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The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors
Shades of Intolerance: The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada. by Chuck Baker A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs Written under the direction of Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin and approved by ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Newark, New Jersey May, 2015 Copyright page: © 2015 Chuck Baker All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada by Chuck Baker Dissertation Director: Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin, Ph.D. Terrorism has been shown to have a destabilizing impact upon the citizens of the nation- state in which it occurs, causing social distress, fear, and the desire for retribution (Cesari, 2010; Chebel d’Appollonia, 2012). Much of the recent work on 21st century terrorism carried out in the global north has placed the focus on terrorism being perpetuated by Middle East Muslims. In addition, recent migration trends show that the global north is becoming much more diverse as the highly populated global south migrates upward. Population growth in the global north is primarily due to increases in the minority presence, and these post-1960 changes have increased the diversity of historically more homogeneous nations like the United Kingdom and Canada. This research examines the influence of terrorism on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, with a focus on the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks in London. -
Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux
The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux To cite this version: Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux. The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multi- culturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain. History. 2010. dumas-00534579 HAL Id: dumas-00534579 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00534579 Submitted on 10 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DU SUD TOULON-VAR FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MASTER RECHERCHE : CIVILISATIONS CONTEMPORAINES ET COMPAREES ANNÉE 2009-2010, 1ERE SESSION THE SETTING SUN: IMMIGRATION POLICY, RACE RELATIONS AND MULTICULTURALISM IN POST- COLONIAL GREAT BRITAIN FLORA MACIVOR LAMOUREUX UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR GILLES LEYDIER ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 THE FIRST BRITISH ASIANS: A HISTORY .............................................................. 8 I. The Colonial -
The Representation of Extremists in Western Media
2015 The Representation of Extremists in Western Media As radicalised Muslim converts gain ever greater attention within the War on Terror (WoT) and the media, an investigation into their portrayal and the associated discourses becomes ever more relevant. This study aims to shed more light on the representation of these extremist individuals in the Western media, specifically white converts to Islam who become radicalised. It explores whether there is indeed a difference between the portrayal of female and male extremists within this context and seeks to reveal any related social or national anxieties. This research paper has a qualitative research design, comprising the comparative case study model and discourse analysis. The main sources for the discourse analysis are English-speaking Western newspapers. Laura Kapelari Supervisor: Jacqueline De Matos Ala A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations University of the Witwatersrand 2015 Declaration I declare that this research report is my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. This research report is submitted towards the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations by coursework and research report at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. _____________________________ Laura Kapelari 1 Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................... -
OUSSAMA ABDULLAH KASSIR, A/K/A "Abu Abdullah," A/K/A "Abu Khadi Ja, "
