DOCSLIB.ORG

The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors Shades of Intolerance: The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada. by Chuck Baker A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs Written under the direction of Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin and approved by ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Newark, New Jersey May, 2015 Copyright page: © 2015 Chuck Baker All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada by Chuck Baker Dissertation Director: Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin, Ph.D. Terrorism has been shown to have a destabilizing impact upon the citizens of the nation- state in which it occurs, causing social distress, fear, and the desire for retribution (Cesari, 2010; Chebel d’Appollonia, 2012). Much of the recent work on 21st century terrorism carried out in the global north has placed the focus on terrorism being perpetuated by Middle East Muslims. In addition, recent migration trends show that the global north is becoming much more diverse as the highly populated global south migrates upward. Population growth in the global north is primarily due to increases in the minority presence, and these post-1960 changes have increased the diversity of historically more homogeneous nations like the United Kingdom and Canada. This research examines the influence of terrorism on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, with a focus on the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks in London. Competing theoretical explanations for the increase in discrimination were tested, including Nationalism theory, Authoritarianism theory, and Integrated Threat theory. Using various international social surveys and a difference-in-differences statistical strategy, this study compares trends in attitudes and behaviors in the United Kingdom to those in Canada, a politically and socially similar nation-state that (at the time of this study) had not experienced a major terrorist attack. Hate crimes data is also ii used to analyze discriminatory behaviors. The empirical findings suggest there was a rise in Islamophobia and racism in the United Kingdom against visible minorities in the aftermath of the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks. Difference-in-differences modeling shows that while Authoritarianism offers important theoretical insights on the motivation of terrorism on authoritarian attitudes in Canada; Nationalism theory, in the form of ethnic nationalism, is an important influence on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors in the UK. Findings also suggest that Nationalism theory is the most likely basis for the observed increases in discrimination in the UK. iii ` Acknowledgements While this dissertation is my research work, completing it required a substantial amount of thought, patience, exertion and discipline from a variety of people. It is in this section that I acknowledge their considerable contribution. Initially, it is important that I acknowledge my Christian faith, Christ and my Christian brethren. I do not take for granted these several years of learning in the Global Affairs program and to have a program receive me, educate me, nurture me and afford me the opportunity to become an expert in the field is due to the divine intervention of the highest power. Again, this could not have been possible without spiritual direction. My wife Marsha Baker deserves this acknowledgement for listening to me as I used her support, counsel, encouragement and loving sustenance to read another book, write another paper, travel away from the home for my selfish desire to learn about global affairs in northern New Jersey, or simply living in my proximity and waiting patiently as I matured intellectually. Also deserving are the children in my life. Clayton, Charnice, Chris, Nishaya, Aziya and Alannah. I found them to be a powerful motivator that made me regulate my behavior in many respects. When an assignment was due in weeks, I would try to finish it ahead of time given that these young people in my life may need me at inopportune times. Having work completed before it was due meant more time to contemplate any changes I wanted to make before the time it was to be submitted. In addition, when graduate school life iv ` seemed daunting, they forced me into breaks by reminding me of and obliging me to fulfill my parental responsibilities. My tremendous respect and gratitude to Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin. His statistical and research methodological proficiency are brilliant. He knows of the several important moments that he stepped into the dissertation process to offer his critical direction and masterful support. He often amazed me at his ability to counsel as writing a dissertation is laden with emotional ebb and flow. As a dissertation chair, he is excellent. As a mentor, he is invaluable. My thanks to Dr. Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia. As an expert on immigration and racism in Europe, her expertise and direction were constructive. In addition, she read my work offering me critical feedback during the summer. Her attention to detail and candor were important elements of the dissertation process for me. Dr. Sherri-Ann Butterfield has earned my gratitude and respect. Her background in discrimination and racism with a focus on geographical location of minorities helped highlight the association between discrimination and place of residence. Her patience during this dissertation was also noteworthy. To my external reader, Dr. Adriana Leela Bohm, I extend my appreciation. Her leveled demeanor was important during this process. As an intellectual on diversity issues, her v ` feedback and direction on important readings on diversity and discrimination offered noteworthy insight. My thanks for her guidance. Another note of thanks must go to the Division of Global Affairs Associate Director Ann Martin. She is a wealth of knowledge in the program and is invaluable as a department resource. In addition, Administrative Assistant, Desiree Gordon, and Division of Global Affairs Director, Jean-Marc Coicaud fulfill critical functions and have earned my appreciation. I wish to acknowledge my parents. Nannie Mae Porter and Reverend Anderson E. Porter. They know of their importance in my life. Also, a note of appreciation to my brother and his family, as well as my brother-in-law and his family. All of these family members would diminish the lonely existence, at times, of a graduate school student who is drudging through this multi-year process. They gave me justification for breaks through telephone discussion and intermittent visits. For that, I thank you. vi ` Table of Contents The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada .................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 July 7, 2005 London Bombings ...........................................................................................3 June, 2006 Toronto 18 Terrorist Cell ...................................................................................6 Discrimination in the Construction of Counterterrorism and Securitization Policies ....….8 The United Kingdom and Securitization as a Response to Terrorism …………………. 14 Canada and Securitization as a Response to Terrorism …………………………………17 Fighting Terrorist, Creating Islamophobia or Motivating Racism ....................................18 Economic Deprivation, Residential Segregation, the Oldham and Bradford Riots…… 23 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................39 Institutional Discrimination, Individual Discrimination, Prejudice and Hate Crimes .......39 Discrimination....................................................................................................................44 Theoretical Perspectives ....................................................................................................51 Nationalism ........................................................................................................................54 Authoritarianism ................................................................................................................64 Integrative Threat Theory ..................................................................................................74 Terrorism............................................................................................................................87 Securitization and Discrimination......................................................................................90 Defensive Strategies to Limit Discrimination....................................................................92 CHAPTER THREE: THE UNITED KINGDOM WITH CANADA AS A COMPARISON .................................................................................................................96
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media
    sustainability Article Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media Yu Lim Lee 1, Minji Jung 1, Robert Jeyakumar Nathan 2 and Jae-Eun Chung 1,* 1 Department of Consumer Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan-ro 25-2, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03063, Korea; [email protected] (Y.L.L.); [email protected] (M.J.) 2 Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-760-0508 Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: In the era of globalization, due to the prevalent cultural exchange between countries, inflows of foreign cultural products can enrich local culture by hybridizing local and global culture together. Although there have been numerous studies on cultural hybridity using qualitative interviews with recipients of foreign cultural products in single countries, cross-national studies that examine the national characteristics that facilitate or impede cultural hybridity remain scarce. The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors that promote or hinder cultural hybridity between the Korean Wave and Muslim culture by probing the similarities and differences in social media data on Korean cultural products between Indonesia and Malaysia using a semantic network analysis. The results of the study uncovered the three factors that promote cultural hybridity (‘Asian identity’, policies emphasizing ‘unity in ethnic diversity’, and ‘local consumers xenocentrism’) and the two hindering elements (‘a conservative nature of religion’ and ‘discrimination between ethnic groups’). Theoretical contributions and practical implications are also provided for promoting cultural hybridity.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Public Forum
    Anti-Terrorism and the Security Agenda: Impacts on Rights, Freedoms and Democracy Report and Recommendations for Policy Direction of a Public Forum organized by the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group Ottawa, February 17, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................2 ABOUT THE ICLMG .............................................................................................................2 BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY DIRECTION ..........................................................14 PROCEEDINGS......................................................................................................................16 CONCLUDING REMARKS...................................................................................................84 ANNEXES...............................................................................................................................87 ANNEXE I: Membership of the ICLMG ANNEXE II: Program of the Public Forum ANNEXE III: List of Participants/Panelists Anti-Terrorism and the Security Agenda: Impacts on Rights Freedoms and Democracy 2 __________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Forum session reporting
