, 245–52 115, 118 work with Edmund Beckett Denison, Argand lamp, 188, 189, 198 245–52 Arnott, Neil, 130, 137, 155, 156, 157, 197

307

308 Index

Ashmolean Museum, 107 Gothic, 50, 65 Aspin, Philip, 22 Henry Brougham, 172 Astronomical Society, 235 Joseph Gwilt, 167 astronomy, 21, 46, 78, 223, 224, 226, 227, Joseph Hume, 59 231, 237, 243, 245, 263 lighting, 181, 186, 205 atheism, 4 mathematics, 82 Athenaeum club, 30 mechanics, 78–85 Atlantic telegraph, 238 Michael Faraday, 84–85, 162, 177, Atonement, 133 193, 213 Author of Nature, 127, 128, 136 on Christopher Wren, 78 automaton, 75 on Vitruvius, 79–80 orchestrates the press, 169 Babbage, Charles, 220 Parliament clocks, 241 Bacon, Francis, 50, 141, 142 Parliament stone survey, 90–91, Baconian science, 70, 141 92–93, 119 Bagehot, Walter, 20 professionalism, 61, 63, 83, 200 Baird, John, 130 roof tiles, 80 Bakerian Lectures, 141 Royal Institute of British Architects, 69 Balliol College, Oxford, 120 Royal Institution, 68 Ballysimon quarries, 116 science, 55, 65, 67, 68, 69, 78–85, 161, Bank of England, 223 176, 180, 181, 192 Banks, Joseph, 6 scientific associates, 68 Barry, Alfred, 67, 69, 78, 84 stone, 80 Barry, Charles, 2, 10, 14, 22, 28, 49, 50, 53, stone sample controversy, 112–15 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 63–69, 74, 78, 85, sympathy in The Times, 174 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 98, 103, 105, trustworthy, 180 112, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125, 149, use of iron, 80–83 182, 183, 187, 205, 255, 265, 266, use of wood, 80 271 ventilation, 165–82 appointment, 52 Westminster clock, 219, 234, 236, 237, architectural tour, 62 241, 252, 260 at the British Association, 68 Whig connections, 56 Augustus Pugin, 65 William Whewell, 86 authority, 162, 176 Barry, Edward Middleton, 266 biography, 63 Bath stone, 58 cement, 80 batteries, 231, 233, 239, 242, 243 central ventilation tower, 163 Bebbington, David, 133 Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 59 Belgian Gothic architecture, 65 chemistry, 78–85, 97, 99, 179 Bell, George Joseph, 130 chooses stone for Parliament, 102 Bentham, Jeremy, 29, 32, 36, 155 clock tower, 219 Benthamite, 155, 197 criticism of designs, 37, 42–43, 46–47, 57 Bible, 21, 47, 107, 133 David Boswell Reid, 162, 163, ‘Big Ben’, 256, 260, 262, 267, 268 165–82, 205 Birkbeck, George, 146, 147, 200 death, 68, 84, 265 Birkbeck’s London Mechanics’ debates over his appointment, 56–59 Institute, 142 designs for Parliament, 28 Birmingham Edward Cust, 27 Great Reform Act, 33 engineering, 67, 181 meeting of the British Association, 104 experiment, 89 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine,50 fire proofing, 166 Blore, Edward, 31 genius, 58 Board of Woods and Forests, 112, 116 geological knowledge, 100, Board of Works, 255, 266 103, 111 George Biddell Airy advises, 252, Goldsworthy Gurney, 169, 192 256, 258

Index 309

John Manners, 181 Birkbeck’s Mechanics’ Institute, 142 Westminster clock, 235 Charles Barry, 42, 172, 176 Bolsover Moor, 100, 102 complains about David Boswell Reid’s Bolsover stone, 101, 102 ventilation, 172 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 43 David Boswell Reid, 141, 143, 176 Bord, Joe, 22, 38, 39 David Brewster, 202 Bow bell, 256 Dugald Stewart, 39, 41 Boyle, Robert, 44 Edinburgh University, 41 Brande, William Thomas, 146, 147, 200 experimental commitment, 176, Brewster, David, 190, 192, 203, 204, 208, 177, 236 212, 213 George Canning, 41 Calvinistic science, 202, 203 Gothic, 42 credibility, 205 hypothesis, 41, 141, 202, 236 David Boswell Reid, 161, 177 material improvement, 142 dispute with William Whewell, 176, 203 on Parliament’s architecture, 42–43 Edinburgh science, 125, 191, 200 optics, 202, 206 experimental approach, 202 political science, 42 hypothesis, 141, 202 science, 41, 141–42, 192 kaleidoscope, 203 SDUK, 142 lighting in Parliament, 200, 204–6 trapped in an air pump, 172 on the Bude light, 204 Westminster clock, 236, 237 optical experiments in Parliament, 204 Whig natural philosophy, 39–42 optics, 185, 186, 201–2, 204, 205 William Richard Hamilton, 43, 46 Bridgewater Treatises, 136 Brown, Thomas, 180 Bridgewater, Earl of, 136 Bruce, Thomas. See Elgin, Earl of Brighton Pavilion, 82 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 1, 13, British Association for the Advancement of 145, 240 Science, 6, 18, 115 Brunel, Marc Isambard, 145, 160 Birmingham meeting, 160 Brunel, Sophia MacNamara, 145 Cambridge meeting, 202 Buchanan, Alexandrina, 74 Charles Barry, 68, 69, 85, 103 Buckingham Palace, 26, 27, 59, 82, 178 David Brewster, 202, 203 Buckland, William, 92, 106, 107, 109, 110 Dublin meeting, 160 Bude Light, 184, 198, 209, 213, 265 Edinburgh meeting, 140, 142, 143, as political analogy, 186, 209–12 161, 176 dangerous, 194 Edward John Dent, 225 David Brewster, 204 formation, 6 experimental trials, 189, 207, 208 Henry Brougham, 202 in Parliament, 186, 192, 193, 194, 197, Newcastle meeting, 94, 103, 160 200, 208, 212 Oxford meeting, 104 lighthouses, 188 Plymouth meeting, 159, 160 Michael Faraday supports, 196, 197 politics, 6 Trinity House, 188, 191, 193 Section A, 18 Burrow, John, 39, 42 Section E, 160 Burton, Decimus, 30, 31 sections, 18 Butterﬁeld, William, 49, 120 William Smith, 104 York meeting, 6, 93, 160 Caen stone, 58, 115, 119 British Galvanization of Metals Caledonian Mercury, 143 Company, 80 Calvinism, 134, 202, 203 British Geological Survey, 92, 93, 94, Cambridge 111, 266 meeting of the British Association, 202 British Museum, 23, 44, 82 Cambridge Hellenists, 47 Brougham, Henry, 42, 50, 52, 145, 146, Cambridge Philosophical Society, 74, 191, 192, 202 224, 247 at the British Association, 140 Cambridge University Observatory, 220

