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16 Index

A Complex geology VII, XII, 1 f., 69 f., 73, Abrasive ring wear 228, 269 75, 77, 86 f., 91, 93, 99, 106 f., 131, 140, Abrasivity of soil 231 154, 159 f., 163, 165, 175, 186, 293, Alpide orogeny 3 295, 316, 318 f., 329 Anatolide-Taurides 4 Cone penetrometer test 198 Ancient water wells 6, 91 Conical cutter 109, 115 Andesitic and diabasic dykes 6 Consistency index 190, 201 Anti-clay agent 1, 192, 199, 200, 201, Continent-continent collision 4 206 f. Creep behavior 167 f. Arabian Platform 4 Cukurcesme Formation 15 f. Arcose 6, 44 f., 47, 50, 52, 97 Cutter blockage 228, 251, 258 ff., 269 Ayas Tunnel XII, 126 Cutter consumption VII, XIV, 1 f., 90, Aydos Formation 10 f., 39, 241 222, 225, 232 f., 235, 237 ff., 241, B 243 ff., 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259 ff., 263, 265, 269, 271 f. Bakirkoy Formation 8, 15 f., 201 Cutter cost 82, 255, 260 Baltalimani Formation 13 f., 159 Cutter replacement 99, 130, 225, 243 f., Baltalimani Tunnel XI, 1, 73 f., 90, 108 251, 255, 258, 267 Basaksehir–Bagcilar metro tunnel 65 Cutter wear and damage 3, 112, 171, Basaksehir–Ikitelli metro tunnel 7 226, 228 f., 264, 267, 269, 271 f. Belgrad Formation 7, 65 Sewerage Tunnel XIII f., 1 f., 84, D 143, 145, 147, 149 ff., 211, 261 f. Dogancay Energy Tunnel XII, 1, 120 f. Blocky ground VII, XIII, 2, 99, 129–132, Dolayoba Formation 20, 27, 32, 52, 138, 134, 136 ff., 140, 167, 187, 295, 319, 146, 216 322, 327 f. Double shield TBM XI, 1, 73, 80 f., 83, Bohme test 229 88 ff., 109, 115, 128, 186, 207, 251, Bolu Tunnel XII, 126 ff. 253 ff., 272, 286 f., 294, 318 f., 329 Boreability index 59, 61, 69 Dykes VII, XIII, 2, 6, 8, 14, 54, 57, 63, Buyukcekmece Wastewater Tunnel XV, 68, 74, 81, 86, 94, 96, 98, 129, 131, 142, 2, 262 ff. 140, 143, 154, 163, 167, 216, 241, 261, C 293–296, 394, 305 ff., 318 Dynamic Young’s modulus 57 Carboniferous rocks 6 CCS type discs cuttersCOPYRIGHTED VII, 1, 43, 57, E MATERIAL 109–112, 115, 211 ff., 222, 232 f., 238, East Anatolian Fault VII, XII, 1 f., 117 f., 255, 261, 265 120, 122, 124, 126–129, 184, 336 Cekmece–Gungoren Formation 15, 16, Elastic modulus 27 f., 52, 63, 125, 154 201 EPB pressure 98 Cenozoic formations 4, 68 EPB-TBMs VII, XII, XIV f., 1 f., 7 f., 55, Cherchar abrasivity index 28, 31, 33 58, 65, 73, 84, 87, 89, 91–94, 96 ff., 100, Chisel cutter VII, XII, 1, 109, 111 f., 115, 102 ff., 106 ff., 123, 159, 168, 171, 173, 225 190, 192, 197, 201, 203, 207 ff., 216 f., Cohesionless soils 92

TBM Excavation in Difficult Ground Conditions. Case Studies from .First Edition. Nuh Bilgin, Hanifi Copur, Cemal Balci. © 2016 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2016 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.

