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CAMELEON Calumma Nasutum (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1836) DE LA FORET DE MOYENNE ET DE BASSE ALTITUDE DE L’EST DE MADAGASCAR

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CAMELEON Calumma Nasutum (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1836) DE LA FORET DE MOYENNE ET DE BASSE ALTITUDE DE L’EST DE MADAGASCAR UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la Vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales ESSAI DE CLARIFICATION DE LA TAXONOMIE DU PETIT CAMELEON Calumma nasutum (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1836) DE LA FORET DE MOYENNE ET DE BASSE ALTITUDE DE L’EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Mademoiselle Marie Paule RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Devant les membres du Jury composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur Achille P. RASELIMANANA Professeur d’ESR Monsieur Hery A. RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le 30 avril 2015 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la Vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales ESSAI DE CLARIFICATION DE LA TAXONOMIE DU PETIT CAMELEON Calumma nasutum (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1836) DE LA FORET DE MOYENNE ET DE BASSE ALTITUDE DE L’EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Mademoiselle Marie Paule RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Devant les membres du Jury composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur Achille P. RASELIMANANA Professeur d’ESR Monsieur Hery A. RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le 30 avril 2015 i REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été accompli grâce à la participation de nombreuses personnes et entités en qui je dois profondément reconnaissances et remerciements. Ainsi, je tiens à témoigner mes profondes gratitudes à : - Monsieur le Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo de m’avoir autorisée à soutenir ce mémoire, ainsi qu’à tout le personnel enseignant et administratif ; - Monsieur le Chef du Département de Biologie Animale et le personnel Enseignant et Administratif pour les efforts qu’ils ont investis tout au long de mon cursus universitaire. J’adresse également mes vifs remerciements à : - Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et Recherche, Enseignant Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences, qui malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités nous fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Veuillez accepter mes profonds remerciements pour tous les encouragements que vous ne manquez pas de m’adresser pendant ces années ; - Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de conférences, Enseignant-Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale qui a bien voulu accepter de m’encadrer pendant ce travail. Malgré vos innombrables tâches, vous avez consacré votre temps à l’amélioration de cet ouvrage et vos conseils m’ont été plus que précieux. Je vous exprime mes respectueux remerciements ; - Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Professeur d’ESR, Herpétologue et Enseignant-Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, de vos précieux conseils en tant qu’examinateur et membre de la commission de lecture et de bien vouloir accepter de juger ce travail ; ii - Monsieur Hery A. RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de conférences, Herpétologue et Enseignant-Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, examinateur et membre de la commission de lecture, de toutes les remarques aussi importantes les unes que les autres pendant la rédaction et d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail ; - Monsieur Christopher J. RAXWORTHY, PhD, Curateur en charge au Département d’Herpétologie de l’American Museum and Natural History, Chercheur principal au Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, Professeur au Richard Gilder Graduate School, mon encadreur sur terrain. Vous m’avez initiée à l’herpétologie sur le terrain et vous pouvez être sûr que l’apprentissage a bien été acquis ; - A tous les membres de l’équipe de terrain de leur participation à l’apprentissage des techniques sur le terrain. Grand merci à vous tous. J’adresse ma gratitude particulièrement à ma mère et à ma sœur, pour leur inlassable soutien durant la réalisation de ce mémoire. J’adresse mes profonds remerciements à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin ont pris part à la réalisation de ce mémoire. iii RESUME Une étude de la taxonomie d’une espèce se développant en complexe, Calumma nasutum, a été réalisée pour tenter de résoudre les difficultés d’identification sur le terrain. La complexité et la grande variabilité des caractères morphologiques induisent en erreur et plusieurs espèces sont souvent classées en synonymie. La présente étude a pour but de détecter les caractères pouvant séparer des types morphologiques rencontrés parmi les individus de cette espèce. Un inventaire par observation directe et fouille systématique, réalisé de janvier à mars 2006, a permis de collecter 61 spécimens dans 10 sites ainsi que des données géographiques et écologiques. En laboratoire, une étude approfondie des caractères morphométriques et méristiques a été réalisée sur les échantillons. Les données obtenues ont, ensuite, fait l’objet d’une série d’analyses des composantes principales en tenant compte du sexe, du genre et de la distribution géographique. Trois morphotypes ont été détectés chez les mâles de Calumma nasutum et deux autres types observés correspondent respectivement à Calumma gallus et Calumma cf. nasutum. Ainsi, 19 caractères méristiques et morphométriques ont été utilisés pour l’identification et pour la détection des trois formes intra spécifiques probables de C. nasutum. Néanmoins, une grande variabilité de la majorité des caractères sélectionnés pour cette étude a été observée dans l’ensemble des individus de cette espèce. Ce résultat illustre bien la stochasticité phénotypique de l’espèce en laissant apparaître le degré probable d’évolution des caractères génétiques. L’espèce étudiée pourrait être en pleine évolution vers une radiation adaptive. Mots clés : complexe, radiation adaptive, Calumma nasutum, morphologie, morphométrie, Est, Littoral Est, Madagascar. iv ABSTRACT A taxonomic study of a species that is evolving into complex, Calumma nasutum, was carried out in order to attempt to solve field identification issues. The complexity as well as the high variability of morphological characters are often misleading in field identification and numerous species are considered as being synonymous. This study aims to detect morphological characters that potentially separate morphological types found among individuals belonging to this species. From January until March 2006, a field work using standard field techniques allowed to gather 61 specimens from 10 sites, as well as some geographical and ecological data. In the laboratory, a morphometric and meristic depth study was carried out on the samples. Collected data were then subjected to a series of analyzes of the main components of meristic and morphometric characters that take into account sex, gender and geographical distribution. As far as concern sexes and distribution, three morphotypes were spotted among males of Calumma nasutum. Two others types corresponded as being Calumma gallus and Calumma cf. nasutum. Moreover, 19 morphometric and meristic characters helped to separate these three intraspecific clusters among males of Calumma nasutum. However, a large variability of the majority of characters selected for this study was observed in all individuals of the species Calumma nasutum. These results illustrated the phenotypic stochasticity of the species in revealing the probable degree of evolution of genetic characters. Nonetheless, Calumma nasutum group might be evolving towards an adaptive radiation. Key words: complex, adaptive radiation, Calumma nasutum, morphology, morphometric, East, littoral East, Madagascar. v SOMMAIRE RESUME ................................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. Présentation des espèces étudiées ........................................................................................ 3 I.1. Généralités sur le groupe nasutum ............................................................................... 3 I.2. Morphologie générale des espèces groupe Calumma nasutum .................................... 5 II. MATERIELS ET METHODE ............................................................................................ 6 II.1. Choix, localisation et description des sites d’échantillonnage ..................................... 6 II.2. Période d’inventaire ..................................................................................................... 9 II.3. Méthode d’échantillonnage .......................................................................................... 9 II.4. Préparation des spécimens.......................................................................................... 10 II.4.a. Traitement des spécimens sur terrain ............................................................. 10 II.4.b. Echantillon de tissus ....................................................................................... 10 II.4.c. Conservation des spécimens ..........................................................................
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