310 Index

Cambridge, University of, 73, 92, 235 Combe, George, 4, 126, 133 Anglican bastion, 125 common sense philosophy, 39 Charles Kelsall, 48 Company of Clockmakers of the City of mathematics, 70, 201, 203, 213 London, 235, 236, 238, 240 mechanics, 74 Conrad, Joseph, 221, 263, 264 men of science, 201 Conservative St John’s College, 43 asthmatics, 47 tripos examinations, 247 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine,50 William Whewell, 44, 55 British Association membership, 6 Campbell, John, 141, 142, 161, 172, government, 25, 27, 209, 219, 176, 179 267, 268 Canning, Charles, 219, 220, 223, 225, on Parliament, 20 227, 234 on the Gothic, 50 Canning, George, 41, 219 Quarterly Review,50 carbonometer, 151 Robert Peel, 210 Carlton club, 25 satire, 209 Carlyle, Thomas, 20 The Times, 174, 183 Castle Howard, 95 William Whewell, 70 Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Corinthian, 45 Chadwick, Edwin, 29, 155, 267 Corn Laws, 3 Chalmers, Thomas, 124, 133–36, 140 Cornwall, 85, 92, 187, 188, 191, 207 David Boswell Reid, 137–38 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 106 Chamber of Deputies, 31 corpuscular theory, 201, 202 Channel telegraph, 238, 239 Cotton Garden, 152 Chapman, Allan, 223 Covent Garden Theatre, 147 Chartist, 3 Cowper, William Francis, 266 chemistry, 1, 17, 18, 39, 41, 109, 115, 121, Creation, 107, 108, 109, 137 123, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, credibility 158, 159, 160, 161, 168, 169, 177, architecture, 20, 59, 76 179, 187, 191, 195, 197, 200, 209, 271 Benjamin Vulliamy, 241 analysis of stone, 97–100 David Boswell Reid, 121, 124, 132, 138, architecture, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 111 143, 148, 153, 161, 176, 179, 181 Charles Barry, 54, 55, 78, 79, 80, 84 David Brewster, 185, 204 geology, 88, 96, 98, 108, 109 displays, 12 in God’s Creation, 109 experiment, 11, 122, 124, 151, 157, 176, materialism, 21 200, 205, 206, 212 of David Boswell Reid, 126–28 Goldsworthy Gurney, 186, 192 practical chair at Edinburgh, 129–32 government, 2, 21, 186, 270 stone, 90, 100 mathematical, 251 ventilation, 128–29, 153–54 Michael Faraday, 196 Christison, Robert, 132 of Parliament, 32 chronometers, 160, 224, 226, 237, 241 of the Westminster clock, 229 Church of England, 91, 107, 108 Parliament, 272 Gothic, 47 Parliament stone survey, 167 privileges, 3 political, 7 William Buckland, 106 religious context, 133 Church of Scotland, 133, 134, 202 science, 2, 10–13, 17, 18, 125, 271 circular error, 224 ventilation, 147 Clark, James, 160 Cust, Edward, 26, 27, 28, 37, 56, 68 Clerk, George, 145 Charles Barry, 56 Clock Tower, 84, 163, 180, 219, 253, 258 competition, 25–26, 50 Coalbrookdale, 82 Cole, Henry, 31 D’Israeli, Isaac, 213 College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 139 Daniell, John Frederic, 98, 99, 100, 101 Collini, Stefan, 39, 42 Darwin, Charles, 5, 68

Index 311

Davy, Humphry, 141, 147, 194, 195 dispute over authority, 250–51 De architectura, 79, 80 experience, 251 De la Beche, Henry Thomas, 88, 98, 99, experiments on time signals, 242 103, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 266, 271 factory, 251 Anstone stone, 115 George Biddell Airy, 223, 224, 234, 242 appointed to the Parliament stone George Biddle Airy evaluates for the survey, 91 Westminster clock, 226 approach to geology, 93–94, 111 internal clocks for Parliament, 241 biography, 91 pendulum experiments, 251 Caen stone, 115 Royal Exchange clock, 226, 236, Charles Barry, 91, 97 237, 245 chemical analysis, 98 Westminster clock, 235, 237, 248, geological career, 91–92 250–51, 253 geological survey, 91, 92 work for Pulkovo Observatory, 225 mapping, 92 work with George Biddell Airy, 225 Michael Faraday, 97 Dent, Frederick Rippon, 247 Museum of Economic Geology, 111–12 Derby, Earl of, 267 Parliament stone survey, 92–93, 97–98 on Parliament, 20 stone sample controversy, 112–13, 114 Desmond, Adrian, 5 Deane, Thomas, 109, 120 Dickens, Charles, 265 decorative construction, 75, 76, 77 Dickson, T., 180 deep time, 21, 107 Disraeli, Benjamin, 213 Denison, Edmund Beckett, 216, 218, 235, dissenters, 47 247, 252, 253, 260 Donovan lighthouse, 194 accuracy, 253, 255 Doric, 48 authority, 250 double three-legged gravity bad temper, 248 escapement, 253 bells, 255, 256, 265 Douglas, Howard, 167 Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, 236, 237, 245 down-cast ventilation, 156 ‘Big Ben’, 256 Downing College, Cambridge, 74 biography, 244–45 Drayton Manor, 25 completed Westminster clock, 256 Duke Street, 1, 162 dispute with Charles Barry, 237, 252 Duncannon, Lord, 27 dispute with George Biddell Airy, 244, Charles Barry, 162 248–52 David Boswell Reid, 162 escapement design, 247, 251, 253 First Commissioner of Woods and on modern horology, 234, 245, 247 Forests, 27 pendulum, 248, 251 lighting in Parliament, 186, 187 practical experience, 251 opinion of architects, 166 promotes Edward John Dent, 247 Parliament stone survey, 90, 91, 92, 112, promotes George Biddell Airy, 237, 245 113, 114 sceptical of theoretical mathematics, Parliament’s architecture, 28 247, 248 ventilation, 162 takes charge of the Westminster clock, 252 Dürer, Albrecht, 66 time signals, 253, 255 Westminster clock construction, 244, Earth’s density, 221, 231 245–56 East India Company, 29, 99 work with George Biddell Airy, 245 École des Mines, 92 Dent, Edward John, 219, 229, 233, 238, Edinburgh, 180, 182 244, 245, 247, 252 capital of medicine, 5 accuracy, 225, 226, 237, 245, 247 Charles Barry visits, 182 at the British Association, 160 chemistry, 131 Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, 234, 236, 237 classroom, 145, 149, 151, 154, 196 biography, 225 coal gas, 207 death, 245, 247 context, 123, 125, 132, 133