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux
    The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux To cite this version: Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux. The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multi- culturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain. History. 2010. dumas-00534579 HAL Id: dumas-00534579 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00534579 Submitted on 10 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DU SUD TOULON-VAR FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MASTER RECHERCHE : CIVILISATIONS CONTEMPORAINES ET COMPAREES ANNÉE 2009-2010, 1ERE SESSION THE SETTING SUN: IMMIGRATION POLICY, RACE RELATIONS AND MULTICULTURALISM IN POST- COLONIAL GREAT BRITAIN FLORA MACIVOR LAMOUREUX UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR GILLES LEYDIER ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 THE FIRST BRITISH ASIANS: A HISTORY .............................................................. 8 I. The Colonial
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Connection Between Social Media and Intercultural Technical Communication Laura Anne Ewing University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-16-2015 #networkedglobe: Making the Connection between Social Media and Intercultural Technical Communication Laura Anne Ewing University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Higher Education and Teaching Commons, Other Communication Commons, and the Rhetoric Commons Scholar Commons Citation Ewing, Laura Anne, "#networkedglobe: Making the Connection between Social Media and Intercultural Technical Communication" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5945 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. #networkedglobe: Making the Connection between Social Media and Intercultural Technical Communication by Laura Anne Ewing A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Meredith Johnson, Ph.D. Marc Santos, Ph.D. Nathan Johnson, Ph.D. Julie Staggers, Ph.D. Date of Approval November 18, 2015 Keywords: Pedagogy, Engagement, Japan, Higher Education, Taxonomy Copyright (c) 2015, Laura Anne Ewing Dedication For Joe, because the greatest challenges cannot be accomplished without unwavering support, inspiration, and a beer. For Tom, you are my motivation for all things. May you never stop exploring the world. わたしは、あなたを愛しています。 Acknowledgments This project could not have come to fruition without a team of support that stretched 7,000 miles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Islam, Religiosity, and Socialization on Muslim-Canadian Opinions About Same-Sex Marriage
    COMPARATIVE MIGRATION STUDIES www.comparativemigrationstudies.org Published by: Amsterdam University Press The Effects of Islam, Religiosity, and Socialization on Muslim-Canadian Opinions about Same-Sex Marriage Christopher Cochrane CMS 1 (1): 147–178 DOI: 10.5117/CMS2013.1.COCH Abstract Critics of Islam often frame anti-Islamic positions as a defense of tolerance against intolerance, and of equality against inequality. Islam, for this perspec- tive, poses challenges for the ideological integration of Muslim immigrants in Western societies. This paper examines Canadian Muslims’ opinions about same-sex marriage. The analysis suggests that Canadian Muslims, as a group, do have distinctively negative opinions about same-sex marriage, but that there is substantial and systematic variation in opinions about this issue within the Muslim-Canadian community. Indeed, it is religiosity in general, rather than Islam in particular, that generates negative opinions about gay marriage. Exposure to the Canadian context, and especially postsecondary education, largely undoes the distinctiveness of Canadian Muslims’ opinions about this issue. Keywords: Islam, Muslims, Immigration, Public Opinion, Same-Sex Marriage 1. Introduction In January 2007, the town of Hérouxville, Québec, Canada drafted a series of resolutions aimed at prospective immigrants. The most controversial resolution prohibited the stoning of women in public. “Nous considérons que les hommes et les femmes sont égaux et ont la même valeur,” the docu- ment proclaims, reaffirming the community’s basic commitment to the fundamental rights of women, including their right to walk unaccompanied in public, attend school, and operate a vehicle (Municipalité de Hérouxville, 2010). The anti-Muslim sentiment that inspired these resolutions was CMS 2013, VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Conference with a Focus on Children and Family
    CONTACT US Address: 56 W45 Street 4th Floor New York, NY 10036 Phone: +1 (646) 838- 4882 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.jwf.org ISBN: 978-978-969-741-0 Copyright © 2019 Journalists and Writers Foundation All rights reserved. Published in January 2019. Edited by Journalists and Writers Foundation Editorial Board. Designed in Republic of Korea. Printed by Sarsa Prints in Nigeria. Sarsa Prints: Durumi 2, New Site, Gudu District, Abuja/Nigeria COPYRIGHT & DISTRIBUTION Material from this conference proceedings may be reproduced for noncommercial purposes only as long as the Journalists and Writers Foundation (JWF) is fully acknowledged. The conference proceedings may also be distributed and linked to it from your website if the JWF is credited as the source. No part of this conference proceedings may be reproduced or distributed for any commercial purposes without the prior permission of the copyright holder. DISCLAIMER The JWF has made every effort to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in this conference proceedings; however, the views presented are those of authors and do not reflect or represent the views of the editors or the Journalists and Writers Foundation. We welcome recommendations for corrections with reliable and acceptable sources. You can contact the JWF at [email protected]. CONTACT US Address: 56 W45 Street 4th Floor New York, NY 10036 Phone: +1 (646) 838-4882 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.jwf.org CONTENTS 8 Editor’s Note Journalists and Writers Foundation 10 Opening Speech I Binta Masi Garba 13 Opening Speech
