1956 tONGRESSiONAL . RECORD - HOUSE 9441 tigate and study tariff.. and _ttade ·1awa; Tegil'• - - . BY. Mr. 'MARON: enactment of a-sepal'ate ·.and liberal ·pensfon Lations, practices, and ~licies, with_reference H. R. 11587. A bill for the relief of Shakeeb program for veterans of World War I and to their effect on industry, labor, and agri­ Dakour; to the Committee on the Judiciary. their widows and orphans; to the Committee culture ln · the Unlted St!ltes; to the Cam­ ' By Mr. PELLY: . <>n Veterans' Affairs. mi ttee on Rules. . · · J - H. R. 11588. A bill for the ·relief of Mrs. ·. 1099. By Mr. SILER: Petition of Dr. David . By Mr. HIESTAND~ . . ·Norberta Cueto~ to the Committee on the A. Cavin, president, Baptist Bible Fellow­ H. Res. 523. Resolution creating a select JudiCiary. · ~ ship, Springfield, Mo., and Jesse M. Seaver, committee to conduct an investigation and By Mr. RADWAN: United States, and H. R. 11586. A bill f"United States Army, re- ·Timbrell and 90 residents of Bloomsburg an~ -resolution; to the Committee on the Judi- tired; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ·Columbia County, Pa., urging immediate .oiary. · ·

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Water and Land and Use . the historian, Simkovitch, was moved to in the growth of population, in the growth 'of. C-0nser~ation . write: industry, and in the growth of agriculture. ' - '.'Provine~ -after province was conquered by Because we of America were particularly EXTENSlON OF REMARKS Rome to feed the growing proletariat • • .• blessed with an initial abundance of fresh OF ·r..a-iium; compania, · Sardinia, Sicily. Spain, ·water, we can only blame ourselves for that Northern Africa, as Roman granaries were lack of foresight which in turn now forces us HON. OVERTON BROOKS successively reduced to exhaustion. Aban- -to face up to this impending water shortage. doned land in l..atium and Campania turned As our. population increases we must devote OF LOUISIANA ·into swamps; Northern Africa into a desert. ever more attention to the elimination of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES The forest-clad hills were denuded." water waste through uncontrolled fioods, lack Monday, June 4, 1956 In other words, when the Roman Empire of conservtaion practices, and stream pol:­ beca.me ·an agricultural parasite, like all lution. Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. ·other parasites, it perished when its sources In all probability within 20 years water will Speaker, under leave to extend and re­ of food became exhausted. be the most critical scarcity of all our na- vise my remarks, I wish to present a History's greatest lesson may be the fact tional resources. brilliant address delivered to the Na­ ·adequate water ·and "land are prerequisites According to the Hoover Commission, 41 not only to improved liv_ing . standards but 1975 water consumption will be 1% times tional Rivers and Harbors Congress at · also to national survival. greater than it was in 1950, but in 1950 we its 43d annual convention at the May­ - .. When the United States was first settled were already suffering serious water short­ flower Hotel, Washington, D. C., on May some 350 years ago timber, water, and rich ages in many areas, a trend that is increasing 11, 1956. Senator STUART SYMINGTON, each year. . soil existed in great abundance. . Last fall the chief of the fish and game former Secretary of the Air Force, pre­ , But the population grew steadily and the division of the Missouri Conservation Com­ sents in a most able and constructive consumption of son products and water mission warned about this problem, as fol­ manner the problems of water utiliza­ . steadily increased; and therefore shortly .after -lows: tion throughout the United States and ·the year 1900 we realized that shortages were "Approximately three-fourths of t:tie gives, as far as I know, for the first ti~e possible even in America.· . earth's surface is water, one-fourth land. I his views on what may be the No. 1 As a result President Theodore Roosevelt contend that the Lord made the earth that internal problem within our country. initiated the Nation's first conservation · way because that is the relative importan9e The speech is as follows: program. . of the two. Regardless of what anyone may Then came World War I with its tremen- believe, however, the fact remains that life I welcome this opportunity to discuss one dous drain on our productive capaci~y; and on this earth, 1n all its forms and facets, has of the Nation's most urgent problems-the later the gigantic growth in our industrial developed and must live accordingly. ' conservation and use of our water and land complex during the 1920'$. "Water is our most important resource. resources. By ·the early 1930's the complete exhaustion The available supply of fresh, pure water ts History shows that every civilization which of our natural land and water resources could an absolute deadline beyond which no com­ has risen to world prominence has done so be foreseen; and so, under the leadership of munity, state, or.nation can ever go. Whe?1 only in areas where the soil was fertile; and another. Roosevelt, our Government under- humanity runs out of clean water everything where pure water was abundant. ' took to carry <>ut the greatest reclamation, · stops-that is the end of the road for man It was not by coincidence that man's first conservation, and resources development · and all his activities." ' cities were built along the fertile banks of program ever conceived in all history. · The growing domestic, industrial, irrigd.- the Tigris-Euphrates River in Mesopotamia; Vast tracts · of arid desert became areas of · tion, and power needs for water make im- and along the Nile River in Egypt. , . d d hill perative the adoption of a national water These areas were the "cradles" of early . fertile productivity. Denu e s were re- . policy which will insure the development of ci vilizati on. 'forested. Deplenished agrlcultural plains . our new water supplies. It is a historical fact that no nation has were first fertilized and then sown in grass To that end the following six steps, some long maintained a leading world position · and grain. Multiple-purpose reservoirs were · now being taken haltingly, some not at all, after either its soil or water supply became · constructed. should be followed resolutely: depleted. · · This was-a program to preserve our greatest There should be a coordinated program of As illustration, Ro:rne was . perhaps the heritage-the soil and water of America.. · flood control, water storage, and power devel- proudest of all · anclent empires. . With the exception of the air we breathe, opment through the construction of multi­ But by the second .century A. D. that Em­ water is the material most vital to human ple-purpose reservoirs, wherever feasible, on pire had become so impotent agrlculturally . life. J:t is the.largest..single controlling factor the water arteries of the Nation. - CII--593 June:4 9442 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE There should be a cooperative national But as stated in the materials policy re­ -the science of political engineering as it and state program for organization and de­ port: is that they understand their machines velopment of local watershed districts to con­ "In years gone by, an increase in farm ·of business and production or the science trol water runotf at its source. This would production normally meant an increase in acres planted. But new lands for the ex­ of economics. conserve and preserve a supply of fresh water tension of farm frontiers no longer exist. My address was transcribed from the on the land where it falls. Relatively few new acres remain for the radio tape provided by the radio station There should be a strong program of broadcasting my off-the-cuff address to stream pollution control. That control plow • • •. The bulk of future farm pro­ should embody, first, provisions for interstate duction-for the next 25 years or the next the convention, and I ask that it be cooperation in the control and prevention of 100-must come from land already under printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. stream pollution; and, second, Federal cultivation." There being no objection, the address Present indications are that by 1975, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, grants-in-aid to towns and cities for the through straining our production potential construction of sewage treatment plants, to the utmost, this country will neverthe­ as follows: along with other water purification facilities. less want to consume 3 percent more wheat Thank you, very much, indeed, Mr. Chair­ There should be a cooperative national than we can produce, 23 percent more fresh man, for that altogether too generous in­ and State program for the reclamation of vegetables, 11 percent more eggs, 7 percent troduction. used water by the removal of waste and the more wool, 27 percent more beef, and 30 per­ Distinguished officers of the-South Carolina use of purification processes. cent more pork. State Bankers Association, ladies and gentle­ There should be a cooperative national and This is why I say that unless we adopt men of the convention, it really is worth the state program for the development of new now a program of nationwide soil conser­ long trip from Washington to Greenville just ground water reservoirs. This would tap the vation, improved faTming practices, and ag­ alone to hear such a wonderful introduction presently unavailable underground lakes and ricultural research we will be faced with the as was presented to you by the distinguished streams. necessity of having to go abroad for more chairman, a fellow politician of parts who There should be a national research pro­ and more of our food supply. accorded me all of the customary courtesies gram designed to investigate the possibility In this connection, the material policy which extend between the members of our of inducing rainfall through artificial means, report, a great piece of work, predicts that profession. However, I must make one slight the development of a practical method of by 1975 our agricultural imports will in­ correction in what we had to say because I removing salt from sea water, and the de­ crease 46 percent, while our agricultural ex­ recognize that it is dangerous enough for a velopment of methods to use fresh water ports wm decline by about 36 percent. Yankee Republican from South Dakota to substitutes in industrial and agricultural In my judgment, therefore, it is impera­ come down into the sacred portals of South production. tive we now begin to explore all ways to Carolina without having added to the Unless we follow through on a positive pro­ reclaim land, control erosion, develop bet­ uniqueness o'f the situation, a designation of gram of this type, in the not too distant fu­ ter seeds and fertilizers, improve and en­ having come from North Dakota. I come tlire we will find ourselves as a Nation in courage crop rotation practices; and also from far enough north as it is, and as long the position of the throat-parched ancient launch a long-range program of research on as there is an affinity between us which we mariner who cried, "Water, water, every­ how to conserve and preserve the soil on have as South Dakotans and South Caro­ where-but not a drop to drink." which every one of us depends for physical linians, I feel like I can speak with greater Now is also the time to give serious con­ livelihood. candor than if I came from .that altogether sideration to the problem of how to conserve During the last war, a.ftei; our rubber sup­ strange land known as North Dakota. our native soil, and make it more productive. ply was almost completely cut off, the scien­ They sometimes do confuse us, frequently Each year millions of tons o! our best soil tists went to work and came up with syn­ confuse us, and I can understand why, but I are eroded by rivers and streams. thetic rubber. like to point out the fact that there is at Add to this the tons of topsoil eroded by But the big difference in this analogy and least one great distinction between North the wind of our western plains, and we begin our impending food shortage is the fact there Dakota and South Dakota. It was brought to calculate how many acres of agricultural is no substitute for food. No one wants out by the Associated Press statistics a couple productivity are sacrificed each year through energy pills as a substitute for steak. of years ago which pointed out that the two natural causes alone. In the long run, civilization, as we know States which have the ·greatest !'ecord of lon­ For many decades, farmers in this country, it could be as seriously threatened by the gevity from the standpoint of the people schooled in the tradition of their fathers and possible future shortage of these resources living within the boundaries of those States grandfathers persisted in the raising of the as by the possibility of a hydrogen war. were North Dakota and South Dakota. For same crops on the same son. As a result, the In the fields, mines, mountains, and wa­ some strange reason, the climate or water or once fertile top_son has been depleted of its ters of the United States and its possessions weather or something, the people there have regenerative powers; and in many cases each lies much of the opportunity to preserve our a little slower rate of mortality than they year the crop yield becomes less and less. national security as well as our future pros­ have in any of the other 46 sister States. For Despite this continuing loss and depletion perity. some time it was a matter of chagrin to us, of son, our present