Chapter 7 Body Systems
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The Structure and Function of Breathing
CHAPTERCONTENTS The structure-function continuum 1 Multiple Influences: biomechanical, biochemical and psychological 1 The structure and Homeostasis and heterostasis 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 4 function of breathing NORMAL BREATHING 5 Respiratory benefits 5 Leon Chaitow The upper airway 5 Dinah Bradley Thenose 5 The oropharynx 13 The larynx 13 Pathological states affecting the airways 13 Normal posture and other structural THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION considerations 14 Further structural considerations 15 CONTINUUM Kapandji's model 16 Nowhere in the body is the axiom of structure Structural features of breathing 16 governing function more apparent than in its Lung volumes and capacities 19 relation to respiration. This is also a region in Fascla and resplrstory function 20 which prolonged modifications of function - Thoracic spine and ribs 21 Discs 22 such as the inappropriate breathing pattern dis- Structural features of the ribs 22 played during hyperventilation - inevitably intercostal musculature 23 induce structural changes, for example involving Structural features of the sternum 23 Posterior thorax 23 accessory breathing muscles as well as the tho- Palpation landmarks 23 racic articulations. Ultimately, the self-perpetuat- NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING 24 ing cycle of functional change creating structural Chemical control of breathing 25 modification leading to reinforced dysfunctional Voluntary control of breathing 25 tendencies can become complete, from The autonomic nervous system 26 whichever direction dysfunction arrives, for Sympathetic division 27 Parasympathetic division 27 example: structural adaptations can prevent NANC system 28 normal breathing function, and abnormal breath- THE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION 30 ing function ensures continued structural adap- Additional soft tissue influences and tational stresses leading to decompensation. -
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
ThoracicThoracic andand LumbarLumbar SpineSpine AnatomyAnatomy www.fisiokinesiterapia.biz ThoracicThoracic VertebraeVertebrae Bodies Pedicles Laminae Spinous Processes Transverse Processes Inferior & Superior Facets Distinguishing Feature – Costal Fovea T1 T2-T8 T9-12 ThoracicThoracic VertebraeVertebrae andand RibRib JunctionJunction FunctionsFunctions ofof ThoracicThoracic SpineSpine – Costovertebral Joint – Costotransverse Joint MotionsMotions – All available – Flexion and extension limited – T7-T12 LumbarLumbar SpineSpine BodiesBodies PediclesPedicles LaminaeLaminae TransverseTransverse ProcessProcess SpinousSpinous ProcessProcess ArticularArticular FacetsFacets LumbarLumbar SpineSpine ThoracolumbarThoracolumbar FasciaFascia LumbarLumbar SpineSpine IliolumbarIliolumbar LigamentsLigaments FunctionsFunctions ofof LumbarLumbar SpineSpine – Resistance of anterior translation – Resisting Rotation – Weight Support – Motion IntervertebralIntervertebral DisksDisks RatioRatio betweenbetween diskdisk thicknessthickness andand vertebralvertebral bodybody heightheight DiskDisk CompositionComposition – Nucleus pulposis – Annulus Fibrosis SpinalSpinal LigamentsLigaments AnteriorAnterior LongitudinalLongitudinal PosteriorPosterior LongitudinalLongitudinal LigamentumLigamentum FlavumFlavum InterspinousInterspinous LigamentsLigaments SupraspinousSupraspinous LigamentsLigaments IntertransverseIntertransverse LigamentsLigaments SpinalSpinal CurvesCurves PosteriorPosterior ViewView SagittalSagittal ViewView – Primary – Secondary -
Trunk Control During Gait: Walking with Wide and Narrow Step Widths Present Distinct 4 Challenges 5 6 Hai-Jung Steffi Shih, James Gordon, Kornelia Kulig
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.30.274423; this version posted November 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Original Article 2 3 Trunk Control during Gait: Walking with Wide and Narrow Step Widths Present Distinct 4 Challenges 5 6 Hai-Jung Steffi Shih, James Gordon, Kornelia Kulig 7 Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 8 CA, USA 9 10 11 Corresponding Author: 12 Hai-Jung Steffi Shih 13 Address: 1540 E. Alcazar St, CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 14 Telephone: +1 (323)442-2089 15 Fax: +1 (323)442-1515 16 Email: [email protected] 17 18 19 Keywords: Gait stability, Lateral stability, Trunk coordination, Muscle activation, Foot placement 20 Word count (intro-discussion): 3519 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.30.274423; this version posted November 17, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 22 Abstract 23 The active control of the trunk plays an important role in frontal plane gait stability. We 24 characterized trunk control in response to different step widths using a novel feedback system 25 and examined the different effects of wide and narrow step widths as they each present unique 26 task demands. -
