Active Release Techniques Spine Level 2
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The Structure and Function of Breathing
CHAPTERCONTENTS The structure-function continuum 1 Multiple Influences: biomechanical, biochemical and psychological 1 The structure and Homeostasis and heterostasis 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 4 function of breathing NORMAL BREATHING 5 Respiratory benefits 5 Leon Chaitow The upper airway 5 Dinah Bradley Thenose 5 The oropharynx 13 The larynx 13 Pathological states affecting the airways 13 Normal posture and other structural THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION considerations 14 Further structural considerations 15 CONTINUUM Kapandji's model 16 Nowhere in the body is the axiom of structure Structural features of breathing 16 governing function more apparent than in its Lung volumes and capacities 19 relation to respiration. This is also a region in Fascla and resplrstory function 20 which prolonged modifications of function - Thoracic spine and ribs 21 Discs 22 such as the inappropriate breathing pattern dis- Structural features of the ribs 22 played during hyperventilation - inevitably intercostal musculature 23 induce structural changes, for example involving Structural features of the sternum 23 Posterior thorax 23 accessory breathing muscles as well as the tho- Palpation landmarks 23 racic articulations. Ultimately, the self-perpetuat- NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING 24 ing cycle of functional change creating structural Chemical control of breathing 25 modification leading to reinforced dysfunctional Voluntary control of breathing 25 tendencies can become complete, from The autonomic nervous system 26 whichever direction dysfunction arrives, for Sympathetic division 27 Parasympathetic division 27 example: structural adaptations can prevent NANC system 28 normal breathing function, and abnormal breath- THE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION 30 ing function ensures continued structural adap- Additional soft tissue influences and tational stresses leading to decompensation. -
Muscles of the Thorax, Back & Abdomen
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, BACK & ABDOMEN Muscles of the Thorax Thoracic Muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation M. pectoralis clavicula pars clavicularis major (medial ½ ) manubrium sterni et adduction, internal M. pectoralis pars crista tuberculi cartilagines costae rotation, arm flexion; major sternocostalis majoris (2nd-7th) auxiliary inspiratory m. M. pectoralis vagina musculi recti pars abdominalis major abdominis Plexus brachialis processus pulls the clavicle; M. pectoralis minor 3rd - 5th rib coracoideus auxiliary inspiration m scapulae pulls clavicule → clavicula indirectly the shoulder M. subclavius first rib (inferior surface) distoventrally; auxiliary inspiration m. pulls the clavicle from scapula the backbone; pulls M. serratus anterior cranial 9 ribs (margo medialis et inferior angle laterally → angulus inferior) rotates scapula; auxiliary respirat. m. Thoracic Muscles Origin Insertion Action Innervation inferior margin of ribs - superior margin of elevation of lower ribs, from the costal tubercle Mm. intercostales externi ribs immediately thorax expansion → to the beginning of rib below inspiratory m. cartilage inferior margin of adduction of cranial superior margin of ribs - Nn. Mm. intercostales interni ribs immediately ribs to caudal ribs → intercostales costal angle to sternum above expiratory m. internal surface of cartilagines costae M. transversus thoracis xiphoid process and expiratory muscle verae body of sternum inner surface of xiphoid Diaphragma sternal part process inner surface of Diaphragma costal part cartilage of ribs 7-12 main inspiratory Plexus central tendon muscle; abdominal ligamentum cervicalis lumbar part, press Diaphragma longitudinale anterius medial crus (vertebrae lumbales) ligaments jump over the lumbar part, Diaphragma psoas and quadratus lateral crus muscles Muscles of the Back Superficial muscles . functionally belong to the upper limb Intermediate muscles . -
Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes
Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes by Ryan Matthew Bebej A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Philip D. Gingerich, Co-Chair Professor Philip Myers, Co-Chair Professor Daniel C. Fisher Professor Paul W. Webb © Ryan Matthew Bebej 2011 To my wonderful wife Melissa, for her infinite love and support ii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank each of my committee members. I will be forever grateful to my primary mentor, Philip D. Gingerich, for providing me the opportunity of a lifetime, studying the very organisms that sparked my interest in evolution and paleontology in the first place. His encouragement, patience, instruction, and advice have been instrumental in my development as a scholar, and his dedication to his craft has instilled in me the importance of doing careful and solid research. I am extremely grateful to Philip Myers, who graciously consented to be my co-advisor and co-chair early in my career and guided me through some of the most stressful aspects of life as a Ph.D. student (e.g., preliminary examinations). I also thank Paul W. Webb, for his novel thoughts about living in and moving through water, and Daniel C. Fisher, for his insights into functional morphology, 3D modeling, and mammalian paleobiology. My research was almost entirely predicated on cetacean fossils collected through a collaboration of the University of Michigan and the Geological Survey of Pakistan before my arrival in Ann Arbor. -