312 Index

Edinburgh (cont.) John Stuart Mill, 32, 70 David Boswell Reid, 121, 123, 129, 130, William Whewell, 71, 72, 76 136, 138, 147, 148, 151, 157, 161, ether 162, 186, 212 optical theory, 202, 248 David Brewster, 161 Etna, Mt, 94 experimentalism, 124, 176, 177, 178, Eton, 244 183, 200, 202, 205 evangelical, 125, 137, 244 Grey Festival, 142, 143 deﬁnition, 133 Henry Brougham, 141 Exeter Hall, 139 meeting of the British Association, 176 geology, 108 Thomas Chalmers, 133, 137 science, 135, 136 time gun, 262 Thomas Chalmers, 124, 133, 134, 137 Whig, 41, 129, 204 Evangelical Party, 133, 134 Edinburgh Philosophic Association, 126 Evolution, 5 Edinburgh Review, 39, 42, 141, 202 Exeter College, Oxford, 120 Edinburgh Ropery, 130 Exeter Hall, 139, 158 Edinburgh School of Arts, 139 Experimental Researches in Electricity, 195 Edinburgh Sugar Works, 130 experiments Edinburgh Town Council, 40, 130, 132 in Parliament. See David Boswell Reid Edinburgh University, 126, 154, on lighting. See Goldsworthy Gurney 191, 192 Exposition de L’Industrie Français, 235 academia, 134 Archibald Alison, 50 Faraday, Michael, 1, 12, 97, 181, 198, 205, chemistry, 126 212, 213, 271 David Boswell Reid, 124, 139 at the British Association, 68 David Brewster, 202, 203 authority, 186, 192 Dugald Stewart, 32 biography, 194–95 Henry Brougham, 41, 141 Charles Barry, 68, 85, 86, 162, 169, industrial context, 41, 125 177, 182 John Claudius Loudon, 36 Charles Wheatstone, 99 Joseph Hume, 29, 192, 202 chemical analysis, 97 medicine, 41 credibility, 181, 186, 193 politics, 40, 41 David Boswell Reid, 177 Robert Christison, 132 David Brewster, 204 Egyptian asphaltum, 266 experimental method, 196 Electric Telegraph Company, 238 experiments on lighting, 188–91 electricity, 12, 13, 99 fresco painting, 84 electromagnetism, 228, 242 Goldsworthy Gurney, 184, 185, clocks, 230, 241 196–97, 207 early problems with, 240 Isaac D’Israeli, 213 signalling, 240 John Frederic Daniell, 99 Elements of Practical Chemistry, 127 Joseph Hume, 192, 193, 194 Elgin, Earl of, 43 lighthouse illumination, 189 Elizabethan architecture, 27, 50, 56 lighting in Parliament, 196–97, 205 Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale, 180 on Charles Barry’s death, 84 empiricism, 70, 170 Parliament stone survey, 97, 98 of John Stuart Mill, 70 religion, 195 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 245 Royal Institution, 12, 176, 177, 182, Episcopalian Church, 50 189, 196 epistemology, 9, 14, 105 Sandemanian, 194, 195 architecture, 55 the Bude Light, 184, 186, 189, 190, 194 Charles Barry, 85 Trinity House, 188, 189, 191, 196, 197 David Boswell Reid, 122, 182, 183 ventilation, 146, 147–48 governance, 52 William Whewell, 72 Henry Brougham, 41 works with Charles Barry, 84–85

Index 313

fire proofing, 166, 167 natural to Britain, 57 Forbes, John, 161 nature, 45, 49 Foreign Office, 43, 269 Parliament, 2, 15, 36, 269, 270 Fowler, Charles, 37 Parliament competition restrictions, 56 Frankland, Edward, 266 political context, 14 Free Church of Scotland, 133 politics, 21, 22, 28, 35 Free Trade, 3, 134 radicals, 28 French Revolution, 25, 36, 51 weathering, 36, 47, 58 fresco-painting, 84 Whig, 14 Fresnel, Augustin, 201, 202, 205, 208 William Richard Hamilton, 43, 49, 76 William Whewell, 73 Galileo, 78 governmentality, 8, 13 galvanism, 214, 244, 263 Graham, Thomas, 160, 168 batteries, 242 Great Eastern, 13, 17 for factory order, 243 Great Exhibition, 17, 31, 56, 243, 245 link to Westminster, 229, 230, 231, 240, Great Northern Railway Company, 244 244, 255 Great Reform Act, 17, 19, 28, 29, 33, 42, personal equation, 228 51, 165, 271 telegraphy, 218, 238, 240, 252 expanded franchise, 3, 19, 33 time regulation, 18, 217, 218, 228, 230, impact of, 34 231, 232, 233, 240, 241, 242, 243, political uncertainty, 22, 33 244, 253, 255, 263 threat to architecture, 52 transit measurement, 228 ‘Great Tom’ bell, 268 Genesis, 106 Great Western Railway, 240 Geological Survey Act, 111 Grecian. See Greek geology, 1, 17, 18, 21, 38, 79, 87, 90, 91, Greek architecture, 45, 47, 50, 57 93, 200, 209, 267, 271 Charles Kelsall, 48 approaches to, 93–94 cheapness, 66 architecture, 85, 87, 88, 101, 103, construction, 75, 76, 77 106, 111 durable stone, 47 Charles Lyell, 94 Gothic, 44 Parliament, 88, 90–102, 103, 113 nature, 45, 46 utility, 92 philosophy, 45 William Smith’s approach to, 102–10 promoted, 44, 49 geometry, 45, 46, 63, 72, 79, 104, 247 revival, 23 George III, King, 74 science, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49 George IV, King, 26 Green Park, 47 Glasgow, University of, 52 Greenwich Royal Observatory Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 74 authority, 218 Gospels, 133, 135 chronometer checks, 224, Gothic 225, 226 a science, 59, 65, 76 factory, 216, 228, 232 A. W. Hakewill, 66 gate clock, 244 achitecture, 37 George Biddell Airy, 221, 223, 224, architecture, 27, 28, 59, 76, 245 227, 231 Augustus Pugin, 14, 65, 66, 271 imperialism, 217 central ventilation tower, 163 in Joseph Conrad, 221, 264 Charles Barry, 28, 63, 67 public dissemination of time, 244 Charles Fowler, 37 regulates the Westminster clock, 214, Church associations, 46 215, 227, 228, 229, 231, 240, 244, criticism of, 37, 44, 47, 48 252, 263 Henry Brougham, 42, 50 standard time for London, 240 meaning of, 13 sympathetic clocks, 242, 243 medieval continuity, 109 time ball, 227, 244 modern, 85 transit observations, 227