Muscles of the Thorax, Back & Abdomen
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, BACK & ABDOMEN Muscles of the Thorax Thoracic Muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation M. pectoralis clavicula pars clavicularis major (medial ½ ) manubrium sterni et adduction, internal M. pectoralis pars crista tuberculi cartilagines costae rotation, arm flexion; major sternocostalis majoris (2nd-7th) auxiliary inspiratory m. M. pectoralis vagina musculi recti pars abdominalis major abdominis Plexus brachialis processus pulls the clavicle; M. pectoralis minor 3rd - 5th rib coracoideus auxiliary inspiration m scapulae pulls clavicule → clavicula indirectly the shoulder M. subclavius first rib (inferior surface) distoventrally; auxiliary inspiration m. pulls the clavicle from scapula the backbone; pulls M. serratus anterior cranial 9 ribs (margo medialis et inferior angle laterally → angulus inferior) rotates scapula; auxiliary respirat. m. Thoracic Muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation inferior margin of ribs - superior margin of elevation of lower ribs, from the costal tubercle Mm. intercostales externi ribs immediately thorax expansion → to the beginning of rib below inspiratory m. cartilage inferior margin of adduction of cranial superior margin of ribs - Nn. Mm. intercostales interni ribs immediately ribs to caudal ribs → intercostales costal angle to sternum above expiratory m. internal surface of cartilagines costae M. transversus thoracis xiphoid process and expiratory muscle verae body of sternum inner surface of xiphoid Diaphragma sternal part process inner surface of Diaphragma costal part cartilage of ribs 7-12 main inspiratory Plexus central tendon muscle; abdominal ligamentum cervicalis lumbar part, press Diaphragma longitudinale anterius medial crus (vertebrae lumbales) ligaments jump over the lumbar part, Diaphragma psoas and quadratus lateral crus muscles Muscles of the Back Superficial muscles . functionally belong to the upper limb Intermediate muscles . -
Active Release Techniques Spine Level 2
Active Release Techniques Spine Level 2 Dates of program- Montvale, NJ February 18-21, 2021 Colorado Springs, CO March 4-7, 2021 Orlando, FL June 10-13, 2021 Chicago, IL September 30 – October 3, 2021 Total Hours: 24 Summary: Active Release Techniques® Spine Level 2 offers intense training in 75 manual treatment protocols of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. ART® treatment utilizes manual techniques to move tissues and joints while under tension. The system allows for relative motion between the tissues and articulations. This seminar emphasizes the manipulation of the neuromusculoskeletal system to diagnose and correct alterations in tissue texture, tension, movement, and function between tissues. Evaluation and treatment occur simultaneously. Learning Outcomes: 1. By the end of the seminar, learners will be able to correctly identify (palpate) 75 facial seams of soft-tissue structures within the spine. 2. By the end of the seminars, learners will be able to correctly state the muscle actions of two adjacent spinal muscles. 3. By the end of the seminar, learners will be able to effectively recognize common symptom patterns of spinal neuromuscular injuries and disorders. 4. By the end of the seminar, learners will correctly identify the structure treated and associated concentric and eccentric muscle actions via video presentations. 5. By the end of the seminar, the learner will correctly move the muscle from its shortened position to elongated position using two-hand placement techniques. 6. By the end of the seminar, the learner can successfully differentiate between healthy and unhealthy tissue utilizing hands-on palpation techniques. 7. By the end of the seminar, the learner will proficiently palpate 75 anatomical soft-tissue structures within the spine, using an appropriate tension, depth, and motion to properly perform the treatment protocol. -
Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes
Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes by Ryan Matthew Bebej A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Philip D. Gingerich, Co-Chair Professor Philip Myers, Co-Chair Professor Daniel C. Fisher Professor Paul W. Webb © Ryan Matthew Bebej 2011 To my wonderful wife Melissa, for her infinite love and support ii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank each of my committee members. I will be forever grateful to my primary mentor, Philip D. Gingerich, for providing me the opportunity of a lifetime, studying the very organisms that sparked my interest in evolution and paleontology in the first place. His encouragement, patience, instruction, and advice have been instrumental in my development as a scholar, and his dedication to his craft has instilled in me the importance of doing careful and solid research. I am extremely grateful to Philip Myers, who graciously consented to be my co-advisor and co-chair early in my career and guided me through some of the most stressful aspects of life as a Ph.D. student (e.g., preliminary examinations). I also thank Paul W. Webb, for his novel thoughts about living in and moving through water, and Daniel C. Fisher, for his insights into functional morphology, 3D modeling, and mammalian paleobiology. My research was almost entirely predicated on cetacean fossils collected through a collaboration of the University of Michigan and the Geological Survey of Pakistan before my arrival in Ann Arbor. -