agriculture production is Therefore, let us now take stock of our however, to realize that the people of North high-so high that many persons, including present conservation programs, and adapt Dakota were a little bit better in their statis­ the Secretary of Agriculture, term it a "crush­ them to meet the needs of the future. tical averages than the people of South Da­ It was Daniel Webster who said: kota. Some way or another they cling to ing abundance." "Let us never forget that the cultivation Therefore, some people believe this is not life a little more tenaciously, their mortality of the earth is the most important labor of statistics were a little bit more optimistic a popular time to talk about practices that man. When tillage begins, other arts fol­ will increase rather than decrease our present than South Dakota. We thought, pondered, low. The farmers, therefore, are the found­ and worried about that for several months farm production. ers of civilization." and tried to figure out what we could do to I am not one of those people. improve the livi~ conditions of our State, I believe our present so-called agricultural and finally came to the inevitable conclusion abundance is a temporary economic condi­ that the reason why our good neighbors to tion. the north hung on to life a little bit more By 1975 the population of this country will From South Dakota to South Carolina- persistently, were a little more reluctant to have increased to approximately 193 million An Invitation and a Challenge pass on, was because they cherished in their people. hearts the hope that before they died, they For this reason alone we will then· consume might live long enough to move down into 41 percent more food than we did in 1950, a EXTENSION OF REMARKS South Dakota and become citizens of our record agricultural year. OF State, and for that reason we are content to To be specific: By 1975 according to the be only second high from the standpoint of report in 1952 of the President's Materials HON. KARL E. MUNDT those statistics. Policy Commission, we will consume 41 per­ OF SOUTH DAKOTA Seeing you all here this morning brings to cent more corn, 42 percent more beef, 23 pe~­ my mind a great many happy memories of cent more wheat, and a total of 25 percent IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES my previous visit before this great associa- of such nonfood agricultural products as wool -llfonday, June 4, 1956 tion when you were in convention assembled and cotton. · over at Charleston. It brings to my mind As can readily be seen, our present so-called Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, on May many of the happy continuations and re­ crushing abundance will not meet those in­ 5, I had the opportunity to address for sumptions of those friendships which I have creased needs of the future. the second time the State convention of - had during the intervening years as I have .We do have the potential of a substantial the South Carolina· State Bankers Asso­ seen some of you here in South Carolina and increase in agricultural production during ciation. The meeting was held in have met some of you in other ·-areas and as the next 20 years. It is estimated that some of you have dropped into my Washing- through irrigation, reclamation, and other Greenville, S. C. ton office to visit·me. · · cpnservation practices, we may be able to My central theme was that it is fully I cherish greatly the friendships I have _lldd some 80 millio;n .or 90 million acres to as important·that American businessmen made in my visits into ·the·south, and I rate -our present agricultural land. understand the mechanics of politics and none higher than those made in talking to 1956 CONGRE'SSIONAt RECORD - HOUSE 9443 i this distinguished company of business spects private ownership and 1ndlv1dual free­ But 'I have a prevamng feeling· which has people and their wives here from this great dom. H-owever, ln any era, when the stock continued to evolve to greater and greaterl State of South Caro11na. It is indeed a privi­ market stampedes up or down depending clarity and greater and greater emphasis, in lege to be back. I have tried to figure out upon the readings of an electric cardiograph my opinion. I have a prevailing eonviction since I received the invitation from Mr. Alex­ and when a public address by a member of that what happens in Dixie in the next 10 ander just why I was invited back. You the President's Cabinet can stimulate or re­ years is going to determine definitely what know ther.e are two kinds of speakers that tard vast Industrial expenditures, there can happens to America in the · next 100. And come back for a second time before the same be no denial of the fact that we are living this I also believe-that what happens in audience; there ls the kind they invlte to in an era where political behavior has become America in the next few years is going to oome back, and there is the kind they dare the throttle which determines the speed or pretty clearly determine what happens to come back, and I imagine, perhaps, that the success of economic expansion. around the globe, because so many little peo­ I come under the second category, because I This being true, and I believe it to be true, ple in smaller countries or less-developed recall that I spoke to you with complete can­ businessmen, including bankers, including, areas are watching this great clash of the dor when I was here before, as I intend to may I say; especially bankers because so ideologies hoping that our system will pre­ do this morning, because in these busy lives much of the rest of the economic community vail, but fearful that it won't, so I think that which all of us lead, there isn't much use rightfully depends on bankers for counsel our capacity to make America work wen is of our just sitting around listening to pleas­ and advice, businessmen then, especially going to go a long way to determine what ant mouthings of unimportant things. bankers, must reexamine their political prej­ happens in other countries of this great It is interesting, when, on occaslon, people udices and preferences and performances. I world of ours. with different points of view can get together, think the same is true in labor whose suc­ I, therefore. welcome this opportunity to however, and discuss the things which they cess is tied in so closely with the success of talk to important people 1n the most impor­ have In common and discuss the things as business but I am speaking here primarily to tant area of the world, because what you do well on which they differ, and to try and businessmen who, in my opinion, must be­ or fail to do, I believe, is going to determine find out how we -can harness together each come as well versed as to what is good for the fate of humanity in the century just t>ther's ideals and energies and abilities and them politically as they are trained in what _ahead. No other great area of the country talents in the public interest. That shall be is good for their institutions economically. or of the world by its own free choice has the purport of my message here this morning. To do less than that is to turn over the such an opportunity and with it, in my opin- ultimate success of their enterprises to 1onJ such a tremendous responsibility. I suspect that during the past quarter of power-seeking professional politicians who a century of world history there have been consider politics solely as a device for achiev­ THE CURSE OF MODERN GOVERNMENT more important changes made than ln any ing office and who use public power as a I think the curse of modern government other like period of human history, and, in mucilaginous device for holding them in around the world is the fact that steadily and my opinion, none of these changes insofar their positions of prestige and importance continuously and perniciously it has been as they affect the American scene are con­ as long as possible. Those tactics have de­ constantly expanding the power of its func­ cerned, none of the changes on the American stroyed the economic strength and the polit­ tionaries in the capital cities of each country 11cene is more important than this simple but ical authority of many of our western de­ of the world. Without exception, 1n the incontrovertible fact, and that ls that 25 mocracies who less than 20 year.'!! ago were countries of importance the power of people years ago, economics-the profession in comparatively strong and stable. Those in political Jobs like mine and in the execu­ which you gentlemen ·have specialized-25 tactics, in my opinion, can deviatlize Amer­ tive department, and in the judiciary, and in years ago economics was the controlling fac­ ica as well, and unless we pay as much at­ the central cities of the land has been ex­ tor of our political life, and today politics tention to the poliitcal machines as we do th.e panding steadily over the functions of people ·has become the controlling factor in our machines of commerce that we use in our of­ in private jobs like yours. It has brought economic life. It seems to me that that tre­ fices and in our factories, it can very easily disaster and war and unhappiness to large mendous change very well typifies many of happen in this great country that we call .segments of the world. It has brought to the problems which confront us, and pretty America. Britain almost a .collapse of its economic well challenges our ability whether we are Increasingly the strong arm of Govern­ solvency. We in the United States have re­ economists, businessmen, or politicians to ment is moving into your shops, into your sisted this global trend more successfully try and find a way to correct any difficulties omces, into your every economic determina­ than others. but few among us will argue which may have eventuated from that tion, and that my good friends, brings me to that we have resisted it completely or enough. strange reversal of the coin. the theme which I desire to talk about. We have gone downward on the same train, - In the early 1930's and in previous eras of With that historic backdrop I think that I down the same hill; our brakes have held us American history, the economic tone of the should discuss with you the machinery and back a little, but not enough to protect our ·Nation in large part determined the voting the mechanics of politics as I have come to economic and political safety. I believe, and behavior of our citizens, and decided the understand them after some 20 years de­ I may have said this when I was here before, fate of our various national administrations. voted to a study and analysls of them from that future historians writing about the We had slogans about the full dinner pan;· the inside following, as the chairman has America of the thirties and the forties and campaign platforms, and campalgn !)romises, said, 10 years of study of them from the out­ the fifties, and future histories written about and campaign pronouncements were made side when I was engaged in teaching college the pages of America which are yet unknown, dealing with the unemployment statistics, youngsters about the basic tenants of Amer­ looking for a point of departure, looking for dealing with the earning power of citizens, ica. Because of that, I appreciate this in­ a place in which to put a thumbtack marking dea1ing primarily with the economic situa­ vitation even more to come down into the the time and the date and the hour and the tion. Deep South to thlnk out loud with you for place where America changed from a com­ Today, I think, few if any among us, wm a while about some of these conclusions or plete and faithful following of certain eco­ deny the fact that the Government has grown conjuctures which I have because I know nomic, social, and political concepts to some­ so strong and Federal spending has become that here I have always received respectful thing strangely and dangerously different, so important that the political bias of our and responsible attention to the analysis. are going to :find that place and mark that national administrations determine the eco­ AS DIXIE GOES, SO GOES THE WORLD hour as the occasion of the great national nomic tone of our Nation and the financial I come here not necessarily with any desire convention of the strong and great Demo­ status of mUlions of Americans whether they whatever to seek approval or acceptance of cratic Party, to which you belong, which was be workers or farm-ers or businessmen. Not the suggestions that I make, but I always held in convention assembled in the year all change in my opinion ls progress, .and, in have the right to hope, and sometimes my 1936, in the city of Philadelphia. my opinion, we have gone too far in the hope is encouraged by some of the perform­ I think they will mark that development direction of gearing our prosper!ty curves and ances of recent history. I come here, how­ ·1n 1936 as they study what has been hap­ our individual financial success to the politi­ ever, primarily to discuss with you as honest­ pening 1n America to such universally ac­ cal philosophies which dominate the White ly and as frankly and as faithfully as I can cepted American institutions and practices, House and the Congress. To return to an what I think is happening to America and for example, as private 'Ownership, as our era in which the operation of economic prin­ what I think primarily can be changed in reward of merit system, as the great Ameri­ ciples and policies once again have a dom­ America only by the behavior politically of can concept of giving individual initiative inant part in determining our national des­ the people of the South. unlimited opportunity to expand, or the tiny. however, is going to require