314 Index

Greenwich standard time, 226 Guy Fawkes, 174, 178, 183 in Parliament, 217, 227, 229, 232, Gwilt, Joseph, 166, 167 244, 264 resistance to, 218 Hakewill, A. W., 66 rise of, 217, 231, 238 Hall, Benjamin, 30 sound signal, 262 Hall, Edward, 101 telegraphy, 231 Hamilton, Thomas, 142 Gregory, William, 132 Hamilton, William Richard, 50 Grey Festival, 142 biography, 43–44 Grey Pavilion, 143 Cambridge Hellenists, 47–48 Grey, Earl, 33, 141, 145, 146 Catholics taking control over the House Edinburgh festival, 142 of Commons, 46–47 leadership, 34 Charles Barry, 43, 47 resigns, 33 concerns over the use of Gothic, 46–47 Gurney, Goldsworthy, 190, 194, 196, 198, Gothic, 43, 76 199, 200, 201, 211, 212, 265, 267, Henry Brougham reviews, 42–43 271 on Parliament’s architecture, 44–46, a danger to Parliament’s health, 194 76–78 Andrew Ure proposes experiments, 198 on science, 77, 78 authority, 192 politics, 77 biography, 187–88 readers, 49 Charles Barry concerned over Robert Willis, 76–78 experiments, 205 Roderick Murchison, 44 Charles Barry’s approval, 85, 169, Westminster Review,46 192, 193 William Whewell, 76–78 Charles Wheatstone, 207 Hanbury-Tracy, Charles, 58, 59 coal gas trials, 207 architecture, 28, 59, 145 Cornish context, 187, 188 Charles Barry, 59 Cornish supporters, 200 David Boswell Reid, 145, 161 credibility, 169, 186, 193, 200, 212 Joseph Hume, 59 David Boswell Reid, 198 Hardwicke, Philip, 168 David Brewster, 186, 204 Harris, Elisha, 159 evaluation of work at Parliament, 206 Harrow, 43 experiments, 168, 194, 196, 197, 198, Harvey, William, 29 200, 204, 212 Hawes, Benjamin, 143, 145, 146, 149, 151, hypothesis, 206 179, 180, 206 Joseph Hume, 191, 192, 193, 206, 212 Hay, James, 130 lighting in Parliament, 184, 186, 191, Heddington stone, 95 193, 194, 197, 200, 205, 206–8 Henry VII Chapel, 27 Michael Faraday supports, 184, 185, Herschel, John, 4, 201, 220 194, 196, 207 Hill, Rosemary, 66 optical experiments in the House Hilton, Boyd, 108, 133, 134 Commons, 206–8 History of the inductive sciences, 73, 76, politics, 188 77, 203 practical demonstrations, 208 Hobsbawm, Eric, 14, 15 reappointed, 267 Hofmann, Augustus, 266 securing manganese supply, 207 Holland House, 56 the Bude light, 184, 187, 191, 196, 197, Hookstone quarry, 95 201, 208, 212, 265 Hope, Thomas, 47 Trinity House, 187, 197 Hope, Thomas Charles, 126, 127 trust, 186 experimental credit, 131 undermines David Boswell Reid, 168 practical chemistry controversy, ventilation, 168, 174, 267 129–32 work on lighthouse illumination, 188, Hopper, Thomas, 31, 58 189–90 Horner, Francis, 39, 41

Index 315

horology, 17, 250, 252, 256 experiment in, 173 a science, 214, 248 experiments, 176 accuracy, 226, 247 Henry Brougham, 42, 176 authority, 217, 219, 237, 247 iron, 81 Charles Barry, 237 roof, 67, 166 circular error, 224 temporary, 2, 23, 121 Edmund Beckett Denison, 244, 245, 256 time regulation, 219, 236 George Biddell Airy, 224, 236 ventilation, 165, 168, 169, 172, 176, Great Exhibition, 245 180 mathematics, 217, 218, 232, 234, 263 Walter Bagehot, 20 Hotel de Ville, 236, 238 Houses of Parliament, 1, 19, 269, 270 House of Commons, 31, 151, 163, 212, 266 architecture, 22, 60 a place of science and politics, 185 before 1834, 19 acoustics, 30, 84 Charles Barry, 90, 121 air, 121, 157, 161, 169 connection to Greenwich, 263 architecture, 31 construction of, 2, 3, 184, 234 as a laboratory, 11, 122, 152, 198 David Boswell Reid’s laboratory, 161 Catholic supremacy over, 46 destruction of, 28 Charles Barry, 56 embodies science, 268 completion of, 2 experiments, 148 crypt experiments, 207 geology, 107 David Boswell Reid sets ﬁre to, 172 Henry Brougham, 236 experiments in, 121, 123, 124, 125, 150, science at, 13 151, 160, 177, 184, 191, 197, 198, stone, 87, 120 200, 205, 206, 208 time keeping, 219, 231, 257 gas lighting, 157, 184, 190, 198, 200, 207 Howse, Derek, 217 Geological Society, 89 Hume, David, 39 health, 27, 30, 155 philosophy of scepticism, 39 heat, 171 political science, 39 lighthouse analogy, 212 Hume, Joseph, 31, 34, 191 new building, 181 appoints Goldsworthy Gurney, 186, 193 noise, 165 biography, 29 public space, 209 Charles Barry, 56, 59, 205 religious rituals, 47 Edinburgh University, 202 Robert Peel, 27, 33 experiment, 208 roof, 67, 156, 205 Faraday’s experiments on lighting, 188–89 sound of ‘Big Ben’, 260 Goldsworthy Gurney, 186, 187, 193, temporary, 2, 23, 121, 149, 161, 162, 194, 206, 212 168, 171, 173, 193 Gothic, 35, 36, 59 the Bude Light, 184, 191, 193, 196, 197, health of MPs, 30 208, 209 helps Arthur Symonds, 35 time keeping, 219 illumination, 185 Utilitarian, 35 John Stuart Mill, 192 ventilation, 121, 151, 155, 161, 165, lighthouse commission, 187, 188 176, 180 Michael Faraday, 186, 194, 196, 197 Walter Bagehot, 20 on experiment, 192 wax candle lighting, 186, 189 on Parliament, 19, 21, 29–31, 32, 33, 34 women, 35 Parliament’s lighting, 191, 196, 197, 200, House of Lords, 28, 36, 163, 166, 173 204, 205, 206, 209, 211 architecture, 36 the Bude Light, 188, 192, 198, 208, 213 as an air pump, 172 Utilitarian, 31, 32, 34, 52, 78, 191 Bude light, 209 Utilitarian science, 191–93 Charles Barry, 172, 182 utility, 36 completion of, 2 William Richard Hamilton, 43 David Boswell Reid, 172 women in Parliament, 35

316 Index

hydrostatic bed, 137, 138 Kepler, Johannes, 78 Hygrometer, 99 King Edward’s School, Birmingham, 63 hypothesis King’s College London, 1, 61, 93, 99, clock making, 236, 247 100, 230 David Brewster, 141, 206 King’s Library, 82 Henry Brougham, 41, 141 John Stuart Mill, 192 laissez-faire, 134 lighting, 196 Lardner, Dionysius, 198 place in experiment, 11, 41 Lauder, Thomas Dick, 130 wave theory, 201, 202, 205 Lavoisier, Antoine, 146 Lemon, Charles, 198, 206, 208 idealism Leopold, King of Belgium, 25 in science, 70 Leslie, John, 130 Illustrated London News, 174 liberalism, 7, 34 Illustrations of the theory and practice of Lichﬁeld, Bishop of, 244 ventilation, 153 lighthouse, 193 Imperial College London, 31 commission in 1834, 188 imperialism, 217 committee in 1832, 204 induction, 89, 212 David Boswell Reid ventilates, 180 David Brewster, 202, 204, 206 explosion at the Donovan, 194 Henry Brougham, 236 French, 208 John Stuart Mill, 32, 192 Goldsworthy Gurney, 186, 187, 190, Joseph Hume, 197 193, 213 Newtonian, 201 illumination, 184, 188, 189, 208, 212 optical theory, 205 Michael Faraday experiments, 190 industrialization, 2, 6, 89, 215, 216 the Bude Light, 192 Inglis, Robert, 56 Trinity House, 188 intuitionism lighting, 8, 212, 213 in science, 70 candle, 156, 186 invented tradition, 14 Charles Barry, 56, 79, 181, 186 iron, 79 Chris Otter, 185 Augustus Pugin, 65 dangers of, 194, 196, 198, 205 Charles Barry, 80, 82 David Boswell Reid, 156, 187 chemistry, 83, 127, 129 David Brewster, 204, 206, 208 in architecture, 23, 67, 82, 83, 119, 177 Decimus Burton, 31 in clock building, 226 experimental trials, 189–91 mathematics, 85 gas, 157, 185 ship’s magnetism, 221 Goldsworthy Gurney, 184, 188, 267 Italian architecture, 63 in Parliament, 15, 17, 20, 29, 197, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, Jackson, Julian R., 49, 50 265, 271 Jacksonian Chair of Natural and Michael Faraday, 184, 191 Experimental Philosophy, 74, 235 radical politics, 32 James I, King, 141 symbol of modernity, 208 Jeffrey, Francis, 39 Westminster clock, 260 Jennings, John, 161 Limerick stone, 116, 117 Jermyn Street, 1, 111, 115 Limerick, Earl of, 116 Jones, Inigo, 44, 78 Lincoln, Earl of, 166, 170 Joyce, Patrick, 7 Lloyd, T., 161 London kaleidoscope, 203 atmosphere, 47, 87, 90, 98, 100, 267 Keble, John, 107 medicine, 5 Keene, William, 208 stone, 106, 117 Kelsall, Charles, 47, 48 London Mechanics’ Institute, 146 Kent Lunatic Asylum, 146 London Weekly Dispatch, 111