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK -X UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -v. - INDICTMENT MUSTAFA KAMEL MUSTAFA, S2 04 Cr. 356 (JFK) a/k/a "Abu Hamza, " a/k/a "Abu Hamza al-Masri , " a/k/a "Mustafa Kamel," a/k/a "Mostafa Kamel Mostafa, ": OUSSAMA ABDULLAH KASSIR, a/k/a "Abu Abdullah," a/k/a "Abu Khadi ja, " and HAROON RASHID ASWAT, a/k/a "Haroon, " a/k/a "Haroon Aswat, " Defendants. COUNT ONE CONSPIRACY TO TAKE HOSTAGES (THE ATTACK IN YEMEN) The Grand Jury charges: 1. ~romon or about December 23, 1998, up to and including on or about December 29, 1998, in an offense begun out of the jurisdiction of any particular State or district, MUSTAFA KAMEL MUSTAFA, a/k/a "Abu Hamza, " a/k/a "Abu Hamza al-Masri, " a/k/a "Mustafa Karnel," a/k/a "Mostafa Karnel Mostafa," the defendant, and others known and unknown, at least one of whom'was first brought to - -- ,' and arrested in the Southern District of New York, unlawfully and knowingly combined, conspired, confederated and agreed together and with each other to violate Section 1203 of Title 18, United States Code. 2. It was a part and an object of the conspiracy that MUSTAFA KAMEL MUSTAFA, the defendant, and others known and unknown, - : would and did, inside and outside the United States, unlawfully and knowingly seize and detain and threaten to kill, to injure, and to continue to detain other persons, including two U.S. nationals, in - order compel a third person and a governmental organization, wit, the government of Yemen, to do and abstain fxom doing any act explicit and implicit condition for the release the persons detained. -
The European Angle to the U.S. Terror Threat Robin Simcox | Emily Dyer
AL-QAEDA IN THE UNITED STATES THE EUROPEAN ANGLE TO THE U.S. TERROR THREAT Robin Simcox | Emily Dyer THE EUROPEAN ANGLE TO THE U.S. TERROR THREAT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • Nineteen individuals (11% of the overall total) who committed al-Qaeda related offenses (AQROs) in the U.S. between 1997 and 2011 were either European citizens or had previously lived in Europe. • The threat to America from those linked to Europe has remained reasonably constant – with European- linked individuals committing AQROs in ten of the fifteen years studied. • The majority (63%) of the nineteen European-linked individuals were unemployed, including all individuals who committed AQROs between 1998 and 2001, and from 2007 onwards. • 42% of individuals had some level of college education. Half of these individuals committed an AQRO between 1998 and 2001, while the remaining two individuals committed offenses in 2009. • 16% of offenders with European links were converts to Islam. Between 1998 and 2001, and between 2003 and 2009, there were no offenses committed by European-linked converts. • Over two thirds (68%) of European-linked offenders had received terrorist training, primarily in Afghanistan. However, nine of the ten individuals who had received training in Afghanistan committed their AQRO before 2002. Only one individual committed an AQRO afterwards (Oussama Kassir, whose charges were filed in 2006). • Among all trained individuals, 92% committed an AQRO between 1998 and 2006. • 16% of individuals had combat experience. However, there were no European-linked individuals with combat experience who committed an AQRO after 2005. • Active Participants – individuals who committed or were imminently about to commit acts of terrorism, or were formal members of al-Qaeda – committed thirteen AQROs (62%). -
One Year Later, Video Shows Warning by a London Bomber -
One Year Later, Video Shows Warning by a London Bomber - ... http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/world/europe/07britain.htm... July 7, 2006 One Year Later, Video Shows Warning by a London Bomber By ALAN COWELL LONDON, July 6 — On the day before the first anniversary of the London bombings, Al Jazeera television showed a video on Thursday that appeared to be a last testament recorded in advance by one of the four attackers warning that, "What you have witnessed now is only the beginning." The broadcast included separate scenes of Ayman al-Zawahiri, the No. 2 leader of Al Qaeda, suggesting that the group was seeking to take responsibility for or at least to associate itself with the attacks. When that was recorded was unclear. The bomber, Shehzad Tanweer, 22, appeared in a red-and-white checked headdress against a backdrop that seemed strikingly reminiscent of a setting used in a video broadcast last September of a man identified as Mohammad Sidique Khan, who is suspected of being the ringleader of the attacks. On that video, Mr. Khan, 30, declared, "We are at war, and I am a soldier." The four bombers killed themselves and 52 victims in attacks on three subway trains and a bus on July 7, 2005. The attacks stunned Britons in part because they had been planned and carried out largely by British-born Muslims drawn to militant Islam. A report by Parliament in May said that Mr. Khan and Mr. Tanweer had visited Pakistan before the attacks, and, while there, might have contacted Qaeda figures and trained to use explosives. -
'War on Terror'. a Study of Attribution in Elite Newspaper Coverage