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Inequality in America
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Sociology) Penn Sociology 6-2018 Religious Inequality in America Melissa J. Wilde University of Pennsylvania Patricia Tevington University of Pennsylvania Wensong Shen University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Wilde, Melissa, Patricia Tevington, and Wensong Shen. 2018. "Religious Inequality in America." Social Inclusion 6 (2): 107-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1447 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers/53 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Religious Inequality in America Abstract Sociology has largely ignored class differences between American religious groups under the assumption that those differences “are smaller than they used to be and are getting smaller all of the time” (Pyle & Davidson, 2014, p. 195). This article demonstrates that profound class differences remain amongst American religious groups. These differences are as large as—or larger than—commonly examined forms of inequality such as the gender pay gap and the race achievement gap. Using the most popular categorization of American religious groups, we find that egarr dless of the particular measure examined (years of education, income, socioeconomic index score, and proportion of members with at least a bachelor’s degree) Jews and Mainline Protestants are at the top of the socioeconomic ladder and Evangelical Protestants, both black and white, are at the bottom. Furthermore, religious group significantly predicts both years of education and the overall socioeconomic standing of respondents by itself with basic controls. Likewise, both socioeconomic indicators and education significantly predict the likelihood of being in a specific eligiousr tradition on their own with basic controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapor-Kanada-Muslumanlari.Pdf
    KANADA MUSLUMANLARI OCAK 2015 KANADA MÜSLÜMANLARI 1 Ocak 2015 Hazırlayan: Salih Akpınar Yayına hazırlayan: İHH İnsani ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi İHH İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri İnsani Yardım Vakfı Büyük Karaman Cad. Taylasan Sok. No: 3 Pk. 34230 Fatih/İstanbul Telefon: +90 212 631 21 21 | Faks: +90 212 621 70 51 www.ihh.org.tr | [email protected] 2 KANADA MÜSLÜMANLARI İÇİNDEKİLER 4 DEMOGRAFİK YAPI 7 TARİH 9 SOSYOEKONOMİK DURUM 12 SİYASİ DURUM 16 MÜSLÜMANLARIN KARŞILAŞTIĞI SORUNLAR 19 SON NOTLAR 20 KAYNAKÇA KANADA MÜSLÜMANLARI 1 MAKEDONYA MÜSLÜMANLARI 3 Resmî dilleri İngilizce ve Fransızca olan Kanada, 10 eyalet ve üç bölgeden oluşur. En büyük eyaleti ülkenin tek Fransız eyaleti olan Quebec’tir. DEMOGRAFİK YAPI Kanada, yüz ölçümü olarak dünya- göre güncellemektedir. Mesela 20. nın en büyük ikinci ülkesidir. Batı yüzyılın ortalarına kadar ülkeye yarım kürede ise bu konumu onu Hristiyanlar dışında göçmen kabul birinciliğe taşımaktadır. Bu kadar edilmiyordu. Kanada’ya olan göç- geniş topraklara sahip olmasına rağ- ler farklı zaman dilimlerinde dalga- men Kanada’nın nüfusu azdır. Yak- lar halinde gerçekleşmiştir. İlk dalga laşık olarak 35 milyonluk bir nüfusa Doğu Avrupa’dan başlamıştır, ikin- sahip olan Kanada, demokratik ve cisi Pakistan ve Hindistan, üçüncüsü federal bir sisteme sahiptir. Ülke 10 ise Mısır ve Lübnan’dan gerçekleş- eyalet ve üç bölgeden oluşmaktadır. miştir. Son zamanlarda Cezayir ve Quebec eyaleti ülkenin en büyük ve Suriye’den de göçler gerçekleşmek- tek Fransız eyaletidir. Kanada’nın tedir. Kriz yaşanan ülkelerin vatan- resmî dilleri İngilizce ve Fransızca- daşlarının yeni umudu olan Kanada, dır. Kanada birçok insan için refah özellikle Ortadoğu’da ve İslam dün- seviyesi ve yeni fırsatlar sunması ba- yasının diğer coğrafyalarında görü- kımından cazibeli bir yerleşim mer- len krizler nedeniyle Müslümanlar kezi olmuştur.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality"
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Sociology) Penn Sociology 2018 Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality" Melissa J. Wilde University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers Part of the Christianity Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Sociology of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Wilde, Melissa. 2018. "Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality"." Social Inclusion 6 (2): 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1606 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/sociology_papers/54 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Editorial: "Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality" Abstract What is complex religion and how does it relate to social inclusion? Complex religion is a theory which posits that religion intersects with inequality, especially class, race, ethnicity and gender. The nine articles in this volume examine a wide array of ways that religion intersects with inequality, and how, as a result, it can create barriers to social inclusion. The issue begins with three articles that examine the role of religion and its intersection with race and racialization processes. It then moves to three articles that examine religion’s intersection with socioeconomic inequality. The issue closes with three studies of how religion’s relationship with the state creates and maintains various status hierarchies, even as some religious movements seek to combat inequality. Together, these articles enrichen our understanding of the complex task before anyone seeking to think about the role of religion in social inclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Representation of Extremists in Western Media