Trapezius Origin: Occipital Bone, Ligamentum Nuchae & Spinous Processes of Thoracic Vertebrae Insertion: Clavicle and Scapul
Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae & spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae Insertion: clavicle and scapula (acromion Trapezius and scapular spine) Action: elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward and/or elevate clavicle; extend neck Origin: spinous process of vertebrae C7-T1 Rhomboideus Insertion: vertebral border of scapula Minor Action: adducts & performs downward rotation of scapula Origin: spinous process of superior thoracic vertebrae Rhomboideus Insertion: vertebral border of scapula from Major spine to inferior angle Action: adducts and downward rotation of scapula Origin: transverse precesses of C1-C4 vertebrae Levator Scapulae Insertion: vertebral border of scapula near superior angle Action: elevates scapula Origin: anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8 or 1-9 Insertion: anterior surface of vertebral Serratus Anterior border of scapula Action: protracts shoulder: rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves upward rotation Origin: anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Pectoralis Minor Action: depresses & protracts shoulder, rotates scapula (glenoid cavity rotates downward), elevates ribs Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Supraspinatus Insertion: greater tuberacle of humerus Action: abduction at the shoulder Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Infraspinatus Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: lateral rotation at shoulder Origin: clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Deltoid Action: -
Chapter 9 Vertebral Column Motion Segment Vertebral Joints Facet Joint Functions Intervertebral Discs
Vertebral Column • Curved stack of 33 vertebrate divided into Chapter 9 5 regions • Cerivcal Region – 7 Biomechanics of the Human Spine • Thoracic Region – 12 • Lumbar Region – 5 • Sacrum – 5 fused • Coccyx – 4 fused Motion Segment Vertebral Joints • 2 adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues • Functional unit of the • Anterior spine – intervertebral symphysis joints • Posterior – Gliding diarthrodial facet joints Facet Joint Functions Intervertebral Discs • Channel and limit ROM in the different regions of • Fibrocartilaginous discs that cushion the anterior the spine spinal symphysis joints • Assist in lad bearing, sustaining up to 30% of the • Composed of a nucleus pulposus surrounded by compressive load on the spine the annulus fibrosus – Especially in hyperextension 1 Spinal Curves Spinal Movements • All three planes • circumduction • Lordosis – Exaggerated lumbar curve • Kyphosis – Exaggerated thoracic curve • Scoliosis – Lateral spinal curvature Cervical Flexors Abdominal Flexors • Rectus capitus anterior • Rectus abdominis • Rectus capitis lateralis • Internal obliques • Longus capitis • External obliques • Longus colli • 8 pairs of hyoid muscles Cervical Extension Thoracic/Lumbar Extensors • Erector Spinae • Splenius capitis – Iliocostalis – Longissimus – Spinalis • Splenius cervicis • Semispinalis – Capitis – Cervicis • Assisted by: – Thoracis – Rectus capitis • Deep Spinal Muscles posterior major/minor – Multifidi – Obliques capitis – Rotatores – Interspinales superior/inferior – Intertransversarii – Levatores cotarum -
The Erector Spinae Group Is a Group of 3 Sets of Muscles—Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis
The Erector Spinae Group is a group of 3 sets of muscles—spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis. The spinalis group are located off of the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The longissimus group are located off of the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the iliocostalis group are located off of the ribs. By knowing these regions we can see that the spinalis group is the most medial and the iliocostalis group is most lateral. 1 During full flexion the erector spinae are relaxed. When standing upright the muscles are active and extension is initiated by the hamstrings—so when you lift a load from the bent over position it causes injury to the erector spinae group. Always lift with a straight back, not when you are hunched over. 2 3 The interspinalis muscles are very tiny muscles that connect from one spinous process to another. The intertransversarii muscles connect between each transverse process. The multifidus lies deep to the erector spinae muscles and it connects from one transverse process to the next spinous process. 4 The rotatores differs from the multifidus by going from 1 transverse process to 2 spinous processes. 5 The external obliques are the most superficial of the oblique muscles. Notice the fibers angle downward and medially, which allows for lateral flexion to same side and rotation to the opposite side. What other muscle does that (neck muscle)?? Once again it takes both sides to contract to cause trunk flexion to occur and only 1 side to cause the rotation and lateral flexion. Now the internal obliques have the fibers directed more horizontally which allows for rotation to the same side when 1 side contracts unlike the external obliques. -
EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity During Spinal Rotation: a Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects Department of Physical Therapy 2015 EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study Jamie Flint University of North Dakota Toni Linneman University of North Dakota Rachel Pederson University of North Dakota Megan Storstad University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad Part of the Physical Therapy Commons Recommended Citation Flint, Jamie; Linneman, Toni; Pederson, Rachel; and Storstad, Megan, "EMG Analysis of Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae and Middle Trapezius Muscle Activity during Spinal Rotation: A Pilot Study" (2015). Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects. 571. https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/571 This Scholarly Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Physical Therapy at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ------- ---- ------------------------------- EMG ANALYSIS OF LATISSIMUS DORSI, ERECTOR SPINAE AND MIDDLE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SPINAL ROTATION: A PILOT STUDY by Jamie Flint, SPT Toni Linneman, SPT Rachel Pederson, SPT Megan Storstad, SPT Bachelor of Science in Physical Education, Exercise Science and Wellness University of North Dakota, 2013 A Scholarly Project Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the -
Chapter 7 Body Systems
Deep Muscles of the Back and Posterior Neck 1 Responsible for neck and head extension, lateral flexion, and rotation Affect trunk movements Play a role in maintaining proper spinal curve Complex column extending from sacrum to skull In these areas, massage is most effective when applied with a slow, sustained, broad-based compressive force. 2 Superficial group of back muscles 3 Intermediate group of back muscles – serratus posterior muscles 4 Deep group of back muscles – erector spinae muscles 5 Deep group of back muscles – transversospinales and segmental muscles and suboccipital muscles 6 Deep Posterior Cervical Muscles Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis What is the referred pain pattern of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis? To the top of the skull, the eye, and the shoulder. 8 Vertical Muscles Erector Spinae Group I Iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis What is the isometric function of the iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis? These muscles stabilize the spine and pelvis. 9 Vertical Muscles Erector Spinae Group II Longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis Longissimus means “the longest”; the muscles pictured on the left relate to the thorax, neck, and head, respectively. 10 Spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis What are the referred pain patterns of the spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis? The scapular, lumbar, abdominal, and gluteal areas. Oblique Muscles Transversospinales Group I Semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, and semispinalis capitis 12 Multifidus What does multifidus mean? Many split parts. What is the eccentric function of the semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, and semispinalis capitis? These muscles engage in flexion and contralateral lateral flexion of the trunk, neck, and head. -
The Lumbosacral Dorsal Rami of the Cat
J. Anat. (1976), 122, 3, pp. 653-662 653 With 1O figures Printed in Great Britain The lumbosacral dorsal rami of the cat NIKOLAI BOGDUK Department ofAnatomy, University ofSydney, Sydney, Australia (Accepted 2 December 1975) INTRODUCTION Several reflexes involving dorsal rami have been demonstrated in the cat (Pedersen, Blunck & Gardner, 1956; Bogduk & Munro, 1973). However, there is no adequate description in the literature of the anatomy of lumbosacral dorsal rami in this animal. The present study was therefore undertaken to provide such a description, hoping thereby to facilitate the design and interpretation of our own (Bogduk & Munro, 1973) and future research on reflexes involving lumbosacral dorsal rami, including reflexes possibly relevant to the understanding of back pain in man. These nerves are described in the present study in relation to a revised nomen- clature of the muscles in the dorsal lumbar region. Such a revision (Bogduk, 1975) was necessary because of the different nomenclatures and varied interpretations in the literature. METHODS Six laboratory cats (Felis domesticus) were embalmed with 10° formalin and studied by gross dissection. In addition, confirmatory observations were made on another 16 cats in the course of surgical procedures. Lateral branches of dorsal rami were first identified during reflexion of the skin and then during the resection of iliocostalis and longissimus lumborum. These branches were subsequently traced back to their origins from the dorsal rami, a dissecting microscope being used. The medial branches of the dorsal rami were then traced through the intertransversarii mediales into multifidus. Sinuvertebral nerves were also sought. Nerve roots were detached from the spinal cord before removing it from the vertebral canal. -