Index 317

London, University of, 5 mechanics, 44, 46, 78, 221, 234 London’s telegraph network, 240 architecture, 46, 77, 79, 85 Lonsdale, Fanny Catherine, 244 Charles Barry, 54, 55, 78, 80, 83 Loudon, John Claudius, 36, 37 Edmund Beckett Denison, 247, 250 Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, 220 Robert Willis, 74, 235 Lutyens, Edwin, 269 William Whewell, 72 Lyell, Charles, 4, 93, 94, 108, 109 Mechanics’ Magazine, 193 medicine, 5, 158 Macaulay, Lord, 68 Meeson, Alfred, 83, 84, 166, 181 Macﬁe, John, 130 Melbourne Parliament House, 269 Magneto Electric Inductive Machine, 242 Melbourne, Lord, 25, 33, 162, 210 Malthusian, 51, 138 fall from power, 209 Manchester on Parliament’s architecture, 25, 28 Great Reform Act, 33 on the site of Parliament, 25 Manchester Railway, 52 reformed Parliament leadership, 33–34 Manchester Town Hall, 89 return to power, 27 Mandler, Peter, 33, 34 ridiculed in The Bude Light, 209, 210 Manners, John, 181 Robert Smirke, 23, 25 Marsden, Ben, 11, 74, 123, 124, 218 miasmatic disease, 128, 155, 158 materialism, 4, 21, 37 Middle Ages, 44, 46, 72, 73 Mathematical Tracts, 220 Middleton and Bailey of Lambeth, 63 mathematics, 1, 4, 48, 127, 221, 247, 271 Mill, James, 31, 191 architecture, 45, 50, 74, 82, 83 Joseph Hume, 29 at Greenwich, 222, 223 political science, 32 at the British Association, 18, 115 Mill, John Stuart, 32, 86, 176, British, 216 185, 191 Cambridge, 203, 220, 245 epistemology, 32 clock accuracy, 214, 217, 218, 224, 225, experiment, 192 226, 234, 235, 237, 244, 248, 263 experimental knowledge, 192 credibility, 251 Henry Cole, 31 David Brewster critical of, 202 hypothesis, 192 George Biddell Airy’s authority, 220 induction, 32, 69, 70, 192 John Stuart Mill, 70 Joseph Hume, 29 mechanics, 78, 235 political science, 32, 69 object of terrorism, 263 radical science, 183 optical theory, 201, 202, 205 scientiﬁc method, 69–70 practical experience, 263 William Whewell, 55, 69 saves ‘Big Ben’, 267 Milne, Alexander, 161, 241 time, 218 Molesworth, William, 198 Victorian, 220 Montrose Academy, 29 Mathematics Tripos examinations, 70, 220, moral philosophy, 32, 70, 138 245, 247 Morning Chronicle, 143 May, Charles, 267 Morning Post, 114 Maynooth, 172 Morpeth, Viscount, 237 McClellan, Samuel, 243 Morrell, Jack, 92, 208 Mears of Whitechapel, 256 Morus, Iwan, 9, 215 measurement Murchison, Roderick, 44, 89, 266 ‘factory mentality’, 216 Museum of Economic Geology, 1, 91, 97, of galvanic signalling, 240 111, 112, 115 of light, 189 music, 47, 140, 211 of society, 32 of time, 217, 232 Napoleon. See Bonaparte, Napoleon regimes, 217 Nash, John, 26 meat experiments at Parliament, 151 Buckingham Palace, 26, 59 mechanical construction, 75, 76 Decimus Burton, 30

318 Index

Nash, John (cont.) Viscount Morpeth, 237 on architects, 26 Westminster clock, 219 patronage, 83 Old Testament, 107 use of iron, 82 On the building and ornamental stones of Great National Gallery, 27, 54 Britain and foreign countries, 101 National Gallery of Practical Science, 12 On the Origin of Species,5 Natural History Museum, 16 optical theory, 205, 212 natural philosophy, 198, 221 Orford Ness, 190, 197 architecture, 44, 79, 118 Otter, Chris, 185 at Parliament, 21, 213 Ottoman Empire, 43 Charles Kelsall, 48 Oxford Movement, 107 Dugald Stewart, 39 Oxford stone, 95, 100 Edmund Beckett Denison, 248 Oxford University Museum, 16, 110, 120 evangelical, 133 Oxford, University of, 41, 106, 125 Goldsworthy Gurney, 187 Charles Kelsall, 48 Greek, 46, 77 comparison to Scottish universities, 41 Henry Brougham, 41 William Buckland, 92 Newtonian, 201 Thomas Chalmers, 135 Painted Chamber, 23, 121 ventilation, 146 Palace of Westminster, 1, 10, 12, 14, 17, 22, Whig, 22, 38 23, 25, 27, 28, 51, 125, 182, 183, 268, William Richard Hamilton, 77 270, 271 neoclassical architecture, 25, 27, 47, 49, 51 and credible governance, 8–9 for Parliament, 21, 36 architecture, 13–14, 15, 42, 54, 56, 265, politics, 22 268, 270 republicanism, 21, 48 as a giant air pump, 163 Neptune, 223 Augustus Pugin, 65 New College, Oxford, 95 Charles Barry, 2, 53, 54, 56, 63, 65, 67, New Testament, 139 80, 85, 167 Newcastle clock tower, 163, 219 meeting of the British Association, 94, construction, 22, 54, 112 103, 160 engineering, 67 time gun, 262 enlightened, 46 Newman, John, 107, 109 fire of 1834, 2, 19, 23, 65 Newton, Isaac, 44, 78, 202 interpretations of, 19–20 Anglican theology, 4 iron construction, 81, 82, 83 corpuscular theory of light, 201 lighting, 187, 265 Newtonian medieval character, 49 natural philosophy, 201, 202 political context, 6–7 political science, 22, 39 science, 16–17, 38, 52, 265, 269 Niger Expedition of 1841, 158, 178 stone, 89, 106, 119 Normanby, Marquess of, 172 time, 214, 218, 219, 224, 230, 240, 241, North Cornwall Experimental Club, 188 243, 244, 259 Notre Dame, 256 ventilation, 18, 164, 168 Walter Bagehot, 20 octagonal tower, 163 Paris Industrial Exhibition, 255 Office of Woods and Forests, 10, 54, 161, Paris Opera House, 80 219, 241, 242, 268 Parliament stone survey, 87, 104, 106, Charles Canning, 219 107, 119 David Boswell Reid, 166 at Oxford, 95–96 lighting in Parliament, 187 established, 90–91 Lord Duncannon, 27, 166 final selection, 101 Lord Somerset, 145 John Phillips, 93 Parliament stone survey, 112 national tour, 94–96 reformed, 27, 267 report, 100–2, 103, 105, 111, 115, 182