    2015 The Representation of Extremists in Western Media As radicalised Muslim converts gain ever greater attention within the War on Terror (WoT) and the media, an investigation into their portrayal and the associated discourses becomes ever more relevant. This study aims to shed more light on the representation of these extremist individuals in the Western media, specifically white converts to Islam who become radicalised. It explores whether there is indeed a difference between the portrayal of female and male extremists within this context and seeks to reveal any related social or national anxieties. This research paper has a qualitative research design, comprising the comparative case study model and discourse analysis. The main sources for the discourse analysis are English-speaking Western newspapers. Laura Kapelari Supervisor: Jacqueline De Matos Ala A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations University of the Witwatersrand 2015 Declaration I declare that this research report is my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. This research report is submitted towards the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations by coursework and research report at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. _____________________________ Laura Kapelari 1 Table of Contents Declaration ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Attainment
    Sociological Focus ISSN: 0038-0237 (Print) 2162-1128 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/usfo20 Religion and Attainment Lisa A. Keister To cite this article: Lisa A. Keister (2011) Religion and Attainment, Sociological Focus, 44:4, 354-383, DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2011.10571403 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2011.10571403 Published online: 19 Nov 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 130 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=usfo20 Download by: [Duke University Medical Center] Date: 11 April 2017, At: 21:06 Religion and Attainment LisaA. Keister" Duke University Religion is an important determinant of social and economic attainment, but the mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not well understood. Early scholars recognized this connection, but their ideas do not ade­ quately explain contemporary stratification patterns. Recent research doc­ uments robust empirical relationships between religion and material outcomes but has not yet begun to identify causes of these patterns. I fill this gap by providing a comprehensive, contemporary, theoretical expla­ nation of the religion-inequality link that synthesizes ideas from early and more recent research. I draw on ideas from status attainment and life course research to develop a synthetic model that includes religion as both a background and a mediating component. I conclude by providing exam­ ples of implications of the model. These ideas improve understanding of the critical relationship between cultural orientation and material resources. Religion plays an important role in creating and maintaining social and economic inequality, but the mechanisms driving this relationship are not well understood.
    [Show full text]
  • WHAT's WRONG with the SOCIAL SCIENCES? the Perils of the Postmodern
    WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE SOCIAL SCIENCES? The Perils of the Postmodern Michael A. Faia College of William & Mary 1993 For Caitlin, Josephine, Gusty, and Pancho Et si je connais, moi, une fleur unique au monde, qui n'existe nulle part, sauf dans ma planète, et qu'un petit mouton peut anéantir d'un seul coup, comme ça, un matin, sans se rendre compte de ce qu'il fait, ce n'est pas important ça! —Antoine de Saint-Exupéry iii Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE SOCIAL SCIENCES? 1 (1) The dialectics of disenchantment 2 (1.1) Predictability, vulcanology, seismology, and (especially) meteorology 6 (1.2) Molecular mysteries and habits of the quark 8 (1.3) Rosaldo revisited: How would the catcher in the rye have felt? 12 (2) The trouble with feminist theory 13 (3) Titles and tribulations 17 (4) Solicitous gatekeepers, #1 25 (5) Itching and scratching: a Lazarsfeldian digression through an SPSS 27 hologram (6) Transcending the transcendentalists 30 (7) What do you presuppose, and when did you presuppose it? The Sisyphus of the social sciences 33 (8) The meaning of politics and the politics of meaning 38 Chapter 2: MICHEL FOUCAULT, MACHINES WHO THINK, AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES 57 (1) “Man the machine—man the impersonal engine” 57 (2) Good, bad, or ugly? 67 (3) Mitigating circumstances 70 iv (4) In conclusion: Oodles of Boodles 74 (5) Why Foucault needed Lindroth, and why Lindroth needed Foucault 75 Chapter 3: IN PRAISE OF THE NULL HYPOTHESIS: THE MYTH OF “THE VALUE-FREE MYTH” 83 (1) The nature and extent of bias in scientific research 83 (2) Quashing the indictment: Can a Comtean rule a country? 85 (2.1) Positions 86 (2.2) Correctives 87 (2.3) Motives: A series of acts contrary ..
    [Show full text]