Dry Needling in the Pediatric Population
Dry Needling in the Pediatric Population Dr. Mellony Mann, PT, DPT, CMTPT Dr. Nick Wedel, PT, DPT, ATC The official health care provider of Sporting Kansas City © The Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2017 Objectives Following the presentation you will be able to: – Define dry needling (DN) and describe the benefits, risks, indications, and contraindications. – Describe the mechanism of trigger point dry needling and supporting literature. – Describe clinical application and supplementary treatment options. 2 About Us Dr. Mellony Mann, PT, DPT, CMTPT Dr. Nick Wedel, PT, DPT, ATC • Associate of Science Physical Therapist • Bachelor of Science Athletic Training - Assistant – Washburn University 2008 Kansas State University 2010 • Bachelor Health Services Administration – • Doctor of Physical Therapy - University Washburn University 2008 of Kansas Medical Center 2015 • Doctor of Physical Therapy – Rockhurst • Dry Needling Certification through University 2014 Benchmark Rehab Partners • Dry Needling Certification (CMTPT) through Myopain Seminars Disclosure: We have no financial or relationships to disclose in relation to today’s presentation. 3 Dry Needling is NOT Acupuncture 4 What is Trigger Point Dry Needling? • "Rapid, short term needling to altered or dysfunctional tissue in order to improve or restore function." -PAANZ, 2014 • "Dry needling is a skilled intervention that uses a thin filiform needle to penetrate the skin and stimulate underlying myofascial trigger points, muscular, and connective tissues for the management of neuromusculoskeletal -
The Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the CORE
Robert A. Donatelli The Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the CORE LEARNING OBJECTIVES design a rehabilitation program to promote an increase in After studying this lesson, the reader will be able to do the strength, power, and endurance specific to the muscles and following: joints that are in a state of dysfunction. Specificity of the reha- 1. Define the hip and trunk CORE bilitation program can help the athlete overcome muscu- 2. Evaluate the CORE muscles and structure loskeletal system deficits and achieve maximum potentials of 3. Delineate the difference between local and global muscles his or her talents. A combination of power, strength, and on the back endurance is critical for the muscles of the CORE to allow the 4. Identify the muscles of the abdominal area that are con- athlete to perform at his or her maximum capabilities. sidered stabilizing The lower quadrant CORE is identified by the muscles, 5. Identify the spinal muscles that stiffen the spine ligaments, and fascia that produce a synchronous motion and 6. Evaluate the CORE dysfunction stability of the trunk, hip, and lower extremities. The initia- 7. Instruct patients in exercises designed to strength hip and tion of movement in the lower limb is a result of activation of trunk muscles certain muscles that hold onto bone, referred to as stabilizers, 8. Identify the correlation between muscle weakness in the and other muscles that move bone, referred to as mobilizers. The hip and lower extremity injuries muscle action within the CORE depends on a balanced activity of the stabilizers and mobilizers. If the stabilizers do not hold onto the bone, the mobilizing muscles will function at a dis- INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION advantage. -
The Human Lumbar Dorsal Rami Department Ofanatomy
J. Anat. (1982), 134, 2, pp. 383-397 383 With 9 figures Printed in Great Britain The human lumbar dorsal rami *NIKOLAI BOGDUK, ANDREW S. WILSON AND WENDY TYNAN Departments of Medicine and Anatomy, University of New South Wales, and Department ofAnatomy, University of Western Australia (Accepted 13 April 1981) INTRODUCTION Over the past decade there has been a renewed interest in disorders of structures supplied by the lumbar dorsal rami as possible causes of low back pain. Textbooks of anatomy give only abridged descriptions of these nerves (Cruveilhier, 1877; Testut, 1905; Hovelacque, 1927; Lockhart, Hamilton & Fyfe, 1965; Cunningham,. 1972; Gray, 1973). There have been previous studies of the lumbar dorsal rami, but each has focused only on particular aspects, usually the innervation of the zygapophysial joints (Pedersen, Blunck & Gardiner, 1956; Lazorthes & Juskiewenski, 1964; Lewin, Moffett & Vildik, 1962; Bradley, 1974) or the cutaneous distribution of the lateral branches (Johnston, 1908; Etemadi, 1963). This study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the lumbar dorsal rami and to relate their anatomy to the interpretation and therapy of low back pain. METHODS The lumbar dorsal rami and their branches were studied in four adult embalmed cadavers and in two postmortem cadavers. From the post mortem specimens, the lumbar vertebral columns and surrounding muscles were excised en bloc about 10 hours after death and fixed by immersion in 10 % formalin. The nerves were dis- sected with the aid of a x 40 dissecting microscope. In the embalmed specimens, the lateral branches were identified where they pierced the dorsal layer of thoracolumbar fascia.