Index 319

selection of members, 92–93 mathematics, 220 stone samples, 111 Utilitarians, 5 Parthenon Marbles, 43 progressive knowledge, 71, 72, 85, 86, 125, Peacock, George, 220 176, 178 Peel, Robert, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 210, 219 projectile theory of light, 201 David Boswell Reid, 169 Pugin, Augustus, 14, 66, 271 geology, 90, 92, 109 A. W. Hakewill, 66 James Pennethorne, 111 Albrecht Dürer, 66 Maynooth, 172 artistic skill, 28, 55, 65 on Parliament, 19, 25, 33 collaboration with Charles Barry, 64, 65 politics, 25, 33, 209, 210 Gothic knowledge, 65, 66 William Buckland, 106, 109 Hakewill, A. W., 66 William Whewell, 72 Michael Faraday, 84 Peelite, 6, 70 on Gothic architecture, 66–67 Pennethorne, James, 56, 57, 111 Vitruvius, 79 permanent knowledge, 71, 72, 85, 86, William Whewell, 73 177, 182 Pulkovo Observatory, 225 personal equation, 228, 230, 231 Punch, 172, 178, 183, 232 Peto, Samuel Morton, 234 Pusey, Edward, 107 Philipps, Trenham W., 112, 113, 116 Pyramids, 266 Phillips, John, 93, 107, 112 Phillips, Richard, 111, 112, 127, 177 quarries, 88, 97, 100, 115 philosophic Whiggism, 39, 42 architecture, 96 Dugald Stewart, 39 compared to laboratories, 96 philosophical radicalism for architecture, 89, 103 John Stuart Mill, 32 Irish, 116 Utilitarian, 29, 32, 42 tour of, 90, 94, 95, 105 Philosophical Radicals, 31 Quarterly Review,50 photometer, 197, 198, 208 Quinault, Roland, 21 Pickstone, John, 115 Pillans, James, 130 Rajpath, 269 political economy, 41, 159 Reform Bill, 1831, 29 political philosophy, 19, 22, 31, 38, 41 Reform Bill, 1832, 29 Pompeii, 80 Reform club, 56, 63, 167 Port, M. H., 14 Reformation, 44 Portland Isle, 95, 101 Regency architecture, 26, 51 Portland stone, 95, 101, 115, 267 Regent’s Street, 26 Presbyterian Reid, David Boswell, 122, 123, 124, 125, Church, 124 177, 182, 183, 186, 200, 203, 205, Presbyterian Church, 125, 133 212, 240, 265, 267, 271 disruption in 1843, 133 acoustics, 140 Thomas Chalmers, 124 and Thomas Chalmers, 133–38 Principles of Geology, 4, 93, 94 at Duke Street, 162 Principles of Mechanism,74 at the British Association, 141, 159, 160 Principles of warming and ventilating public authority, 174 buildings, 122 career in Edinburgh, 126–27 Privy Council, 139 central ventilation tower, 163 profession Charles Barry, 166–69, 192 architecture, 25, 26, 55, 56, 57, 60–63, chemistry, 121, 123 69, 87, 113, 119, 174 chemistry assistant, 129 Charles Barry, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67, 83, Christian science, 139 114, 119, 200 complaints, 155, 156 chemist, 153 credibility, 132, 143, 147, 148, 161, 176, clockmakers, 236 179, 181 David Boswell Reid, 131, 138, 166, 168 damaged reputation, 172

320 Index

Reid, David Boswell (cont.) Ripon Minster, 95 danger to Parliament, 171, 172 Roman architecture, 48 Edinburgh, 123 Roman Catholic Exeter Hall, 139 emancipation, 47 experimental display, 140, 142, 146, 151, Gothic, 47 152, 157 John Newman, 109 experimental evidence, 144, 148–49, Neil Arnott, 155 154, 163 Relief Act, 3 experimental knowledge, 162, 164, Rorabaugh, W. J., 14, 21 177–78, 179, 180, 196, 198 Rosetta Stone, 43, 44 experiments in Parliament, 122, 149–53, rotten boroughs, 3, 33 161, 162 Royal Academy, 62, 84 failure, 170 Royal College of Physicians, 5 gentlemanly credentials, 168 Royal College of Surgeons, 5 Goldsworthy Gurney, 168 Royal Dock-Yard, Woolwich, 161 health of Parliament, 159 Royal Exchange clock, 223, 224, 225, 226, Henry Brougham, 141, 142, 172 236, 241 in Edinburgh, 132–33, 138, 139, 140, Royal Geographical Society, 44, 49, 50 151, 157 Royal Geological Society, 1, 74, 89, 94, 104 Joseph Gwilt, 167 Royal Institute of British Architects, 61, 62, lighting, 187 115, 266 Marc Isambard Brunel, 145 architectural training, 113 Michael Faraday laughs at, 177 Charles Barry, 68, 114 moves to London, 157 established, 61 Niger expedition, 158, 159 Joseph Gwilt, 167 on chemistry, 127–28, 144 Robert Willis, 74 on the poor diet of MPs, 179 stone samples, 113, 114 performance at the ventilation Royal Institution, 9 committee, 143–45, 148–49 architecture lectures, 62, 245 practical chemistry chair controversy, Friday evening meetings, 68 129–32 laboratory, 177 press campaign, 178–80 lecture room, 147 Punch, 172 lecture theatre, 189 Robert Smirke, 150 Michael Faraday, 1, 12, 84, 146, 147, Scottish religion, 133–38 176, 182, 194, 195, 196 St George’s Hall, 180 Prince Albert attends, 184 teaching, 126, 127, 138, 149 Robert Willis, 74 threatens ﬁre prooﬁng, 166 the Bude light, 184 trust, 138, 186 Utilitarian governing body, 5 trusted, 180 William Richard Hamilton, 44 trustworthy, 121, 143, 146 Royal Navy, 44 ventilating classroom, 139–40, 141, Royal Society, 1, 6, 9, 68, 147, 192, 195, 142, 147 202, 203, 230 ventilation and chemistry, 128–29, Rudwick, Martin, 88 153–54, 159 Ruskin, John, 36, 49, 62, 85, 86, 120 ventilation of Parliament, 121, 122, Russell, John, 165, 206, 215 161–82 ventilation of the temporary House of Saint, Andrew, 56, 82 Commons, 149–53, 156–57, 160–61 Salmon, Frank, 48 work for the Grey Festival, 142–43 Sandemanian, 194, 195 Reid, Peter, 126 Sandon, Lord, 145 remontoire, 223, 225, 245, 248, 250, Savage, James, 31 253, 256 Sawry, John Bacon, 50 Renaissance architecture, 62 Schaffer, Simon, 217 Richardson, Benjamin, 104, 107 Schoenefeldt, Henrik, 14, 122