a substan­ I think of that when I get criticized by great American and uniquely Ame_rican con­ tial shrinkage ln the power, 1n the spending, the people of my section of the country, when cept of States rights and the feeling that and in the regulations of the Federal Gov­ I turn down invitations as I had to do far 1n this Commonwealth of States which makes ernment. today to talk about some pleasant subject up the Republic known as the United States America today is enjoying unprecedented before a noncontroversial audience, such as of America, States have functions and States prosperity. We hear of that as we study addressing a Republican convention about have privileges and States have rights, along every financial report of virtually every suc­ republicanism or talking to a woman's club with maintaining a meaningful significant cessful corporation ln the country. Opti­ about :foreign policy or to a veteran's organ­ effective two-party ·system with adequate mism for the future prevails on every side. ization about patriotlsm or to farmers about political machinery to make it operate. These rose-tinted conditions bave developed farming in or~er to come down into this As they inquire as to why America, blessed from the fact that we now have a national · perilous atmosphere to discuss with you sub­ with all of those things preceding the thir­ administration which commands public con­ jects which, in my opinion, are so important ties, has suddenly begun a concentrated at­ fidence and a bipartisan Congress which re- to be -discussed· here and before you. tack upon them all trying to devitall.2.e and ·9444 r-CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD -·· ·HOUSE June 4· r trying to stultify them, trying at times to our two parties learn from each other just for the rest of our-existence-. I expected that destroy them, they will also have to analyze as they tend to imitate and approximate to come in 1956. what developments followed your actions in each other at regular intervals. I consequently worried about that 1956 that convention. Why did it happen to us? When for a long time-a sorrowful and decision because I knew America wasn't No other foreign country has adopted a mighty expensive long time, I might say­ ready from the standpoint of political engi­ :formula of economic or political behavior campaign and convention tactics which were neering to make that verdict honestly and even remotely approximating the successes designed to appeal to mass voters in big effectively and on basic principles devoid of ·we had achieved. We had lived well and blocs (especially in our metropolitan cities partisan prejudices. We are not yet ready bad gone forward with great rapidity re­ of the North) brought you stupendous and to avoid old political affinities or to elimi­ gardless of whether your party or mine was steady majorities to the Democratic or the nate a lot of cloudy fuzziness in our elec­ ·in power in the White House. Under Re­ New Deal Party, it was understandable and tive machinery which makes it pretty well ;publicans and Democrats alike in Congress inevitable that my Republican Party started impossible today for right-thinking people or in the White House, America had gone emulating some of those tactics. We started in America to unite on a basic issue, regard­ ahead. We had become the envy of the directing our appeals to those same bloc less of where they happen to live geographi­ world, the only country compelled to erect voters. Since, in the main, the interests and cally or how they happen to be registered immigration barriers to be safe from being ideals of the South do not coincide with politically. Unless we can develop the neces­ flooded out by all the rest of humanity those of the CIO-PAC, or those of Americans sary political machinery to do that, I am that wanted to locate here so that they for Democratic Action, or those of the going to tell you before this address is over could enjoy private ownership, to locate here "banana-bunch" type of voters who group who is going to write the ticket for Uncle so they could enjoy the reward of merit themselves in ethnic, vocational, left-wing, Sam, and you aren't going to like the ticket, 'system, to locate here so that they could or other pressure groups, it appeared for a and neither am I. You aren't going to have give their individual initiative a chance to time tha1l the fine folks of the old South anything to do about writing the ticket, and expand, to locate here where they could were to be left out of the picture altogether neither am I, unless down here you people uniquely become a citizen of a state which when it came to determining the political rise up to one of the greatest challenges our had some rights and a governor and a su­ policies of either major party. You were civilization ever had and utilize the essen­ preme court and some mores and some cus­ on the way to becoming the world's largest tial techniques of sound political engineer­ : toms and some laws of its own. From every group of enfranchised citizens whose voices ing to write the right kind of ticket for the other land they wanted to locate here be­ were ignored in the making of party policy country and the world. cause we had a two-party system. We had and in the selection of party candidates and I know you are not ready for that in 1956, a political machine and political mechanics whose votes were considered so safely in the and that's one reason, I suspect, if I were which made every man a king, gave every in­ bag that neither party paid you any heed. to be completely frank, that is the greatest dividual a right to help determine his own Then came 1948, when four coutageous reason, I am so glad that Ike's heart has destiny. Why are we changing? Why have restored itself to the point where he can ·we changed? When did it happen and States of Dixie signaled to the rest of the 1 country that they had had enough. No run again and thus give America until 1960 where? longer were they willing to be tied tight in to develop the necessary political changes A TURNING POINT IN AMERICAN POLITICAL the back seat of a political automobile to preserve our cherished freedoms. BEHAVIOR which they were never permitted to steer. Some of you will like what I am going to Historians will have to answer that. I And then came 1952. I sometimes feel say now, and some of you will dislike it, but think as I said that they are going to pick that the Divine Architect of the Universe, I tell it to you as an observation I believe l ~he place that I have mentioned, and the realizing that America is His last chance to to be a fact: I think that if that heart holds Democratic convention of 1936 as the hour, make decency prevail, to make freedom func­ up, as I believe it will, our present President !and the change of your convention rules tion, and to give law-obeying citizens a civ­ is going to be reelected for a second term. as the cause-when the South was com- ilization which they themselves can reg­ I think our breathing spell, which looked like pelled to abandon your two-thirds rule re­ ulate and control decides to step in to help it was going to be cut short by 4 years, which luctantly it was with far less a degree of us all set America right. Recognizing, for wouldn't have given us much time for politi­ reluctance, I am sure, than you would have example, that if peace and self-government cal engineering, is going to get a second shown had you known as clearly then what collapse here, they will have failed all over, breath, and that we will now have until 1960 was going to happen as we all know now. perhaps He moves in just 15 minutes before to get ready for the showdown issues. In all of this when the South was compelled it is altogether too late in order to give Amer­ I think this breathing spell, this era of to abandon their two-thirds rule in Demo­ icans and America another chance. moderation, this middle-of-the-road con­ cratic conventions, and at the same time In an events, came 1952, and an unantici­ solidation of our position, this resistance to retain the unit rule which was a siamese pated, and unexpected development took further movements in the direction of social­ twin companion of the two-thirds rule, we place. Americans, pretty much without any ism, will carry on under Eisenhower's leader­ set in operation political machinery which party designation whatsoever, turned to a ship until 1960. If it does, the question is, has influenced completely our ensuing de­ great American leader in a military sense "Will we be ready then to answer the five velopments. The spirit of America has not who himself had no political designations prodigious questions you and I are going to changed; our basic goals have not changed; whatsoever, and both parties so~ght to se­ have to answer then and could conceivably our objectives have not changed; but some­ cure Dwight Eisenhower as their candidate be called upon to answer even as soon as thing has happened to the politics and the for President. My party happened to suc­ next November?" machinery of self-government in this be­ ceed. I don't suppose he would have been FIVE BASIC ISSUES FACING US NOW-OR IN 1960 loved Republic of ours. any. different individual had your party suc­ This whole thing we call politics-or the ceeded. In all events, pretty much by ac­ The first question is, "How big would you mechanics of self-government. Thus, it is clamation, joined in, I am proud to say, by like to have the Federal Government be­ political engineering and the machinery of five great southern Democratic States and come?" We have two opinions in this coun­ politics which has changed your lives an~ encouraged by the rest of them, the coun­ try. I don't discredit or disparage the patri­ Inine, and which has altered tremendously try turned to someone outside of political otism of those who hold as many do that all predictions for our future. By project­ life, and said, "Mr. Eisenhower, you take the Federal Government should grow on ing forwBtrd the trends of the past 20 years over and be President of the country." continuously. That 20 years from now State we can rather accurately predict what lies governors should not have any importance ahead for all of us unless some sharp and AMERICA NOW HAS A SECOND CHANCE­ whatsoever except to perform ceremonial permanent political changes are made by yo~ PROVIDED DIXIE LEADS THE WAY functions like a British king. State legis­ good folks of the old South. We can now That has given us a breathing spell; that latures even less. People are entitled to envision how political developments de­ has given us a chance for a second look. It that opinion. The British have had a uni­ termine all human behavior and what you has not, nor could it be expected to have, tary system of government without a break­ do or fail to do down here different from solved completely any of the problems and down into states' rights, _and states' capitals, what has been your prevailing political be­ challenges that we are confronted with. It and states' functions for a long while. The havior will call the tune for all Americans. has not altered what, in my opinion, is posi­ British _are a remarkable people. I have It isn't only upon your traditional Demo.­ tively going to eventuate as a result of what visited there many times. I respect their cratic Party that the break with the past happened in that I;>emocratic convention, or indefatigability and their courage and what which took place at the Democratic National even what happened to my party as a result they are able to do in their Island Kingdom. Convention of 1936 had a propretic and de­ of that convention; it has not altered what So few of them have affected the lives of so termining impact. Actually that change in is going to lie ahead once the Eisenhower many. But that is something you have got your convention rules had indirectly but era is over. I very frankly was one of those to decide-how big do you want our Fed­ definitely almost as important and lasting who thought for a long time after the Presi­ eral Government to grow? I'll make a guess an effect upon our Republican Party. In a with you. I know the people of South great 2-party country like ours, the be­ dent's unfortunate heart attack that he Dakota better than I know the people of havior and bias of one of our parties always would not be able to become a candidate South Carolina, but I can tell you this, that tends to influence the behavior and bias of for office. I worried about that, because this the people of South Dakota say, "Our Fed­ the other. Anything which succeeds steadily I believe: Once Ike is no longer a candidate, eral Government has already gotten too :(or the one is certain to be emulated by the America is going to face a showdown deci­ big, we want it smaller." I think you also other. Anything that brings defeat to the sion on basic principles tP,e verdict of which believe that; I don't know; but if you be­ one is likewise avoided by the other. Thus, is going to dominate the 11 ves of all of us lieve that, I subinit to you that we don't 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9445_ have the political machinery today With was promising in the forties, these things like me cannot be· trusted to be ethical or which you can effectively and easily join up can become an actuality without your ever decent or chivalrous or Christian or honest with South Dakotans who believe like you. having a chance to vote upon them in the in our behavior, so that you have to give We've got to cut down the size and the inter­ good American way. to politicians down in Washington custody ference and the-power of the Federal Gov­ How much should the Government own