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221 f., 226, 269, 275, 277 ff., 281, 283, Water and Sewage Administration 268, 291 (ISKI) 196 Esenler– Metro Tunnel 65 Istinye Formation 6, 16, 62 Explosive gas 92 J F Jamming of the cutterhead VII, 179, 296, Fault zone 117, 143, 152 f., 159 f., 181, 326 184, 226, 253, 278, 309 ff., 315 f., 319 K FER 198–201, 205, 207, 266, Kaolinite 193 FIR 192, 198–201, 205, 207, 266 f. Karakaya formation 123, 125, 169, 171 Foam 1, 138 f., 192, 197–201, 205, 207, Kargi Energy Tunnel XV, 1, 127, 308 f., 226, 267, 279, 320, 322, 324 311, 313, 315 f. Foaming agent 198, 200 f., 203, 206, 243 Karstic cavities 12 Full-scale linear rock cutting tests 40, Formation 7, 12 f., 18, 22, 27, 52, 69 29 f., 37 ff., 47, 52, 54 f., 57, 81, 86, 131, G 134 f., 140, 144, 146, 149, 154, 159, Gaziantep Formation 195 161, 216, 261, 295, 297 Geology of Istanbul 2, 4 f., 73, 143, 163 Kirklareli Formation 65 ff. Gerede Tunnel 118 f. Kizlac Formation 122 Gozdag Formation 11, 25, 34, 146, 241, Kosekoy–Bilecik high speed railway 264 ­tunnel 167 Graphitic schist 97, 123, 167, 169, 308, Kozyatagi–Kadikoy metro tunnels XIII, 312 2, 131, 153, 165 Gripper type TBM 89, 93 Kurtkoy Formation 10, 11, 19, 23 f., 27, Grizzly bars 84, 87 ff., 134, 140, 159 f., 31 f., 37, 47, 52, 241 206 Kusdili Formation 150 f., 196, 262, 276 Ground deformation 6, 91 L GSI 16, 21–27, 29, 32–35, 100, 154 LCPC test 229, 231 Gungoren Formation 7 f. Learning cost 2, 73, 88, Gurpinar (Danisment) Formation 196 Learning curve 98 H Learning period 101 Herrenknecht 7, 58 f., 62, 64, 73 f., 86, Line spacing 41, 58, 66 f., 213, 247 88, 120, 131 f., 140, 171, 173, 197, Liquid limit 15, 104, 190, 198, 201 216 f., 241, 262, 277, 287 Lovat 7, 65 High strength characteristics 12, 211, Lower Explosive Limit 273 305 M Hitachi-Zosen 8 Machine utilization time XII f., 2, 80, 82, Hoek–Brown criteria 27 89, 93, 98, 147 ff., 167, 175, 201, 222, Hub breakage 228, 269 225, 242 Hydropower projects 3 Mahmutbey–Mecidiyekoy metro I ­tunnels XII, 2, 103, 106, 189 Ikitelli Formation 7, 15 f. Markusa Formation 119 Injection ports 126, 178 Tunnel XI, 2, 73, 84 f., 114 Internal friction angle 27–36 Menard modulus 29, 32–36 Mesozoic 4, 6, 68, 122