Index 321

science of architecture, 87, 88, 105, 114, 115 Smith, Sydney, 39 science of mechanism, 74 Smith, Vernon, 163 scientiﬁc knowledge, 1, 2, 7, 10, 13, 15, Smith, William, 88, 112, 118, 200 16, 271 appointed to the Parliament stone and governance, 8 survey, 93 and Parliament, 14, 17 authority, 117 and social order, 3–4, 5 career, 103–4 architecture, 54, 58 chemistry, 109 Charles Barry, 56, 63, 67, 83 geological method, 94 credibility, 10–13 geology and architecture, 87, 103, 104–6, George Biddell Airy, 223 110, 111, 115 John Stuart Mill, 69 on Limerick stone, 117 Joseph Hume, 208 Parliament stone survey, 88, 97, 103, politics, 5–6, 20–21 104–6, 110 progress, 270 religion and geology, 106–9 Thomas Chalmers, 135 strata, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 to build Parliament, 88 Smyth, William Henry, 235 trust, 267 Soane, John, 30, 36 ventilation, 129, 161 Society for Aiding the General Diffusion of William Whewell, 70, 203 Science, 133 Scott, George Gilbert, 49, 62, 120, Society for the Diffusion of Useful 266, 269 Knowledge, 142, 146 Scott, Walter, 44, 49 Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade Scriptural geologists, 106 and for the Civilization of Africa, 158 Secord, James, 92 Society of Arts, 130 secret ballot, 29 Socrates, 45 Secretariat Building, 269 Somerleyton Hall, 234 Sedgwick, Adam, 92, 104 Somerset Coal Canal Company, 104 Seymour, Lord, 243, 250, 251 Somerset, Lord Granville, 145 Shenton, Caroline, 14, 63 Sorel, Stanislas, 80 Shepherd, Charles, 243, 244 South Eastern Railway, 229 Shotts Iron-Works, 130 Southwell Minster, 98, 100, 101 Smee battery, 242, 243 spectacle, 142 Smirke, Robert, 82, 266 Great Eastern,13 acoustics, 30 London, 17 Conservative politics, 25 of Parliament, 13, 152 Lord Melbourne, 23, 25 of Parliament’s destruction, 23 neoclassical architecture, 27 scientiﬁc credibility, 17, 157 on experiment, 150, 151, 198 unpredictable, 12 on Parliament’s architecture, 30 Spring Rice, Stephen Edmund, 116 patronage, 26, 59, 83 Spring Rice, Thomas, 117 Robert Peel, 25 St Cecilia’s Society, 140 temporary accommodation, 23, 121, 149 St George’s Hall, Liverpool, 180 use of iron, 82 St John’s College, Cambridge, 43 ventilation, 150 St Mary’s Abbey, 95 Smith, Adam, 39 St Paul’s bell, York, 256 Smith, Benjamin, 159 St Paul’s Cathedral, 101 Smith, Charles Harriot, 93, 101, 116, 266 St Stephen’s Chapel, 28, 49 experimental knowledge, 96, 97 as temporary accommodation, 23 geological knowledge, 97, 119 St Stephen’s Tower, 214 on cheap stone, 98 stained glass, 80 on Oxford’s architecture, 95 Staunton, M. J., 116, 117, 118 on stone tour, 95 Stephenson, David, 180 William Buckland, 109 Stephenson, George, 168 Smith, Crosbie, 11, 123, 124, 218 Stephenson, Robert, 68, 130

322 Index

Stewart, Dugald, 32, 192 Charles Barry, 174, 180 Archibald Alison, 52 David Boswell Reid, 165, 169, 174, 178, Henry Brougham, 39, 41 179, 180, 183 political science, 39, 41, 42 experiments in Parliament, 124, 149, students, 39 151, 152, 162, 173 Strand clock, 253 heat in the House of Commons, 170 Strangers Gallery, 35 on Barry’s death, 68 strata, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 120 on Parliament’s destruction, 23 stratiﬁcation, 93, 94, 105, 106, 108, 109, 208 on the Gothic, 48 Sudeley, Lord, 161, 176, 179 on the Westminster clock, 257 Sutherland, Duke of, 161 Thomas Carlyle, 20 Sylvester, John, 146, 147 Thompson, E. P., 215 Symonds, Arthur, 35 Thomson, William, 68 sympathetic clocks, 233, 243 time ball, 253 System of Logic, 69, 191 time gun, 262 Szerelmey, Nicolas Charles, 266 time system at Parliament, 214, 218, 227, 230, 231, Table of Strata Near Bath, 104, 107 241, 244, 245, 263 technology, 7, 12, 36, 123, 192 disciplined, 271 failure of, 239 national, 215, 217 telegraphy, 215, 218, 240, 252 problems with, 232 failure of, 239 Royal Observatory, 216 for accurate observations, 228 Tite, William, 266 for time keeping, 217 Toddington Manor, 59 Great Western Railway, 240 Tory, 31, 34, 38, 41, 56 Greenwich time, 238 Archibald Alison, 50 time keeping, 228, 232, 241, 257, 263 architecture, 51 troublesome apparatus, 214, 215, 218, Charles Barry, 56 233, 239, 240, 241 Cornish, 188 Westminster clock, 214, 227, 229, 238, Edinburgh, 129, 133 240, 241 Edward Cust, 25 Telford, Thomas, 68 Frederick William Trench, 193, 198 temporary Parliament George Canning, 41 construction of, 23 government, 169 David Boswell Reid, 125, 161 Howard Douglas, 167 experiments inside, 149, 162, 170, 180 leadership, 33 heat inside, 121 on Parliament, 19, 35, 50 Robert Smirke, 121 on the Gothic, 14, 21, 22, 28, 50 ventilation, 144, 146 science, 20, 126, 133, 270 Tennant, James, 266 Utilitarians, 32, 33 Thackray, Arnold, 208 Totnes Bridge, 37 Thames Tunnel, 17, 52, 145, 160 Townsend, Joseph, 107 The Athenaeum, 178, 179 transit circle, 227, 228, 229 The Bude Light, 209–12 Traveller’s club, 63 The Builder, 87, 119, 265 Tredgold, Thomas, 122 The Constitution of Man,4 Trench, Frederick William, 56, 197, 206 The Elements of Science, 188 attacks promoters of the Bude light, The Lady’s Newspaper, 184 198–200 The Lancet, 156 on experiment, 199 The Philosophical Magazine, 127 on Parliament’s ventilation, 156–57 The Reader, 262 on the Bude light, 193, 194, 198 The Secret Agent, 222, 263 prefers candle lighting, 194 The Times, 54, 155 response to, 200, 212 British Association for the Advancement witnesses David Boswell Reid’s of Science, 68 experiments, 157