over the collective goodness of the country ernment. But still we lack effective political and operate? and let them project it out from their an­ machinery for deciding the question in con­ I introduced a year ago in the Senate of gelic countenances by the political power of'. formity with our convictions. If we decide the United States an amendment which was unimpeded centralized government. I do not that we want the Government bigger than a simple amendment, I thought. I thought believe that. I don't denounce them for it is, that's a permanent decision because it would go through almost unanimously. their beliefs. I simply say that I, myself, once you socialize an industry, it can be I never had been as discouraged in 18 years dissent from their conclusions. I think the power or it could be banking, and it's likely in Washington as the day my amendment people who elect the politicians are certainly to be banking's big sister, the insurance in­ was defeated on a roll call vote. The Presi­ as good as the politicians they elect, and that dustry before it actually is banking-once dent of the United States had sent up a re­ the collective judgment of our people is you nationalize a big industry, it is very dif­ quest to Congress. It was a simple request. always better than the individual judgment ficult to denationalize it, to get it back to He said that we have discovered that there of anybody they elect. Consequently, if we private owners. So remember we are playing are over 2,500 different private enterprises retain for ourselves some of the rights of for keeps. We are making a verdict for in which the Federal Government is un­ decision, we vest those determinations in a which there is not going to be a mistrial and necessarily engaged. That your Govern­ better spot than if we turn them all over to a second chance, and in my opinion we are ment and mine was operating 50 coffee­ politicians and the Federal Government. not ready to make that verdict properly with roasting plants, a bunch of pop-bottling This is an issue to be decided, if not in our existing political allotments. That is works, 2 or 3 barbed wire factories, some 1956, most certainly in 1960. You know why I prayerfully give thanks for Eisen­ paint factories, some clothing factories, what is going to happen in 1960 as well as hower, who is going to give us time, in my some furniture factories, all under the guise I. You don't have to have spent 30 years opinion, to get ready for this big important of supplying things for the armed services studying political behavior of the great par­ decision in 1960. or of making them more economical for ties of this country to know that in 1960 Second question: "How much should the our give-away programs of foreign aid, the great bid is going to be to the groups Federal Government cost?" There are good whatever they were. I was aghast when I of voters in the big towns who want to do people in this country, patriotic people, who saw the President's report. He asked for certain things in America, and who say if say they can settle this. question: "Spend as permission to sell them back to you, the you agree to do them, our millions of people much as you can. We only owe the money private citizens of America. I was a mem­ will vote your way. So if one party promises to ourselves. Why worry about balancing ber of the Appropriations Committee so I it, as your Democratic or New Deal Party the budgets? Spend for everything, spend introduced an amendment to the Appro­ is most likely to promise it on the basis of everywhere, spend all the time, you can al­ priation's Act implementing the President's the ~istoric record, the other party is going ways get it from the people in taxes." I request. Let's give the President the power to be compelled to promise it or be defeated. don't question their patriotism. I question to divest himself, and the Federal Govern­ Either eventuality would be almost equally their economics. I deplore their judgment. ment of all the socialistic enterprises not calamitous insofar as resisting the expansion I know they are preaching something which essential to our national defense or our na­ of political and economic power in Wash­ is anathema to the economic concepts which tional economy, I stated in support of my ington is concerned. Our political machin­ I studied in college; repugnant to the eco­ amendment. In a roll call vote, the United ery isn't in order today so that those who nomic concepts which my people believe. I States Senate in the year of our Lord 1955 resist these trends in the South can join your know my people don't like these spending defeated that amendment. Why did they forces to those in the North resisting thE:m. sprees out in South Dakota. They think we defeat it? Divided as we are by antiquated and mean­ are spending too much now. I think so too. Some good, sturdy, strong private en.'ter­ ingless political labels and legends, we can­ I think you think so too, but if you do, there prise Senators voted "No" because it hap­ not win. This is another reason I am happy isn't any generally acceptable political ma­ pened that one or more of those particular that things are happening as they are in chinery in this greatest country in the world industries were located in their communi­ 1956. We need at least until 1960 to develop today which will easily and effectively per­ ties or in their States and the realities of some new political machinery. mit the people in South Carolina and the practical politics induced them to vote that The fifth big decision that we have got to people in South Dakota in a national elec­ way. I am happy to say that we finally got make: "How far should the Government go tion to join forces to strike a blow for econ­ an amended version of my proposal through to take us into the functions of the welfare omy or to team up in voiting for a party or a which said that unless the Appropriations state?" We all recognize our joint responsi­ President pledged to perform economically Committee itself resisted by resolution any bility to people who are injured, disabled, and who will be faithful to that pledge. divestments of economic enterprises by the too old, improvident, blind, diseased. How Third big decision: "How much should the President, he could . go forward with the far do we want to go'.1 How far is it neces­ Government own and operate?" I don't program. So through that hurdle and sary to turn over to Federal politicians in know what you believe. I know there is a through that screen· he has been able to the Capital City the operation of our hos­ big segment of the South that believes that get rid of some 500 of the 2,500. Two pitals and our health-insurance programs; the power business should be turned over thousand of them still are run by you and our clinics and our local relief activities? to the Federal Government. Maybe so. I me as collective entrepreneurs under a sys­ How far must the old cash and charity that certainly believe the Federal Government tem as completely socialistic as anything used to permeate the heart of most Americans should own some things. Most of us surely the "B and K boys" of modern Russia could be collectivized in the office of a member of agree it should run the Army, and the Air possibly conceive, because there isn't any­ the Cabinet down in Washington? We are Force, and our post offices, but I think and thing more totalitarian than the complete not going to go back. We are not going to I believe you think, and I know the people government ownership of an industry, abandon what has been started. I said of South Dakota think that the Federal whether you do it under the stars and stripes earlier that it is difficult to desocialize. It's Government should cease expanding out as or whether you do it under the hammer mighty hard to take away from somebody a giant competitor to private enterprises and the sickle. If the politicians run it, something he has been getting. Each Con­ all over. I believe that you and I believe they run it and it is in competition with gress, though, each national convention, and I know the people of South Dakota the rest of the economy if competition is each presidential candidate is beleaguered too, believe the Federal Government at all permitted. Anyhow a decision on how by those who constantly say "We want more." shouldn't get into the automobile business, much further America should move toward We are going to have to decide where we or the insurance business, or the banking national socialism is one which we shall draw the line, or do we draw the line; do business, that we shouldn't have socialized have to make in 1960. we follow the example of Great Britain? ·I medicine, that we shouldn't have Govern­ The fourth decision: "How much authority like it like they put it down on paper that ment radio, we shouldn't have Government should government exercise as a device for hot sticky summer down in Philadelphia's railroads, we shouldn't have Government influencing our individual lives? How much Independence Hall so long ago when our newspapers. Now there are good Americans authority do you want to give to us in wise, far-sighted constitutional forefathers who believe otherwise. Some of them are Washington, to determine how you live, what knew what was likely to happen if they in Congress now. We are · going to have to you can and cannot do, into what businesses brought forward on this continent a new decide this basic issue pretty soon. I you can or cannot - go, what hours your Nation dedicated to the proposition that the thought, perhaps, we were going to have to laborers can work and what you might pay men and women living there could rule decide that in 1956. With Ike a candidate, them, what you can raise on your farms and themselves, so they wrote it in the preamble. we'll have additional time, but in 1960 when plantations and what you cannot raise, the At Philadelphia they said the function of we go back to bidding for the bunches of social . mores of your community, who can this n~w Government is going to be in part votes where they are and have to promise and cannot attend church with you or go to to provide the national defense. To be free, the bloc voters the things tliey want, it school with you or work with you-these are we must be secure. To be secure, we must have a common national defense. The func­ will be an issue. In fact, it could u~appily the questions to be decided by voters in become a. fact. without ever having become national elections-I don't know. tion of the Federal Government is to provide an issue in the campaign, because if both Some very fine friends of mine in Con­ it. To tax the people for the arms that the~ parties start promising what yo~r <:>n~ party gress believe th_at people like you and people need, to conscript the .soldiers 1~ you need .9446 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD~ HOUSE them for a war, to win a war if we get In~ ta towering size of the omnipotent state, I'Ixr the election booth to keep ftom falling on protect ourselves, to maintain peace if we willing to accept it. I suppose I will be a his face in. his drunken stupor, reach for an can do it. We must be strong. The function candidate again from. the State of South election lever as a support and accidentally of the Federal Government is to provide that Dakota, although I'm not going to be happy pull the election lever down, thereby deter­ defense. Our constitutional forefathers with all of that power because I .know that mining the entire outcome of a national made that clear. it isn't going to be good for you. I think Presidential election. Do you all fully real­ People were thinking about general welfare that under that kind of system. I could talk ize this can actually happen? That one vote in those days also. The next clause in the up a speech that would be persuasive enough cast by Mr. Stumble Bum in New York City preamble of our Constitution is an interest• to be elected for the rest of my natural life can put in action 45 electoral votes which ing one. Interesting because of the language-­ out in South Dakota. · I would have au­ mean more than all of the votes cast by in­ that they used. They talked about general thority and I would have power and where telligent ·people voting unanimously in 12 or welfare. They had said that the purpose of I couldn't talk them into voting my way, I 13 separate States of the United States~ the Federal Government is to provide the could seduce them to come over with a dam, Break up that system of unit voting in the national defense. What about the general or a bounty, or a pension, or a new post office electoral college so that no one group, no one. welfare? Note well the word that they used~ or some.thing else that I could bring by na­ city, no one State, and no one collection of To provide the national defense and to pro­ ture of loot from the Federal Government 12 metropolitan cities in this country can run. mote--and to promote-the general welfare. which by that time would be dominating all the rest of us, and you are moving in the What a difference. That's the difference, their lives. But I wouldn't like it. I would direction of modernizing and improving our isn't it, between the U. S. S. R. and the rather take a chance on trying to discuss political machinery. We would then begin U.S. A.? It's the difference between Hitler's with them the basic principles in which we giving like-minded people a chance to vote Germany and us. It's the difference between jointly believe and win or lose on that basis. alike regardless of where they live politically the welfare state and welfare assistance in I believe firmly in free choice by free vot­ or where they are