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Southern Africa's Wildlife Trade SOUTHERN AFRICA’S WILDLIFE TRADE AN ANALYSIS OF CITES TRADE IN SADC COUNTRIES Southern Africa’s wildlife trade: an analysis of CITES trade in SADC countries Prepared for South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Authors Pablo Sinovas, Becky Price, Emily King, Frances Davis, Amy Hinsley and Alyson Pavitt Citation Sinovas, P., Price, B., King, E., Davis, F., Hinsley, A. and Pavitt, A. 2016. Southern Africa’s wildlife trade: an analysis of CITES trade in SADC countries. Technical report prepared for the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Michele Pfab (SANBI), Thea Carroll (DEA), Mpho Tjiane (DEA), Nokukhanya Mhlongo (SANBI), Zwelakhe Zondi (SANBI), Guy Balme (Panthera), Tharia Unwin (PHASA), Sandi Willows-Munro (University of KwaZulu-Natal), Kelly Malsch (UNEP-WCMC), Liz White (UNEP-WCMC) and Roger Ingle (UNEP-WCMC) for their contributions. Published July 2016 Copyright 2016 United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from UNEP. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organizations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. Design and typesetting: Chadi Abi Faraj / www.chadiabi.com Cover image: Aloe ferox, by Tish1, licenced via Shutterstock UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277314 UNEP promotes www.unep-wcmc.org environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ ii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Overview ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Exports ............................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Imports ............................................................................................................. 6 3. Country Profiles .............................................................................................................. 7 4. Case studies ................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Hunting trophies ............................................................................................... 41 4.2 Felids ............................................................................................................... 53 4.3 Parrots ............................................................................................................. 60 4.4 Reptiles ............................................................................................................ 68 4.5 Succulent plants .............................................................................................. 76 4.6 Cycads ............................................................................................................. 84 5. Species showing noteworthy trends in SADC countries ................................................. 90 6. Trade by other countries in species native to SADC ....................................................... 99 6.1 Wild-sourced trade ........................................................................................... 100 6.2. Captive-produced trade .................................................................................. 103 6.3 Species endemic to SADC countries ............................................................... 106 7. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 109 7.1 Reporting of trade in CITES listed species ...................................................... 109 7.2 Management and conservation measures ....................................................... 110 7.3 Further work ..................................................................................................... 110 References .......................................................................................................................... 112 Annex A: Data included and methodology .......................................................................... 116 Annex B: Source and purpose codes ................................................................................. 120 Annex C: Species showing noteworthy trends methodology .............................................. 122 Diceros bicornis, by PicturesWild, licenced via Shutterstock i Southern Africa’s wildlife trade: an analysis of CITES trade in SADC countries Executive Summary The Southern African Development Community the European Union (EU) were the main import (SADC) covers a vast territory in Africa, straddling markets of mammal trophies, accounting for over from South Africa in the south to the Democratic 60% of exports of each of the top taxa in trade. Republic of Congo and Tanzania in the north, and including the Indian ocean island States Trade in P. leo (Lion) bones and in live Acinonyx of Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. The jubatus (Cheetah) and live lions increased over region is home to a highly diverse range of the study period. South Africa was the dominant wildlife, some of which is traded internationally exporter of Felidae bones and live felids during and listed in the Appendices to the Convention this period, with the trade in bones destined on International Trade in Endangered Species of largely to the traditional medicine market in East Fauna and Flora (CITES). and Southeast Asia and the trade in live big cats destined also to other SADC countries, the United This report presents the first comprehensive Arab Emirates and the United States, including for overview of trade in CITES-listed wildlife in zoos and for the pet market. southern African countries. The analysis provides a baseline of information on trade levels and Live parrots are in demand globally as household trends in SADC, based on the - ten year period pets, and this was reflected in the high numbers of 2005-2014, in order to inform future trade parrots exported by SADC countries as live birds. management in the region. Exports of live parrots increased over the period 2005-2014 (from 50 000 live birds in 2005 to over CITES trade from the SADC Region 2005-2014 300 000 in 2014 according to exporting countries), was dominated by hunting trophies, live parrots, with western Asia (particularly Oman, Bahrain live reptiles, crocodile skins, crocodile meat, live and Lebanon) emerging as a key import region or plants (including cycads and succulent plants) live parrots. South Africa (captive-produced birds) and plant derivatives. As part of this analysis, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (wild- six case studies are considered in more depth: sourced birds) were the main exporters, while hunting trophies, felids, parrots, reptiles, succulent Psittacus erithacus (African Grey Parrot) and plants and cycads. Agapornis fischeri (Fischer’s Lovebird) were the most exported species. On average, approximately 18 000 individuals of species mostly traded as hunting trophies were Live Crocodylus niloticus and C. niloticus exported annually from the region; the principal products (mainly skins for the fashion industry) mammal taxa in trade were (by volume of trade, represented the largest volume of reptile exports in decreasing order) Equus zebra hartmannae from the SADC region; live, wild-sourced Sauria (Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra), Papio ursinus (lizards), particularly from Tanzania, Madagascar (Chacma Baboon), Hippopotamus amphibius and Mozambique, and captive-bred Testudines (Hippopotamus), Loxodonta africana (African (tortoises) from Zambia were also exported in high Elephant) and Panthera leo (African Lion). numbers for the pet market. Wild-sourced lizards Hunting trophy trade also included high levels exported included globally threatened Malagasy of Crocodylus
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