Index 323

Trevithick, Richard, 187 ventilation, 14, 15, 156, 161, 177, 186, 187, Trinity College Museum, Dublin, 110 200, 205, 265, 267, 271 Trinity College, Cambridge, 70, 72, a modern science, 179 220, 244 as a subject, 122 Trinity House, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, at the British Association, 160 196, 197 Charles Barry, 58, 78, 167, 182 Tron Church, Glasgow, 138 Charles Barry’s system, 176 Truro Grammar School, 187 David Boswell Reid, 121, 123, 125, 129, trust 143, 144, 149–54, 159, 162–65, and the state, 3 166–69, 180, 182, 183 architects, 27 experiment, 157, 162 building, 123, 124, 125, 138, 149, 154, failed schemes, 178 176, 186 ﬁre risk, 166 David Boswell Reid, 179 Goldsworthy Gurney, 85 experiments, 196 House of Commons, 30, 84 human promoters, 123 House of Lords, 121 importance of context, 186 in Parliament, 17, 20, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, science, 267, 271 36, 47, 56, 58, 59, 149–54, 161, witnesses, 11 162–65, 166–69, 176, 178 trustworthy Michael Faraday, 147–48 authority, 121, 143, 187 newspaper attention, 174 Charles Barry, 181 not a science, 172 David Boswell Reid, 132, 146 of Parliament committee, 144–49 evidence, 148 steamships, 159 experiment, 124 system, 121, 141, 158, 162, 168 Goldsworthy Gurney, 186 threat to MPs, 30, 155, 156 Michael Faraday, 148 Vesuvius, Mt, 80, 94 science, 2, 105 Viceroy’s House, 269 time keeping, 229, 262 Victoria and Albert Museum, 31 Turk automaton, 75, 76 Victoria Gallery, 22 Tweeddale, Marquis of, 141 Victoria Tower, 22, 28, 67, 81, 84, 163, Tyndall, John, 84, 268 180, 260 Victoria, Queen, 160, 195, 210 Undercroft Chapel, 28 and the ‘monster session’ of University College London, 61, Parliament, 232 160, 198 clockmaker, 234 up-cast ventilation, 149, 155, 156, 267 ridiculed in The Bude Light, 210 Ure, Andrew, 197, 198, 205 Victorian Internet, 238 Utilitarian, 48, 51 Victory, HMS, 44 demands for a new Parliament, 28 Vieira, Ryan, 215 Gothic architecture, 36 Vitruvius, 80, 83 John Stuart Mill, 32, 55, 185 Augustus Pugin, 79 Joseph Hume, 78, 191, 192 cement, 80 neoclassical, 21 Charles Barry cites, 79, 85 Parliament as a machine, 35 on architecture, 79 Parliament’s architecture, 19, 31, 32–33 Vladimir, Mr, 263, 264 philosophical radicalism, 42 von Kempelen, Wolfgang, 75 philosophy, 29, 31–32, 52, 134 Vulliamy, Benjamin Lewis, 217, 218, reform, 42 241, 252 Robert Peel critical of, 33 accuses George Biddell Airy of science, 5, 78, 212 experimenting, 240 Westminster Review,19 boasts of accuracy, 219, 234, 237 Whig similarities, 42 competes for contract, 223 William Richard Hamilton, 46, 77 condemns the Royal Exchange clock, 237 William Whewell, 70 credentials as a clock maker, 235–36

324 Index

Vulliamy, Benjamin Lewis (cont.) Whewell, William, 70, 86, 176, 177, discredited, 237 211, 220 dispute over the Westminster clock, 234, architectural knowledge, 73 236–38 architecture, 69, 72–73, 74 Edmund Beckett Denison, 245 biography, 70 Henry Brougham supports, 236 Cambridge Philosophical Society, 74 ignorance of mathematics, 234 David Boswell Reid, 177 internal clocks, 241 dispute with David Brewster, 203 practical experience, 233, 248 epistemology, 70, 71–72, 76 proposed clock speciﬁcations, 234–35 Gothic, 73 Robert Willis supports, 235 idealism in science, 70 Westminster clock, 219 light, 201 Vulliamy, George John, 237 Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 72 mechanics, 74 Wakley, Thomas, 5, 155, 156, 157 Michael Faraday, 72 Warburton, Henry, 5, 30, 145, 156, 198 moral value of science, 55 Warner and Sons foundry, 256 on science, 55, 69 Waterhouse, Alfred, 49, 89 on Utilitarian science, 70 Watkin, David, 47 permanent knowledge, 71–72, 85 Watkins and Hill, Charing Cross, 242 politics, 72, 183 wave theory of light, 201–2 practical teaching, 72 Waverley novels, 49 progressive knowledge, 71–72, 125, 178 Weitzman, George, 14, 21 radical knowledge, 71 Wellington, Duke of, 33, 172, 234 radical science, 200 losses leadership, 33 Robert Peel, 72 Westminster Abbey, 27, 48, 266 Robert Willis, 55, 74, 76 Westminster clock, 214, 216, 223, 225, Royal Geographical Society, 44 243, 263 speculative teaching, 72 accuracy, 215, 219, 236 terminology, 72 Bell, 256, 268 William Richard Hamilton, 76–78 bells, 255, 262 Whig, 31, 39, 42, 51, 111, 163, 210, 211 Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, 234, 235, 236 British Association membership, 6 chimes, 238, 241, 244, 255, 260, 262 Charles Barry, 56 construction, 233 David Brewster, 202 Edmund Beckett Denison, 244, 247 Edinburgh, 129, 133, 204 escapement, 216, 233, 234, 245, fears of radicals, 33 251, 256 Francis Bacon, 141 George Biddell Airy, 226, 227 government, 2, 22, 34, 169, 209, Greenwich, 228, 231, 258 267, 268 pendulum, 225, 237, 245, 247, 248, 250, Henry Brougham, 39, 41, 142, 191 251, 253, 257 Lord Duncannon, 27 Westminster Hall, 28, 48 Lord Melbourne, 23 Westminster Review, 19, 31, 35, 46 manners, 22, 38–39 Wheatstone, Charles, 98, 242 natural philosophy, 22 at King’s College London, 99 on Parliament, 19 bells, 255, 256 on the Gothic, 14, 21, 22, 28 Bude light, 197, 198, 207, 208 philosophy, 38–39 chemical analysis of stone samples, politics, 22 100, 101 reform, 5, 42, 52, 142, 188 electro-magnetic clock, 230, 231 satire, 209 experiments with Michael Faraday, 99 science, 20, 41, 126, 270 on ventilation, 181 statesmen, 43 Parliament stone survey, 98 the Bude Light, 198, 200 telegraph clock, 230 utility, 42 Wheeler, Katherine, 62 ventilated, 165

Index 325

Whitehall, 2, 8 Winch, Donald, 39, 42 Whitehurst, John, 223, 226, 237 Windsor Castle, 178, 234 Whyte, William, 89 Winter, Alison, 154 Wilkins, William, 27, 47 Wollaston Medal, 104 William IV, King, 25 women in Parliament, 35 Willis, Robert Woodward, Benjamin, 110, 120 approach to architecture, 74–77 Woodwardian Professor of Geology, 92 architecture, 75 Wren, Christopher, 44, 78, 101, 115 authority, 235 Wyatt, Benjamin, 30 biography, 74 Wyatt, James, 36 decorative construction, 75, 76 mechanical construction, 75, 76 York mechanics, 74, 76 British Association meeting, 6, 93 on clock making, 235 York Minster, 95, 98, 101 Turk automaton, 75 York Museum, 95 William Richard Hamilton, 76, 78 Yorkshire Philosophical Society Museum, William Whewell, 55, 73–74, 76–77 93, 112