Sourcing and Framing the 'War on Terror'. A Study of Attribution in Elite Newspaper Coverage. Morgan Stack (B.Sc M.Acc MBS) Supervisor: Dr. Kevin Rafter School of Communications Dublin City University A thesis submitted to Dublin City University in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. PhD June 2013 DECLARATION I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy , is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ____________________ (Candidate) ID No.: 59110937 Date:_______________________ 2 ABSTRACT The 'war on terror', described as the most important framing case of our time, is analysed in this study of elite newspaper coverage primarily in terms of the 'attribution of responsibility' for specific terrorist attacks. This is justified by the role of attribution in terms of 'primary definition', the exertion of political power in the text, and the constitutive role of attribution in public opinion formation. In addition to an analysis of how the coverage 'framed' attribution, the study also attempts to speak to the validity or otherwise of the 'mythical metanarrative' interpretation of the 'war on terror'. The study proceeds to analyse the nature of news sources drawn upon in the coverage, most specifically again with respect to the construction of attribution. -
Returning Western Foreign Fighters: the Case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia
Returning Western foreign fighters: The case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker ICCT Background Note June 2014 Authorities are increasingly worried about the large number of Western foreign fighters present in Syria. The fear is that these fighters will return radicalised, battle hardened and with extensive radical networks that might encourage them to commit a terrorist attack in the home country. The recent attack on the Jewish Museum in Brussels – allegedly by a returned foreign fighter from Syria – seems to be a case in point. However, the conflict in Syria is not the first to attract foreign fighters. In this Background Note, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Edwin Bakker investigate three historical cases of foreign fighting: Afghanistan (1980s), Bosnia (1990s) and Somalia (2000s). In this paper they aim to give insight into what happened to these foreign fighters after their fight abroad had ended. The authors distinguish eight possible pathways for foreign fighters that can help to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. About the Authors Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn is Research Assistant at the Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism (CTC) in The Hague. She holds a master’s degree in International Relations in Historical Perspective (cum laude) from Utrecht University, which she completed with a thesis on foreign fighters. Currently, she is working on the development of MOOCs – massive open online courses – at Leiden University. In that position, she assisted Professor Bakker with the MOOC Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Comparing Theory & Practice that attracted more than 40,000 students. -
1 Creating an "Arc of Crisis": the Destabilization of The
“MUNDO ÁRABE CONJUNTURA ATUAL E ANÁLISE DE CENÁRIOS”- 2011 Creating an "Arc of Crisis": The Destabilization of the Middle East and Central Asia The Mumbai Attacks and the “Strategy of Tension” By Andrew Gavin Marshall Global Research , December 7, 2008 Introduction The recent attacks in Mumbai, while largely blamed on Pakistan’s state-sponsored militant groups, represent the latest phase in a far more complex and long-term “strategy of tension” in the region; being employed by the Anglo- American-Israeli Axis to ultimately divide and conquer the Middle East and Central Asia. The aim is destabilization of the region, subversion and acquiescence of the region’s countries, and control of its economies, all in the name of preserving the West’s hegemony over the “Arc of Crisis.” The attacks in India are not an isolated event, unrelated to growing tensions in the region. They are part of a processof unfolding chaos that threatens to engulf an entire region, stretching from the Horn of Africa to India: the “Arc of Crisis,” as it has been known in the past. The motives and modus operandi of the attackers must be examined and questioned, and before quickly asserting blame to Pakistan, it is necessary to step back and review: Who benefits? Who had the means? Who had to motive? In whose interest is it to destabilize the region? Ultimately, the roles of the United States, Israel and Great Britain must be submitted to closer scrutiny. The Mumbai Attacks: 11/26/08 On November 26, 2008, a number of coordinated terrorist attacks occurred across India’s main commercial city of Mumbai, which lasted until November 29. -
Bombing Mastermind Aswat Works for MI-6
