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Spatialisation Des Donnees Ecologiques De La Vegetation Pour La Conservation Des Unites Paysageres De La Peninsule D’Ampasindava

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Spatialisation Des Donnees Ecologiques De La Vegetation Pour La Conservation Des Unites Paysageres De La Peninsule D’Ampasindava Remerciements - UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT THESE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT SPECIALITE : SCIENCES DU VEGETAL SPATIALISATION DES DONNEES ECOLOGIQUES DE LA VEGETATION POUR LA CONSERVATION DES UNITES PAYSAGERES DE LA PENINSULE D’AMPASINDAVA Présenté par Jacquis A. TAHINARIVONY Soutenue publiquement le 7 novembre 2016 devant le jury composé de Président : Professeur RAKOUTH Bakolimalala Directeur de thèse : Professeur RAKOTOARIMANANA Vonjison Co-Directeur : Docteur GAUTIER Laurent Rapporteur interne : Professeur FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa Rapporteur externe : Professeur RAKOTONDRAOMPIANA Solofo Examinateur : Professeur RAZANAKA Samuel Invité : Docteur ROGER Edmond i Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse est le fruit de plusieurs années de recherches, d’une longue traversée semée de découvertes, de difficultés et d’expériences inestimables. Pendant ces années, de nombreuses initiatives et efforts se sont associés pour contribuer au bon déroulement de ce travail par des personnes et institutions. Je ne saurais les oublier et j’aimerais témoigner ma reconnaissance et mes remerciements envers eux. - Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, Enseignant chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales qui m’a fait l’honneur de présider cette thèse. - Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, Enseignant chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, de m’avoir fait le grand honneur de diriger cette thèse et d’avoir prodigué de judicieux conseils. - Docteur Laurent GAUTIER, des Conservatoires et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, qui m’a encadré depuis la période de collecte des données sur le terrain jusqu’à la rédaction du travail. Ses partages de connaissances et expériences en flore de Madagascar et à la compréhension des différentes approches et principes d’analyse des données écologiques m’ont été précieux. - Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA, Enseignant chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, d'avoir accepté le rôle de rapporteur interne. Madame, Veuillez croire en l’assurance de ma profonde gratitude. - Professeur Solofo RAKOTONDRAOMPIANA, Enseignant chercheur à l’Institut et Observatoire Géophysique d’Antananarivo, a accepté d’être rapporteur et a partagé ses connaissances et ses expériences en télédetection. - Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA, Chercheur au Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement (CNRE), pour avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail et siéger parmi les membres de jury ; qui malgré ses nombreuses occupations, a accepté d’examiner ce travail et m’a fait l’honneur de prendre en considération mon travail, de corriger et d’en juger la qualité ; - Docteur Edmond ROGER Enseignant chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui est toujours disponible pour discuter le travail. Merci également pour les précieux conseils et les encouragements. Mes remerciements vont également à : - La Fondation Vontobel, qui a financé le travail et m’a permis également de séjourner en Suisse pour des stages sur la flore et la végétation et l’analyse et traitements des données satellitaires pendant l’été 2011 et durant six mois (juin à décembre) pour l’année 2012. i Remerciements - La Commission Fédérale des Bourses Extérieures (CFBE Suisse) qui m’a m’octroyé une bourse d’étude de 12 mois pendant l’année universitaire 2013-2014 et qui m’a permis de finir mon diplôme de géomatique à l’Université de Genève. Grace à cette formation, j’ai pu acquérir de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse des données, très importantes pour la réalisation de cette thèse. - A tous mes amis et collègues des Conservatoires et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, surtout ceux qui travaillent sur le projet Madagascar (Carlo MULLER, Nicolas FUMEAUX, Cyrille CHATELAIN, Nathalie MESSMER, Martin CALLMANDER, Louis NUSSBAUMER), les amis à l’herbier. - Association Vahatra et Association FAMELONA pour toutes les collaborations établies depuis l’année 2011 et qui m’ont permis de réaliser ce travail dans une ambiance calme, confortable et un environnement parfait pour bien mener des recherches approfondies. Je tiens à remercier spécialement - La famille GAUTIER, pour les innombrables expériences partagées en Suisse depuis ma première arrivée jusqu’au soir du pot d’adieu. Grand Montet, Roche parnal, Vuache, les week-ends au chalet, le circuit en bateau dans le lac Léman, la séance de ski, le lac gelé et toutes les bonnes choses sont des souvenirs que je n’oublierai jamais. Encore merci pour tout ! - Nathalie MESSMER, qui est toujours disponible pour répondre à des questions sur la gestion des récoltes et la base de données de la flore. Merci également pour les corrections du manuscrit et les partages de connaissances et d’expériences. - Mes assistants de terrain à Ampasindava : Fidel, Dahy et Andrianary, qui ont accepté de travailler avec moi depuis l’année 2008 et ont assuré de bien mener les collectes des données. Merci pour votre volonté et votre courage de vivre en forêt avec nous les quelques centaines de jours de beau temps, de pluie et de sangsues. Je vous suis très reconnaissant - Docteur Patrick RANIRISON, Président de l’Association FAMELONA, qui a facilité la réalisation de ce travail aussi bien sur le terrain que pendant la rédaction. Merci pour les conseils et les encouragements. - Ma famille, qui m’a octroyé cette faveur de poursuivre mes études et de m’avoir soutenu durant toutes mes années d’études Merci à tous ceux qui de près ou de loin ont apporté leur pierre à l’édifice ! « Ny hazo no vanon-ko lakana, ny tany naniriany no tsara » ii Sommaire SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE ..................................................................................................... 1 Première partie : GENERALITES .................................................................................................. 5 I- MILIEU D’ETUDE .............................................................................................................. 5 I-1 Milieu abiotique ..................................................................................................................... 5 I-1-1 Localisation géographique .............................................................................................. 5 I-1-2 Géologie et géomorphologie ........................................................................................... 7 I-1-3 Pédologie ......................................................................................................................... 8 I-1-4 Hydrographie .................................................................................................................. 8 I-1-5 Bioclimats ....................................................................................................................... 9 I-2 Milieu biotique .................................................................................................................... 10 I-2-1 Flore et végétation ......................................................................................................... 10 I-2-2 Faune ............................................................................................................................. 12 I-2-3 Milieu humain ............................................................................................................... 13 Deuxième partie : CARACTERISATION DES GROUPEMENTS VEGETAUX ...................... 24 I- INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 15 II- METHODES D’ETUDE .................................................................................................... 17 II-1 Echantillonnage stratifié ..................................................................................................... 17 II-2 Collecte des données .......................................................................................................... 20 II-2-1 Méthodes de relevé de végétation ............................................................................... 20 II-2-2 Méthode de récolte itinérante ...................................................................................... 21 II-3 Traitements des données .................................................................................................... 22 II-3-1 Analyse des données de la structure de la végétation .................................................. 23 II-3-2 Analyse des données de la flore .................................................................................. 26 II-3-3 Identification et caractérisation des groupements végétaux ........................................ 27 II-4 Identification des espèces indicatrices des groupements ................................................... 31 II-5 Identification des groupements végétaux ........................................................................... 32 III- RESULTATS ..................................................................................................................... 33 iii Sommaire III-1 Groupements floristiques de la Péninsule ......................................................................... 33 III-1-1 Présentation des groupements floristiques ................................................................. 33 III-1-2 Espèces caractéristiques et indicatrices des groupes floristiques ............................... 34 III-1-3 Description des données de la richesse et
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