registered geographically~ this country. It could be the difference be­ ers. To get such free choice, however, and We would be taking our elections out of the tween two political parties. It could be an for freemen to reach sound political deci­ hands of pressure groups and b1g-city polit­ issue that we are going to decide in 1956 or sions, it is essential that we realine our ical machines and putting them back in the 1960. Do you want to keep it that way? Does· partisan groupings in America. Southern hands of the people where they belong. that make sense? Did it work out all right Democrats and rural Republicans in this The third available remedy is revising your to have a great big Republic like this which, country have much in common. Their State election laws. We can do something in provided the national defense and promoted points of agreement on basic economic and all of our States to make it easier for people the general welfare, made jobs available, political issues far outstrip their areas of to cross party lines and make it easier for a made it easier for people to secure general disagreement. But we need to do some second party to get into operation, to make­ welfare, did what we could to promote it political engineering so we can work and it easier for people who happen to be regis­ without adopting a paternalistic Govern­ vote together. So long as we cancel out tered with one party and want to vote for ment so that everybody was fastened to the each other's votes for President, we help the another party for a certain cause to do so. Federal pact? We are going to make that trend toward the total American state and That's a local responsibility which, in my decision in this country not later than 1960. defeat our ideals and our own best interests. opinion, can and should be locally met and In my opinion, we are not ready to do it to­ A second device we tried, and may I say which was locally met courageously under day because of our political machinery. the leadership of Governor Allan Shivers over here that we tried this with the support of Texas prior to the last election. I hope it And, in my opinion also, our American ex­ your two good South Carolina Senators in in periment not only worked out all right but can be met with equal success in a great this session of Congress: OLIN JOHNSTON, many other States of the Union. it has provided living standards for all ele­ whom I have known for a long time and ments which are the goal and en.vy of the with whoni I have served on the Senate Com­ Of course, other States may follow the entire world. mittee on Agriculture, and Strom Thurmond, example of South Carolina in the last elec-· I have· said all this on an assumption that that new gladiator nom down South that tion under the leadership of an old friend of may be false or wrong or right and proper; you sent up there, who has cut probably the mine and a great American, who, except for· namely, that South Carolinians, along with the political mechanics of our country dur­ widest swath in the United States Senate ing his prime might well have been a candi­ South Dakotans, will be on the side of lim­ ever cut by so young a Senator in so short ited powers of Government on these five a time. We proposed to do some political date and President of the United States. I'm If talking about Jimmy Byrnes of South Caro­ major decisions. I'm wrong, you have engineering, to get ready for 1960. We of­ nothing to worry about, except that you have lina. Jimmy Byrnes in 1952 demonstrated a had to listen to a speech of no particular fered a constitutional amendment that courageous and patriotic leadership which. wouldn't do any good under any circum­ interest to you~ but if I'm. right, and you other States, I hope, and other Governors· want what we want, you have some mighty stances for 1956, but would take off from the will follow. His example in the last election, neck of the Democratic Party of America and serious thinking to do on a plane so much when, ignoring parties and concentrating o~ higher than partisan politics that it isn't the Republican Party of America, the big principles and confidence in personalities, he even in the same range of atmospherical foot of the big cities of America who now supported a candidate not of his own polit­ statistics. We have got some political engi­ dominate in the main the thinking, the ac­ ical party for the highest office in the land, neering to do if you agree with my assump­ tivities, and the trends of both political deserves emulation by other courageous tion. Let me suggest five things that might parties. Democrats who are neither Fair Dealers or be done now, or that we can start to do now, ·We-proposed by our amendment to break New Dealers. It is the medicine in the bottle to save us from the great big controlling bloc np the bloc-system of electoral voting. We that counts-not the label on the outside of of votes and the socialistic trends that I am proposed to give both those who vote for the container. Governor Byrnes came pretty going to mention soon. the winning candidate and ·those voting close to running up the score for South against the winning candidate a chance to FIVE SUGGESTED REMEDIES Carolina in support of Dwight D. Eisenhower. have their votes counted at the electoral He came close enough to help write some new In the first place, we might develop the college level. This proposed constitutional American history. He came close enough to kind of political realinement that I was amendment would have driven a death nail cause even the city machines to wonder if talking about when I spoke to you in Charles­ into the domineering controls of · the city somebody might be trying to get out of the ton some years ago. Getting the right think­ machines and some of their associated pres­ bag in which they have been held so long ing people of the country-let's not say sure groups. It takes a two-thirds vote to and on which the party bosses in the big that--let's be completely fair-getting the get it through the Senate. We debated it towns thought they had tied the knot. people who think alike in this country and for a week. We received a majority vote but Senator HARRY BYRD, a great American in who think conservatively and in terms of a we lacked six votes from getting the essen­ anybody's book, did the same thing in Vir­ modification and limitation of the powers tial two-thirds majority required to pass a ginia. Virginia voted for the man HARRY of the Central Government; getting them constitutional amendment, so it's back in BYRD supported. Allen Shivers and PRICE into some kind of political party or political the Senate Committee on the Judiciary again. DANIEL did the same thing in Texas. Texas apparatus or political association or political It's called the Mundt-Daniel-Thurmond voted for the man that they supported. I instrumentalities so that they can vote amendment. I'm presently corresponding­ simply point out that there are times when alike for the same candidate on the same with Strom Thurmond, who's down in South principles prevail, when the perils of fol­ ticket regardless of what the party label 1s Carolina enjoying a short vacation before lowing the line of least resistance are so or where they live geographically. resuming his activities in Washington, and grea;t, that men have courage like Jimmy We have made some headway in that di­ we are soon going to come up with a new Byrnes, whose golden wedding anniversary rection. We haven't made it very fast. version of this amendment which we hope I was happy to note this week has been ob­ That's why I shuddered when I thought we the Senate will approve early next year. served by Mrs. Byrnes and Jimmy. Men take were going to make these five great lasting I think it is tremendously important, for leadership to get results. They are history­ determinations for the rest of my life in example, that we break up a system which makers. As long as southern political tradi­ 1956, and why I hoped we could defer them means, as I put it during a Senate debate, tions continue, that is one way to break out for another 4 years to get ready to write that one sodden drunk can fall off of a park of the trap. the verdict. Then I'm content to live by bench in Battery Park of New York City, and I have discussed this for many years in it if most of my fellow Americans under a hitting the ground wake 1,1p and stagger and' every State of the South as your chairman voting system which gives them a fair cha.nee stumble into a voting booth on election dayt said, and I did it because of no partisan to vote in a national referendum desire the not knowing where he is, and, in the heat of motive. I do it only because there isn't any 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE· 9447 other place that America can be .saved from is facing stupendous odds, and _you send a · Add them up my good friends; there are tlie consequences of the new controls which runner back to a commanding officer who has tens of millions of them, these voters in­ have been operating in this country as a a large platoon of troops about a half mile corporated in the CIO-AFL merger. They result of what we all lost in the Democratic down the hill and tell him you need rein­ are going to control a great many public National Convention of 1936, and I use the forcements quick or we'll lose the battle and decisions unless we find a political mecha­ word "we" advisedly. In the evolution and the officer sends back the runner and says nism so those holding a different point of the development of the competent forces 'Keep on fighting boys and if you can get view can work together. I say that without which now control the country, there is no the enemy on the retreat, · we'll come on up criticism of the CIO-PAC. Why shouldn't way to escape those consequences except by and join you with the cheers.' Mr. Rogens, they do that? They are Americans. They some of the devices that I am mentioning. we need you now, or we're apt to lose.'' are loyal. They have a right to organize. Changing the two-t:µirds rule in 1956 is a The conversation ended on that and then They have their points of view, and while it fourth method by which conservatives at the two weeks later I got a clipping from a news­ happens they belong to a certain class and Democratic Convention could do the job. I paper down in Sarasota saying "Rogens they unhappily seem to be trying to de­ think it may be hard to do but it could be Breaks With Demos." I read the article and velop a class consciousness in this country, done. Even breaking up the unit rule, which Mr. Rogells tells how he is joining the Re­ which in my opinion is unconscionable in was a part of the two-thirds :rule would help publican Party in Florida for the sole purpose America, still their patriotism ls unques­ tremendously. It would once again have its of trying to be sure that they send to the tioned and they have a right to function in same impact on my party as it has on yours, convention Republican delegates who'll stand the political system if they are smart enough because parties emulate each other. up and fight for a States rights platform in to do it, and if those opposing their excesses A FLORIDA LEGISLATOR SPEAKS OUT the Republican Party. He says I know we are stupid enough not to react effectively, It would move political controls in both can't get it in the Democratic Party because who can complain? If they should bring our parties back to the hands of the people we have tried it there and failed completely. socialism to America under Mr. Reuther as and out of the hands of political bosses and I wrote him a letter and told him I cer­ President some day, that would be their right pressure groups. I was talking on this sub­ tainly appreciate that and that I was going ls it is done by the ballot, and if we permit ject 2 months ago in Florida, and at a to make a talk in South Carolina to the our political machinery to be controlled by friend's home afterward, a man came up to State Bankers' Association and I would like their zealous leaders. me by the name of O'Neil Rogens, and may I to mention his courageous action as another The second biggest bloc ls your city ma­ say now that I use his name with his permis­ possible device if I may, but I wouldn't think chines led by politicians who play politics sion, came up to see me and introduced of discussing our conversation or his name for pelt not for public service. These are himself and said: "I have been a member of unless he gave me his permission. Here is his bossed by men who discovered in the last the legislature down in Tallahassee; I'm a wire: "Senator MUNDT, appreciate your kind quarter of a century that "There is gold in Democrat. No northerner has ever come remarks. You have my permission to use them thar Potomac hills" and they are no down and talked to us like this before. I'm statement in any way you see fit, O'Neil longer going to fool around merely with more interested in America than I am in my Rogens." electing sheriffs and police judges in big political party or my political career." Mr. I mention this action as another way to cities like Chicago and New York. They Rogens further said: "If you could promise solve our political problems. I'm not neces­ have learned they can drive people to the me, Senator MUNDT, that your party at the sarily advocating; I don't think perhaps that polls by multitudes, many of whom can next convention would write a strong States it is the most effective way in a completely neither read nor write in the English lan­ right platform, as strong as you did in one party State like South Carolina. I simply guage, who haven't studied American his­ your last convention in 1952, and