Bombing Mastermind Aswat Works for MI-6 By Kurt Nimmo Region: Europe Global Research, August 03, 2005 Theme: Terrorism One Day in the Empire 3 August 2005 As Fox News tells it, at the very moment the British police were supposedly looking high and low for Dewsbury resident Haroon Rashid Aswat, pegged as the London bombing “mastermind,” MI-6 was quietly stowing him away for safe keeping. In fact, they were protecting him as an asset, although we should not expect Fox News to admit this “embarrassing” fact (watch this Fox video). “The Times said Aswat was believed to have had a ten-year association with militant groups, and met Osama bin Laden at [a CIA-ISI built] al- Qaida training camp in Afghanistan,” Breaking News reported almost two weeks ago. “The newspaper said it had obtained FBI documents indicating he was sent to America in 1999 where he had firearms and poison training.” According to MI-5 counter-intelligence whistleblower David Shayler, “MI-6 is in bed with al Qaeda,” which of course makes perfect sense since al-Qaeda is a masterfully engineered intelligence contrivance (a fake terrorist front organization created through a collaboration between the CIA, ISI, and MI-6) designed to discredit Islam, sow violence and chaos, and bury any possibility of pan-Arab nationalism—or, as the Grand Chessboard master Zbigniew Brzezinski writes, “to prevent collusion and maintain security dependence among the vassals, to keep tributaries pliant and protected, and to keep the barbarians from coming together.” In 2002, “Tony Blair … ordered a D-Notice [an institutionalized method of censorship, short for short for Defense Notices] on British media reporting government officials signing court gag orders. -
The US/UK Extradition Treaty: Requests by US
The US/UK Extradition Treaty: requests by US Standard Note: SN/HA/4980 Last updated: 31 July 2009 Author: Sally Broadbridge Section Home Affairs Section This note is part of a series of standard notes dealing with extradition issues. Others in this series describe extradition generally,1 how the European arrest warrant (EAW) was introduced,2 the EAW in practice,3 the history of the UK/US Extradition Treaty,4 and the case of Abu Hamza.5 1 SN/HA/4168 2 SN/HA/1703 3 SN/HA/4979 4 SN/HA/2204 5 SN/HA/2895 This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents 1 New extradition arrangements (January 2004) 2 2 Requests received under the new arrangements 3 2.1 Abu Hamza 3 2.2 Enron fraud charges 4 2.3 Babar Ahmad 6 2.4 Ian Norris 10 2.5 Gary McKinnon 12 2.6 Haroon Rashid Aswat 17 2.7 Alex Stone 17 2.8 Brian and Kerry-Ann Howes 19 2.9 Jeffrey Tesler and Wojciech Chodan 19 3 Requests initiated before 2004 20 3.1 Giles Carlyle-Clarke 20 3.2 Khalid al-Fawwaz, Adel Abdel Bary and Ibrahim Eidarous 20 3.3 Stanley and Beatrice Tollman 21 1 New extradition arrangements (January 2004) The US has, since January 2004, been included in a list, set out in an order made under the Extradition Act 2003, of “designated” countries which do not have to include prima facie evidence when making requests for a person’s extradition from the UK. -
Britain Now Faces Its Own Blowback
Britain now faces its own blowback Intelligence interests in Britain may thwart the July 7/7 bombings investigation By Michael Meacher Region: Europe Global Research, September 11, 2005 Theme: Terrorism The Guardian 11 September 2005 In-depth Report: London 7/7 The videotape of the suicide bomber Mohammad Sidique Khan has switched the focus of the London bombings away from the establishment view of brainwashed, murderous individuals and highlighted a starker political reality. While there can be no justification for horrific killings of this kind, they need to be understood against the ferment of the last decade radicalising Muslim youth of Pakistani origin living in Europe. During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s, the US funded large numbers of jihadists through Pakistan’s secret intelligence service, the ISI. Later the US wanted to raise another jihadi corps, again using proxies, to help Bosnian Muslims fight to weaken the Serb government’s hold on Yugoslavia. Those they turned to included Pakistanis in Britain. According to a recent report by the Delhi-based Observer Research Foundation, a contingent was also sent by the Pakistani government, then led by Benazir Bhutto, at the request of the Clinton administration. This contingent was formed from the Harkat-ul- Ansar (HUA) terrorist group and trained by the ISI. The report estimates that about 200 Pakistani Muslims living in the UK went to Pakistan, trained in HUA camps and joined the HUA’s contingent in Bosnia. Most significantly, this was “with the full knowledge and complicity of the British and American intelligence agencies”. As the 2002 Dutch government report on Bosnia makes clear, the US provided a green light to groups on the state department list of terrorist organisations, including the Lebanese- based Hizbullah, to operate in Bosnia – an episode that calls into question the credibility of the subsequent “war on terror”.