Meat Quality Workshop: Know Your Muscle, Know Your Meat BEEF
2/6/2017 Meat Quality Workshop: Know Your Muscle, Know Your Meat Principles of Muscle Profiling, Aging, and Nutrition Dale R. Woerner, Ph.D., Colorado State University BEEF- Determining Value 1 2/6/2017 Slight00 Small00 Modest00 Moderate00 SLAB00 MAB00 ACE ABC Maturity Group Approximate Age A 9‐30 months B 30‐42 months C 42‐72 months D E 72‐96 months 96 months or older Augmentation of USDA Grade Application 2 2/6/2017 Effect of Marbling Degree on Probability of a Positive Sensory Experience Probability of a Positive Sensory Experience 0.99a 0.98a 1 0.88b 0.9 0.82b 0.8 0.7 0.62c 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.29d 0.3 0.2 0.15e 0.1 0 TR SL SM MT MD SA MA Colorado State University M.S. Thesis: M. R. Emerson (2011) 3 2/6/2017 Carcass Weight Trend 900 All Fed Cattle CAB® 875 850 +55 lbs. in 5 years 825 +11 lbs. / year 800 775 750 +117 lbs. in 20 years Hot Carcass (lbs.) Weight +5.8 lbs. / year 725 Year 4 2/6/2017 Further Problems • Food service portion cutting problems = 8 oz. • Steak preparation problems = 8 oz. A 1,300‐pound, Yield Grade 3 steer yields 639 pounds of retail cuts from an 806‐pound carcass. Of the retail cuts, 62% are roasts and steaks (396 pounds) and 38% are ground beef and stew meat (243 pounds). 5 2/6/2017 Objective of Innovative Fabrication • Use quality-based break points during fabrication • Add value to beef by optimizing use of high-quality cuts • Add value to beef cuts by improving leanness and portion size $2.25 $7.56 $2.75 $4.66 $2.50 $12.73 $2.31 $2.85 $3.57 $1.99 Aging Response Premium USDA Choice USDA Select Muscle Aging response -
Chapter 9 Vertebral Column Motion Segment Vertebral Joints Facet Joint Functions Intervertebral Discs
Vertebral Column • Curved stack of 33 vertebrate divided into Chapter 9 5 regions • Cerivcal Region – 7 Biomechanics of the Human Spine • Thoracic Region – 12 • Lumbar Region – 5 • Sacrum – 5 fused • Coccyx – 4 fused Motion Segment Vertebral Joints • 2 adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues • Functional unit of the • Anterior spine – intervertebral symphysis joints • Posterior – Gliding diarthrodial facet joints Facet Joint Functions Intervertebral Discs • Channel and limit ROM in the different regions of • Fibrocartilaginous discs that cushion the anterior the spine spinal symphysis joints • Assist in lad bearing, sustaining up to 30% of the • Composed of a nucleus pulposus surrounded by compressive load on the spine the annulus fibrosus – Especially in hyperextension 1 Spinal Curves Spinal Movements • All three planes • circumduction • Lordosis – Exaggerated lumbar curve • Kyphosis – Exaggerated thoracic curve • Scoliosis – Lateral spinal curvature Cervical Flexors Abdominal Flexors • Rectus capitus anterior • Rectus abdominis • Rectus capitis lateralis • Internal obliques • Longus capitis • External obliques • Longus colli • 8 pairs of hyoid muscles Cervical Extension Thoracic/Lumbar Extensors • Erector Spinae • Splenius capitis – Iliocostalis – Longissimus – Spinalis • Splenius cervicis • Semispinalis – Capitis – Cervicis • Assisted by: – Thoracis – Rectus capitis • Deep Spinal Muscles posterior major/minor – Multifidi – Obliques capitis – Rotatores – Interspinales superior/inferior – Intertransversarii – Levatores cotarum -
Muscles of Mastication Muscles That Move the Head
1 Muscles Of Mastication identification origin insertion action maxilla, zygomatic arch Mandible elevates & protracts mandible MASSETER Human Cat Zygomatic Bone Mandible elevates mandible TEMPORALIS Human/Cat Temporal Bone Mandible elevates and retracts mandible Hyoid Bone DIGASTRIC Human mandible & mastoid process depress mandible Cat occipital bone & mastoid process Mandible depress mandible raises floor of mouth; MYLOHYOID Human/Cat Mandible Hyoid bone pulls hyoid forward Muscles That Move The Head identification origin insertion action STERNOCLEIDOMAStoID clavicle, sternum mastoid process flexes and laterally rotates head HUMAN ONLY STERNOMAStoID CAT ONLY sternum mastoid process turns and depresses head pulls head laterally; CLEIDOMAStoID CAT ONLY clavicle mastoid process pulls clavicle craniad 2 Muscles Of The Hyoid, Larynx And Tongue identification origin insertion action Human Sternum Hyoid depresses hyoid bone STERNOHYOID Cat costal cartilage 1st rib Hyoid pulls hyoid caudally; raises ribs and sternum sternum Throid cartilage of larynx Human depresses thyroid cartilage STERNothYROID Cat costal cartilage 1st rib Throid cartilage of larynx pulls larynx caudad elevates thyroid cartilage and Human thyroid cartilage of larynx Hyoid THYROHYOID depresses hyoid bone Cat thyroid cartilage of larynx Hyoid raises larynx GENIOHYOID Human/Cat Mandible Hyoid pulls hyoid craniad 3 Muscles That Attach Pectoral Appendages To Vertebral Column identification origin insertion action Human Occipital bone; Thoracic and Cervical raises clavicle; adducts, -