nominate mention it as another remedy. If 500 of the tory, who don't know American traditions, candidates who will support it and believe most prominent Democratic families in South and who come from countries which had in it (Eisenhower will do if he is available), Carolina, for instance, were to register Repub­ paternalistic governments before they moved if you can promise me that you will get that lican within any given month and publicize here. Yet, they can outvote all of the rest kind of platform and perform on it in Con­ it widely you could go far toward rewriting of us. You can forget about Dixie as you gress, I'll register Republican in Florida the future pattern for America. There are can forget about the Dakotas and Nebraska despite I'm a member of the legislature of ways that free men can escape from the and Kansas, so long as you continue to give the Democratic Party in Fh:irida." trap you're in. The formula followed by Mr. the bosses of the city political machines in I said, "Mr. Rogens, that is a very interest­ Rogens is a fifth such possibility. the 12 major cities and the 8 big States of ing suggestion, and a very encouraging one, I have mentioned five possible remedies. this country votes enough to bring about a because what does a political party mean in a Suppose we don't take any of them. May determination in a national election because war? Did you ever hear anybody come back I make one final prediction, then before we of our failure to change some of our political from the war in Korea, and that was a war, close? Unless some way or another this machinery, especially the method of unit did you ever hear_ anybody say 'We lost a great section of the country becomes un­ voting in our electoral college. I don't com­ skirmish down there because I told the boys predictable, unchained, unless you can take plain about that. I simply point out that in the troops that half of them belonged to the lead, the five biggest blocs of votes in we should exceed them and excel them in the other political party and I wouldn't work this country are going to continue to domi­ their wisdom and in their determination. with them'? You never heard that, did you? nate your party and perhaps mine. I'm per­ They have a right to do what they can to You forget all about political registrations fectly frank to say that they have already boss America. But we have a duty to make when you get into the uniform of Uncle influenced mine to a considerable degree. the reforms needed to prevent their success­ Sam. When you have a common cause, who And to the greater degree to which they ful domination. cares if your Commanding Officer is a Re­ influence yours and the greater degree to The third big group, and I say this com­ publican or a Democrat or a North Dakota which that brings victory to your Democratic pletely without any suggestion of criticism progressive or an Independent? You are standard, I'm frank to confess, to that of the colored voters of this country, is the concerned only about result." greater degree we are going to go in the National Association for the Advancement So I said, "Mr. Rogens, your suggestion is direction of total centralization of authority of Colored People. The have a right to their challenging and interesting. As the issues in Washington. Unless some of these things opinion. In my opinion they have a right confront us now, we are having a tough fight that I have talked about are done, and they to vote. They have a right to organize, and to hold our Party to an unfailing support of can be done . only in Dixie, and only by they have become a great organized voting State's rights. I happen to belong to what we southerners in Dixie, and only by Democrats bloc in this country seeking successes from call the 'Thin White Line' of the Republican in Dixie, because most of the be'st people of their standpoint. There is nothing un­ Party that's trying to keep our State's rights the South are Democrats, then I know un­ American about that, but it's a tremendous position alive; that talks about it openly and less you do something -different, socialism appeal to politicians on every side in every votes for it consistently; and tries to pursue will soon again become a realistic menace party to say, "If that many votes are in­ it; and encourages the White House and the in America. · volved, from the third biggest voting bloc executive agencies and even the courts when FIVE VOTE BLOCS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT 1n America., why not get them? Why not we can, to remember and to sustain our The biggest voter bloc in this country to­ solicit them?" They have become more im­ State's rights. But we lose almost as many day that influences more political behavior portant through their association than the battles as we win. We are going to have a in Washington than any other bloc, I sup­ collective vote of all of Dixie, and more im­ hard time at our convention. Those opposing pose, including the Republican and Demo­ portant than the collective vote of the the rights of States have been fighting us crat National Committees combined, 1s this States of the Missouri and Mississippi Val­ consistently since 1932 and driving us further new organization known as the CIO-AFL­ ley, and we think that we are important and further into a corner. We could lose our PAC. Two great labor unions- have merged people. We would like to get back into the fight in 1956 or 1960. Why don't you Join us and they have told the world "We are going Union, and we would like to find a way to now? We need your help." to whip our enemies and elect our friends." join you in adopting basic fundamental prin­ Mr. Rogells said, "I can't be sure that you They have told the candidates in both par­ ciples which are not swayed by emotional are going to win it. I want to be sure." I ~ies, "If you will move in the direction that suasion and a.re not based on prejudicial said, "Look, my friend," I noticed he had a we want you to move far enough, we will points of view. We want you in Dixie to service button in his lapel, "You remind me support you, or we'll support the one that get back into the Union, too, insofar_ as of a situation where in a battle on a moun­ yields to our demands the most, even though your voting importance is concerned. tain slope, your side of the battle ls up on he is your opponent and of a different po­ The fourth biggest bloc of votes 1n this the ridge with a thin and faltering line that litical party." country 1s what they call the ethnic groups, 9448 .-CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_- HOUSE June 4 the hyphenated American organizations:· Yes, my good Democrat~c friends of the you to the- end that we can solve them in the People who come here and organize asso­ South, all I suggest is that we develop our best interests of all America and all Ameri­ ciations with the land of their ancestry and abilities in. the science of political engineer­ cans. In our country, we must all remember are attached to it. They read newspapers ing so that no longer will an imaginary line always that there is never anything wrong in the native language of their homeland. created by the War Between the States con­ with America that a single good election will make frequent trips, write many letters back tinue· to divide into rival political camps, not cure. Likewise~ there is no immortality and forth, and maintain for many years people who have an identity of convictions for our· freedoms and no security for our greater attachments over there than over and such close similarities of concept. It property that a single bad election cannot here. But, above everything else, they form would be tragic indeed if a generation that Jeopardize and perhaps even terminate. voting blocs. This reminds me that a Dem­ has split the atom and harnessed its great I salute you as the custodians of our coun­ c;>cra tic Congressman told me the other day power·would let a problem in Semantics-an try's future and I wish you well. in Chicago that all he needs to do to get attachm~nt to labels, tradition, and ·preju­ elected is to see one Polish leader in Chi­ dice--cause us to continue to split people cago and he's in. All of the Polish people, dedicated to identical high principles into said he, in Chicago follow his suggestion. rival camps under the comparatively mean­ Excerpt& From Address by Hon. James H. There is nothing wrong about that. It isn't ingless names "Republican" and "Democrat," megal. I don't criticize it. I simply point so that we are impotent and powerless to Duff, of Pennsylvania, at Fourth Na­ out that we are living in a political era harness our great vote power into a single tional Convention of the Polish-Ameri­ when blocs like that, which join at least effective voting machine. in desiring more power for the central Gov­ OUR 1 OTH AMENDMENT can Congress ernment are going to control unless intelli­ I feel that next to our great written Con­ gent folks like you and me start living in stitution itself, the greatest invention of EXTENSION OF REMARKS the present and forget about the past and Amerfcans in the field of self-government. make at least as much of a study of political was the concept of States rights as set forth OF engineering as we have of mechanical and in our Bill of Rights by the 10th amendment. HON. JAMES H. DUff: electrical and atomic engineering, in which Other civilizations and other lands have con­ fields we all have had to become educated. tributed much toward the evolution and OF PENNSYLVANIA The fifth largest pressure group is Amer­ maintenance of human freedom. But it was IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES icans for Democratic Action, a little associa­ left to freemen on this continent and in the Mondayr June 4, 1956 tion of self-protesting liberals who actually early formative days of our system of gov­ preach a doctrine carrying you back to ernment to establish by the 10th amendment Mr. DUFF. Mr. President, I ask unan­ feudalism when the king could do no wrong formal recognition of certain inalienable imous consent to have printed in the and the state was supreme. Americans for rights of both States and individual citizens Democratic Action offer up their votes to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, excerpts from which could be transferred to the Central remarks I made at the Fourth National highest bidder. I'm happy to say that I be­ Government only by the voluntary and spe­ long to a political party which up to now cific delegation of those powers by those Convention of the Polish-American Con­ has consistently refused to bid for the votes entrusted with them by our Constitution. gress, in Philadelphia, on May 30, 1956. of that outfit and I hope that we Republi­ This, then, is America's greatest contribu­ There being no objection, the excerpts cans continue to resist them even though tion to the science of self-government and from the address were ordered to be we lose, because they are trying to push us the endless contest of free citizens versus the printed in the RECORD, as follows: as far toward socialism as is possible, as. Central Government. This, to a great de­ far as is favored by any sizable group in. the gree, is the great genius of what we call the ExCERPTS FROM REMARKS BY SENATOR DUi'F United States of America today. They'll American system. This, then, we must pre­ AT THE FOURTK NATIONAL CONVENTION OF pack in a lot of people at their meeting a serve if our future is to be as resplendent as THE POLISH-AMERICAN CONGRESS, A.T PHILA­ week from today in the city of Washington our past. And, finally, it is this great key to .DELPHIA, MAY 30, 1956 to write· the ticket they are going to insist our success that we must support by proper In a period when there is the greatest you Democrats adopt at your convention changes in our elective machinery and our known prosperity in the free world, the hor­ in Chicago this summer. I note a report in political procedures lest those who lack faith rible and haunting tragedy of our time is the papers of yesterday that they are in­ in this concept, or who find it a barrier to that many once free people are now ground viting speakers including Elmer Davis, Ke­ their ceaseless drives for power succeed in under the ruthless heel of a foreign com­ fauver, Stevenson, Walter Reuther of the developing too many powers for too strong munistic oppressor. CIO-AFL, Governor Williams of Michigan, a Central Government in Washington. It is · It matters not what the economic well­ Eleanor Roosevelt, Senator Lehman, Sen­ this challenge which Dixie-and perhaps being of enslaved people behind the Iron ator Humphrey, Senator Morse, and other Dixfe alone--can successfully meet by rec­ Curtain may be. Several thousand years ago like-minded and bewildered "liberals." I'm ognizing its dangers soon enough and by Pericles stated the eternal truth -when he happy we Republicans have· been. excluded taking the indicated steps required to meet said: "There can be no happiness without from the speakers' rostrum. I must point and defeat it. freedom." And no people who have ever out that these people in the ADA are Good friends, I have suggested five pos­ known freedom can ever be happy until they smart Americans and what they are doing sible remedial steps. Others may occur to regain it- again. is legal. I don't question their patriotism. you. r believe the challenge to all of us is It is the devout wish of every American They are just outsmarting the rest of the crystal clear. I appreciate your close atten­ irrespective of national origin, that the won­ country. They point out that their main tion. You have been very kind. I have been derfully brave and heroic