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Meta-claystone 123, 169, 176 Q Meta-sandstone 97, 122 f., 169, 176, Quartz arenite 6, 10, 241 213 ff. Quartz content 84, 99, 226, 231, 234, Meta-siltstone 123, 169, 176, 300 f., 303, 236, 301, 304 312 Quaternar 54, 81, 146, 196, 262, 276 Methane VI, XV, 1, 201, 208, 273 ff., R 278–282, 287 ff. Radial 41, 168, 225 Methane Explosion VII, XV, 1, 201, 273 Relieved cutting tests 50 f. Miocene 4, 8, 15 f. Ring breakage 228, 238, 243, 251, Moda Collector Tunnel XI, 80 258 ff., 269 Mohs hardness 229 Ring chipping 228, 233, 251, 258 ff., 267, N 269, Natural gas reservoir 1, 285, 289 Rippers 109 Neolithic settlements 3 Risk classification 123 North Anatolian Fault VII, XII, 1, 4, 117, RMR 29, 32–35, 75, 121, 123, 125, 169, 120, 126 f., 293, 308 179, 216, 253, 264, 285 NTNU abrasion test 229, 231 Robbins 7, 53, 73, 80 f., 88, 117, 120, Nurdagi Railway Tunnel XII, 1, 122, 146, 253 ff., 308, 320 f. 127, 211 Rock density 27–35, 185 O Rock discontinuities XI, XIII, 52, 143 Rock rupture VII, XIII, 2, 129–134 Opening ratio VII, 2, 159, 164, 225 Rolling force 43, 47, 54, 57, 59, 63, 66, Ophiolite 3 f., 308 94, 109 f., 213 Ordovician 6, 13, 16, 122, 146 Rotational speed 53, 58 f., 65, 67, 80, 86, OSHA 274 94, 121, 132, 147, 217, 220, 237, 239, Otogar Bagcilar Metro Tunnel 65 242, 253, 256 Otogar–Esenler Metro Tunnels 6, 68, 91 S P Schimazek abrasivity index 229 Palaeozoic 4, 6, 16, 68, 94, 144, 154, 216 Schmidt hammer XI, 37, 40, 52, 57, 229 Penetration rate 2, 61, 201, 207, 221 f., Screw conveyor 88, 92, 159, 192, 217, 226, 233 f., 239, 250, 253, 256, 266, 228, 242, 277–280, 282, 302 313, 316, 319 Segmental lining 81 f., 120, 240, 295 Permeability 29, 32, 168, 195 Selimpasa Tunnel 276 Plasticity index 15, 104, 190 Shielded TBM 82, 119, 168, 288, 316 Pliocene 15 f., 54, 81 Sievers J value test (bit wear index) 229 Point load strength test 40 Silvan Tunnel 1, 284 Poisson’s ratio 57, 216 Slump testing 92 Polymer 199, 295, 322 f. Slurry TBM XI, XII, 1, 84 f., 88 f., 228 Pontides 3 f. Smectite 119, 180, 185, 193 Porosity 27–32, 34 ff. Soft ground 65, 91 ff., 104, 111, 222, Pressure chamber of an EPB-TBM XV, 260, 269, 278 275 Soil conditioning experiments 197, 201 p-wave velocity 57 Specific energy 66 f., 95 f., 101 f., 106, Pyroclastic rocks 6 111, 114, 163, 196, 249

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Squeezing of TBM XIV, 2 f., 175, 184 Tuzla Formation 13, 25 ff., 35, 216 Strike-slip faulting 4 Tuzla–Dragos Sewerage Tunnel 53, 69, Suleymaniye Formation 15 f. 80 Suruc Tunnel 1, 167, 192, 207 U s-wave velocity 57 Uluabat Energy Tunnel XII, 1, 124, 127 Swelling stresses 119 Uludere volcanics 119 T Unrelieved cutting tests 49 Tabor abrasivity index 229 Upper Explosive Limit 273 Tarabya Sewerage Tunnel 62, 69 Uskudar–Cekmekoy Metro Tunnels 2 TBM breakdown 98 f. V TBM performance prediction model 129 V type disc cutters VII, XIV, 1, 109–112, Tectonic stresses 121, 123 115, 211 ff., 222 Tertiary 4, 6, 55, 86, 131, 140 Volcano-clastics 119 The clogging of a TBM VII, 1, 189, 207 The stratigraphy of Istanbul XI, 8 Y Trakya Formation 7 f., 14, 17, 21, 27 ff., Yamanli II HEPP XIV, 2, 250, 252–260, 50 f., 74–77, 80, 88, 114, 154 269 Transition zones XIII, 88, 93, 96, 143 f., Yenikapi– Tunnel 91 146, 148, 150, 293, 315 f. Z Triassic 4, 6, 55, 86, 123, 131, 140, 169 Zeytinburnu XIV, 1, 201, 206 f. Tuff 119, 167, 196, 276, 308 Tungsten carbide studded disc ­cutters XII, 109, 114 f.

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