The Erector Spinae Group Is a Group of 3 Sets of Muscles—Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis
The Erector Spinae Group is a group of 3 sets of muscles—spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis. The spinalis group are located off of the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The longissimus group are located off of the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the iliocostalis group are located off of the ribs. By knowing these regions we can see that the spinalis group is the most medial and the iliocostalis group is most lateral. 1 During full flexion the erector spinae are relaxed. When standing upright the muscles are active and extension is initiated by the hamstrings—so when you lift a load from the bent over position it causes injury to the erector spinae group. Always lift with a straight back, not when you are hunched over. 2 3 The interspinalis muscles are very tiny muscles that connect from one spinous process to another. The intertransversarii muscles connect between each transverse process. The multifidus lies deep to the erector spinae muscles and it connects from one transverse process to the next spinous process. 4 The rotatores differs from the multifidus by going from 1 transverse process to 2 spinous processes. 5 The external obliques are the most superficial of the oblique muscles. Notice the fibers angle downward and medially, which allows for lateral flexion to same side and rotation to the opposite side. What other muscle does that (neck muscle)?? Once again it takes both sides to contract to cause trunk flexion to occur and only 1 side to cause the rotation and lateral flexion. Now the internal obliques have the fibers directed more horizontally which allows for rotation to the same side when 1 side contracts unlike the external obliques. -
The Anatomy and Function of the Equine Thoracolumbar Longissimus Dorsi Muscle
Aus dem Veterinärwissenschaftlichen Department der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie Vorstand: Prof. Dr. Dr. Fred Sinowatz Arbeit angefertigt unter der Leitung von Dr. Renate Weller, PhD, MRCVS The Anatomy and Function of the equine thoracolumbar Longissimus dorsi muscle Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Vorgelegt von Christina Carla Annette von Scheven aus Düsseldorf München 2010 2 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Joachim Braun Berichterstatter: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Johann Maierl Korreferentin: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Bettina Wollanke Tag der Promotion: 24. Juli 2010 3 Für meine Familie 4 Table of Contents I. Introduction................................................................................................................ 8 II. Literature review...................................................................................................... 10 II.1 Macroscopic anatomy ............................................................................................. 10 II.1.1 Comparative evolution of the body axis ............................................................ 10 II.1.2 Axis of the equine body ..................................................................................... 12 II.1.2.1 Vertebral column of the horse.................................................................... -
EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity During Spinal Rotation: a Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects Department of Physical Therapy 2015 EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota Toni Linneman University of North Dakota Rachel Pederson University of North Dakota Megan Storstad University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad Part of the Physical Therapy Commons Recommended Citation Flint, Jamie; Linneman, Toni; Pederson, Rachel; and Storstad, Megan, "EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study" (2015). Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects. 571. https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/571 This Scholarly Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Physical Therapy at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ------- ---- ------------------------------- EMG ANALYSIS OF LATISSIMUS DORSI, ERECTOR SPINAE AND MIDDLE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SPINAL ROTATION: A PILOT STUDY by Jamie Flint, SPT Toni Linneman, SPT Rachel Pederson, SPT Megan Storstad, SPT Bachelor of Science in Physical Education, Exercise Science and Wellness University of North Dakota, 2013 A Scholarly Project Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the