Polish people may job in that convention in Washington next very frank. These are days which call for be made happy again by recovering their week is to further devitalize the influence of blunt talk and unpleasant truths. I came freedom. the South in. the Democratic Party. That's here neither to try ta please you nor to lure Despite all protests to the contrary, and why they are there. you away from your. traditional political be­ despite the substitution of a forced smile . I emphasize that you have a bigger bloc havior. I came only to describe what I be­ by Khrushchev and Bulganin for the snarl of votes in Dixie than any of the five great lieve I know and to predict that which I and hate of Stalin, communism still remains groups that I have mentioned provided you know I !ear. what it has been from the very beginning, can develop a voting mechanism that will I came especially, however, because I am a fanatical and godless movement deter­ attach you some way or another to other positive that the people of Dixie can deter­ m1ned to conquer and destroy the govern­ right-thinking people in the North for mine America's destiny for the next half ment of tree people everywhere. specific purposes in specific campaigns. By century. By so doing you will chart a course Stalin today stands accused even by the -~~ -' Monday June 4 1956 It is primarily to commend that attitude nition of md1vidual worth. . -;· fi!J:w' • • toward education that I have come here to­ And today, as I indicated when I told of · · Mr. KEARNS. Mr. Speaker, under day. Senator Benton's observation .of Russian edu- permission to extend my remarks -in the We live in an age in which man's ingenuity _cation, our greatest danger is not that our CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, I submit the fol­ ·in the physical sciences has enabled him to cities will be wiped out by hydrogen bombs -lowing memorandum on my bill H. R. ·produce weapons capable of wiping out civ­ but that we shall be pressed by economic and 0424 h" h uld d th In't 1 ilization and there are some who believe that psychological weapons to the point where a 1 • W lC WO amen e erl?-a destructive result cannot be avoided. They minimum security guaranteed by government Revenue Co~e. of 1954 ~o reduce the excise have seen a generation which triumphed seems preferable to the risks and gains of tax on telev1s1on receivers capable of re· over one form of totalitarianism at the cost private initiative-where we yield our civic ceiving 50 or more ultra-high frequency of unleashing the atom bomb now confronted and social responsibilities to a centralized television channels: by a more dangerous form of totalitarian­ bureaucratic authority and where the des­ COMMITTEE FOR. COMPETITIVE TELEVISION, ism which has been held in check only by ·potic figure of a paternalistic state blocks Washington, D. C. the threat of the hydrogen bomb. But, our vision of the dignity of man. since the totalitarians also have that weap­ One of our chief bulwarks against that MEMORANDUM ON KEARNS Bn.L, H. R. 10424 on now, and do not have our sc.ruples to threat must be schools and colleges which, In order to achieve an all-channel televi­ deter its use~ there is ample ground for pes­ like Staunton Military Academy, pledge sion ·system it is essential that receiving sets simism about the ultimate result. themselves "to promote the ideals of per­ at manufacturer's level be built as all-chan­ I am not- personally willing to concede, sonal integrity and unselfish service." And nel sets. Because of the inept manner in however, that men are now powe.rless to con­ I know of no city and no institution better which allocations were made at the outset trol their own inventions or that it already equipped by heritage and tradition to carry by the Government, it is now essential that is too late to choose any road other than the on that program than Staunton and its m111- the Government help to correct the error by one which leads to destruction of civiliza­ tary academy. creating an excise tax differential between tion. The start which this Nation had in In 1864, just 4 years after this school was all-channel sets and VHF-only sets at the development of weapons of total destruc­ founded, the streets of Staunton echoed with manufacturer's level. . tion and the means of delivering them any• ·the unusual sound of a nursery song played This is the purpose of H. R. 10424, and the where in. the_world has bought us time. In ·by a military band and sung by hardened following facts relate to the tax effect of the words of Sir Winston Churchill, they soldiers. that bill which provides a 5 percent reduction f9452 ~ CONGRESSIONAL""'. RECORD - HOUSE June _l .l ~n the excise tax on television sets capable The reason for and the purpose of the Report to the People of Wisconsin · l<>f receiving 50 or more UHF television chan· armed services is to maintain a front ~nels: which will deter any potential enemy EXTENSION OF REMARKS ( l The average cost at manufacturer's level from attacking us and, in the event it before taxes of all-channel sets is currently OF .$134 per unit. fails in that, then to defeat that enemy t The average cost at manufacturer's level quickly and with the least possible loss HON. JOHN L. McCLELLAN of VHF-only sets is currently $1~0 per unit. of life. OF ARKANSAS It is estimated that all sets costing at man· From the very beginning, individuals IN ~ SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES ufacturer's level $129 or more would be man· in the Army and the Navy disagreed as to Monday, June 4, 1956 ufactured as all-channel sets if there were a the roles and missions which each was tax differential of 5 percent. Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, I It is estimated that this would cause the best qualified to perform in defense of manufacture of 50 percent of present VHF­ our country. Naturally, when the Air ask unanimous consent to have printed only sets as all-channel sets. It would affect Force came of age, the controversy was in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a report 3,300,000 sets. intensified. to the people of Wisconsin by the dis­ 1 In addition, in 1955 there were manufac· Beyond doubt, the Navy needed car­ tinguished junior Senator from Wiscon­ tured 1,181,000 all-channel sets. rier-based fighting air equipment to pro­ sin [Mr. ~cCARTHY] concerning East­ The reduction of revenues from the 5 per· tect and make successful its operations. West trade. cent differential would be as following, pre­ There being no objection, the report suming 1956 and later production would be This was demonstrated in the last war. approximately on the 1955 basis: Experience also demonstrated that the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: Value of 1,181,000 UHF sets ___ $160, 000, 000 ground forces needed air coverage if they 'Present excise tax, 10 percent__ 16, 000, 000 were to fight successfully. SENATOR McCARTHY'S REPORT TO THE PEOPLE One has but to read the history put OF WISCONSIN Kearns bill, loss, 5 percent ___ _ 8,000,000 out by the armed services to realize that Our committee (the Senate Subcommittee in World War II and in the Korean war on Investigations) has just completed an in­ Value of 3,300,000 UHF sets___ 425, 000, 000 each service was dependent upon the vestigation of current, United States-author­ ·Present excise tax, 10 percent__ 42, 500, 000 ized strategic trade with the Communist ·Kearns bill, loss, 5 percent____ 21, 250, 000 others for successful operation. Unified nations. Since most newspapers have printed action by all three is necessary if we are few, if any, of the hair-raising details of the Total loss------=====29,250,000 to survive. committee's findings, I thought I should It is only natural that patriotic, ambi­ bring the principal facts to your attention. However, this loss would be offset by at least tious, aggressive individuals in each The long and short of the matter is that a 10 percent increase in set market as a you, the American taxpayer, are subsidizing result of increased stations. This will service should, as do experts or special­ ists in any other human activity, become the construction of the Communist war ma­ amount to approximately $6 milllon. In ad­ chine. This conclusion is inescapable since dition, the present UHF stations will have obsessed with the idea that their branch you are footing the bill for billions of dollars increased revenues. If this were to be an of the service is the most important, the of American aid to so-called friendly nations, average taxable revenue of only $100,000 per best qualified to give us effective nation­ that, in turn, are supplying highly strategic station, there would be a gain to the Govern­ al defense. That is a healthy and desir­ war materials to the Soviet war economy. ment of $5 million. The advent of new sta­ The committee's investigation of this mat­ tions to the extent of only 400 stations with able situation, for it keeps everyone on taxable income per station of only $50,000 his toes. It leads to progress and the ter began in 1954 under my chairmanship acquisition of the best. and has continued up to the present in the would increase tax revenues by $20,000 per face of strenuous efforts by the executive station or $10 million. All of these taxes Nor does any harm result unless one branch to keep the story from Congress and would create a recoupment of $21 million per branch becomes unfairly, unduly, critical the American people. The committee dis­ annum. of the other. Even then the remedy is covered that in August 1954 our Govern­ Additional employment of taxable em:ploy­ at hand. We have not only Joint Chiefs ees, additional revenue to networks, and addi­ ment made secret concessions to our allies tional orders to manufacturers for transmit­ of Staff, but we have a Commander in as regards what they could ship to the Com­ ting equipment and receivers will all generate Chief who can, figuratively speaking, munist bloc without losing Amerlcan aid. more taxable income than could be lost by knock the heads of even the generals As a result of these concessions, over 200 the Government. together and tell them just how far to go. highly strategic items-such as machine Therefore, the Government would under In addition, back of it all, sits the Con­ tools, metals, and electronics, transportation the Kearns bill gain revenue rather than and electrical equipment-were removed gress which, while its individual Mem­ from the anti-Communist embargo. lose it. bers roay know very little about what The foregoing is based on facts and figures I list below a few examples of the materials supplied by the Statistical Division of Radio­ each service should do, is supposed to we agreed to let countries receiving United Electronics-Television Manufacturers Asso­ possess commonsense and, sitting as a States aid ship to Soviet Russia, together ciation. jury, decide upon the testimony of the with an indication of their strategic value. experts, not what each branch should do , Electric power generators up to 60,000 kilo­ in peacetime or in war, but how far the watts, turbines up to 85,000 horsepower, and motors up to 12,500 horsepower: This elec­ The Fault in the Armed Services country can go in spending money for trical equipment is used in making fission­ national defense without destroying our able material for atom and hydrogen bombs. EXTENSION OF REMARKS security through bankruptcy. Horizontal boring mills: These machine OF As I see it, the fault in the armed serv­ tools, which cost between $200,000 and $500,- ices is that because of the technical 000 each, are used in making tanks, artillery HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN training of its officers-they get into the weapons, aircraft, and atomic reactors such academies when they are 20 or 21-they as those used on the submarine Nautilus. OF MICHIGAN Vertical-boring mills: Essential in making IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES have never learned, they do not realize jet engines. the efforts which the taxpayers must put Monday, Ju.ne 4, 1956 Dynamic balancing machines: Used i~ forth to earn and contribute the dollars making jet engines and guided missiles. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. which the services spend. Hence, mil­ ·External cylindrical grinding machines: Speaker, the fault in the armed services· lions are wasted because of duplication Used in making guided missiles and radar is not that the top brass in the Army in purchasing common items, because of equipment. Air 1:4'orce, and Navy-at the mo.ment pri~ the lack of unified effort to keep down Surface griding machines: Used in making marlly the Army and the Air Force­ the cost of overall national defense. jet engine parts, guided missiles, radar equip­ disagree and are arguing publicly as to ment, and diesel engines. which is the more important in preserv­ With 52 percent of the national income High precision boring mills: Used in mak­ ing our national security; as to which being spent for national defense-and ing jet engine and guided missile parts. should receive a major portion of avail­ this year we are giving the armed serv­ Copper wire: Next to fissionable materials, able funds for the development of the ices something like $341h billion, in ad­ copper is the single most strategic metal. dition to a holdover of some $20 billion­ Thousands of miles of copper wire, for exam­ weapons or equipment which it con­ ple, go into the engine of every bomber. siders to be advisable or necessary· as the top brass should have impressed upon Aluminum: Indispensable in making air­ to which service should be entru~ted it the realization that we can spend our­ craft. with the performance of a particular selves into insecurity as well as becoming Nickel alloys up to 30 percent: Used in fµnction. insecure through lack of preparation. - making aircraft parts and tanks. 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9453 Molybdenum alloys up to 2o ·percent: Used with me that trading with any of our ene­ This is a short description of the feelings 1n making jet aircraft parts. mies, in any goods whatsoever, is contrary to I had when, with Secretary Mitchell, we de­ Magnesium: Used in aircraft construction American interests. termined to invite you to this particular and in foot-soldier equipment. , conference. In return for these !:lighly strategic war ~~------~- T I again say, I thank you from the bottom materials, the Communists are shipping to ~ of my heart for coming. the free world butter, cotton, and woodpulp. - Conference on. Occupational Safety I have every confidence that from today The American people were not informed forward, from the moment you return home,· of these secret concessions to our allies; we will begin to show improvement, and we indeed, deliberate and (until our committee EXTENSION OF REMARKS will improve all the time, each year, until got on the track) successful attempts were OF practical elimination has been achieved. made to conceal them. Here is how the Each of you will share in the great satis­ strategic trade agreements were reported to HON. PETER FRELINGHUYSEN, JR. faction that will come from that develop­ the Nation by Harold Stassen, who was the OF NEW JERSEY ment. I for my part, expect that I will look central figure in the negotiations. The IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES back on this day for a long time as ona of the agreements, Stassen announ9ed in the sum­ finest things that has happened for America. mer of 1954, "will result in a net advantage Monday, June 4, 1956 in this line. to the free world of expanded peaceful trade It is a serious problem, but as they used to and more effective control of the war po­ Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speak­ say in the war when people would complain tential items." er, there was recently concluded here about how tough this particular job was: Not content with misleading state:rr..ents in Washington a nationwide conference "Well, if it wasn't tough, they wouldn't have of a general nature, Mr. Stassen resorted to on industrial safety. This conference brought such good men to do it." specific falsification when, as Battle Act Ad­ was called by President Eisenhower, who I say that to you. ministrator, he made bis annual report to addressed the opening session in a Goodbye and good luck. Congress in November 1954. The following is speech which I should like to include at Mr. Speaker, that same day the Secre- j a paragraph from Mr. Stassen's report: "Min­ this point: erals and metals of basic importance to the tary of Labor, James P. Mitchell, also Soviet military power such as aluminum, Mr. Secretary, ladies, and gentlemen, the addressed the Conference. In both these concentration of 3,000 people here in the speeches the need was stressed for our copper, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, magne­ city of Washington to conduct a conference sium, tungsten, and titanium remain on the on this problem of occupational safety is people to give greater attention to the • • • embargo list." the most heartwarming experience I have increasingly serious problem of occupa­ Mr. Stassen's statement, with respect to yet had in my months of examination into tional safety. Although the role of the aluminum, copper wire, magnesium, and this problem. Federal Government in this field may alloys of nickel and molybdenum was, simply, I want personally to thank each of you not be crucial, certain legislation is de­ untrue. for the interest you are taking in it. I want sirable. On April 25 of last year, I in­ The seriousness of our concessions can be to congratulate you for the simple reason troduced H. R. 5740, which would pro­ appreciated by taking a closer look at just one that I know that out of this conference of the items being shipped to the Commu­ will spring the greatest advance we have yet vide certain assistance to States in their nists-copper. Mr. Stassen said that copper made in this field. efforts to promote industrial safety. Al­ was still embargoed. He was right about un­ Now, on the highways we know we lose though no action has yet been taken on processed copper, but he failed to mer_tion a tremendous number of our people each this bill, it is my hope that Congress, that the finished product, in the form of year-I believe 38,000 were killed last year. through the appropriate committees, will highly strategic copper wire, was taken off The number we lose through occupational consider this whole question in the near the embargo. The committee then learned accidents is not so large, but in a way it future. the following additional facts: (a) Since is more tragic. August 1954, when the embargo was relaxed, In the one case we have many millions of Mr. Mitchell's address follows: over 200 million pounds of copper wire have fast-moving units on the road with no possi­ I am happy to welcome this vast audience been shipped to the Soviet bloc by countries bility of coordinated control among them, to the fifth and largest President's Confer­ receiving United States aid; (b) the principal except as they may choose to obey the laws ence on Occupational Safety. I particularly shipper is Britain; (c) the United States is in the areas in which they are driving. want to greet the several new groups who are providing a direct subsidy to British copper In this occupational field we have much here for the first time this year. When we mines in Rhodesia; moreover ( d) copper is of our trouble arising in organized bodies started this Conference, we concentrated by on the United States critical stockpile list, and groups, in our factories and other places. general agreement on certain segments of and because it is in short supply in this Through proper spread of information, prop­ our economy-manufacturing, construction, country, we found it necessary during 1954 er adoption of methods and procedures, we utilities, trade and service, finance and gov­ and 1955 to divert 150 million pounds of cop­ know that much of this could be eliminated. ernment. This year we invited the Depart­ per from our strategic stockpile for industrial In other words, the 14,000 that we lose ment of Agriculture and the farming com­ use. In other words, although copper is through occupational accidents seems to be munity to join us. Increasing mechaniza- _ badly needed in this country for our own war more easily controllable within limits, at tion and greater use of chemicals have drawn potential, we are giving the British money to least, than does the other. farm safety problems close to those of indus-, I don't know how many of the individuals try. They have responded generously and· mine copper, which they then turn around~ 1n this audience have ever had the task­ we are very happly to welcome them. I hope and sell to the Communists. almost the daily task--of writiilg letters of this year's addition will stimulate future Congress provided in the Battle Act of condolence to families that have lost a dear Conferences to invite the 1 or 2 remaining 1951 that the President must immediately one. For niy part, I assure you, it is one of groups which are still not included. terminate United States aid to nations that the most heartbreaking things I have ever This year for the first time we have invited ship materials of "primary strategic signifi­ had to do. And when you stop to think of leaders of the major religious organizations cance" to the Communists--or that he must 14,000 bereaved families in this country every and women's groups to attend. We believe immediately explain to Congress why he is year, occasioned by preventable accidents, it their knowledge of, and influence over, hu­ not doing so. In this case, aid was not cut is .indeed, to such a person as myself, a tragic man motivation will help us discover what it off, nor were the facts of the 1954 embargo fact. is that makes a man take care of his own revision transmitted to Congress. The way So I believe that such people as yourselves safety and that of others. In industry, labor, Mr. Stassen, as Battle Act Administrator, got have the solution largely in your hands. The and government, we have developed many around the Battle Act was to determine that Federal Government can do little. The Pres­ techniques and made much progress but certain obviously strategic items were not of ident can call a conference to bring you to­ workers continue to be kUled and maimed. "primary strategic importance"--despite the gether 80 that you may exchange ideas; 80 Something more is needed.· The experts sus-· fact they had been so regarded in the past. that each of you may gain some inspiration pect we must find that something in the elu-. The executive branch thus brazenly defied from the fact that so many people do come sive wellsprings of human motivation. If the clear intent of Congress. to look into this thing and show their deter­ anyone can help us with that quest, we Later on in this session, Congress will be mination to do something about it. believe it should be these groups whom we asked to appropriate some $5 billion for aid But the Federal Government's part here is have asked to join us this year. to nations that· are now shipping the Com­ limited very definitely to that of a general I · ask · all to consider with me for a few munists strategic war materials. I intend to leadership. Federal law and Federal Govern­ minutes what is the Nation's stake in occu­ oppose that appropriation unless it is ac­ ment should not extend into the factory, into pational safety. Concern for human dignity. companied · by an airtight guaranty that the farm, into the other places where these­ is a tenet upon which our Republic was American money will not be used in the accldente occur. The community and the founded. The worth and well-being of the future to build the Communist war machine. State, therefore, must pick up the burden of individual should determine all of our ac­ I should· add that · the executive branch teaching, of devising, of planning, so that tivities. Our first stake is to protect that is now studying British demands to relax this tragedy is certainly lessened i~ extent well-being against needless suffering- and the embargo against Red China. These de­ and comes as close to the point of ellmina.­ pain. our second concern is to maintain a.· mands must l:!e resisted. I trust you agree tion as human ingenuity can bring it. high production and avoid economic waste.· 9454 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE Our third is directly related to our survival lion hours. If 12 plants can produce such a No Acc;:ident Week and using it as an in competitive coexistence with our enemies :fine record, there is no reason why all the occasion to stimulate safety meetings-, train­ in the world. Despite record employment others can't also. ing, and other safety activitieS". levels today, we face dangerous shortages of' A frequency rate of 5 injuries per mflilon In many other ways, we are trying to fol­ skilled workers, not only scientists, but­ man-hours is considered by most safety ex­ low your suggestions of 2- years ago. They maintenance men, repairmen, mechanics. perts as very goocr. rt Is thoroughly prac­ are- an designed to reach men and women in electronics experts, and many others. tical. It has been achieved by many plants. every walk of life and arouse them to the When a !et aviator ls R11led, we know what Do you realize that if we could achieve that horror of needless work injury and the ne­ we have lost in human and economic terms­ rate wherever people work in the United cessity to preventing it. In a word, we go not only a fine American boy who is lost to States, we would have had 1Y4' million fewer back to the community, to the neighborhood hts family and his country, but whose Intel­ injuries- last year?' With that completely where peo.ple live and. work. America'& eco­ ligence and Imagination, nurtured in free­ achievable rate, we would have prevented nomic and social progress starts in the com­ dom, gives us our qualitative superiority in two-thirds of our reported injuries. We munity, in the grassroots. The home is tlie afr. We are less aware of the loss sus­ would have had 238,000 fewer injuries in vitally important in mcotivating a safe. com­ tained by death or injury to the man whose manufacturing, 225,000 fewer in trade, 228,- munity. skill in maintaining the magic instrument 000 fewer in agriculture ~ Fortunately the home was. the one major box that keeps the pilot's B-47 jet effective How can we go about achieving such a area which last year reduced accidents, ac­ in the air. In addition to his life and skill, rate? That's what this conferenee is for. cording to the Nationa:l Safety Council. and tn addition to the untold suffering and Our problem is to convince those firms, who Safety in the home. can influence safety at anguish caused by injury, the loss of one do not think safety is important or who work, at- school, an the highway, in the repairman of these instrument boxes think they cannot afford it, that safety is community. In other words, a safe home at­ through occupational death or injury costs good business. A sound safety program pays mosphere reaches out into every activity of the Government an investment of 4 years the best dividends in the world. human life. Let us discover and utilize every and $22,500 in training, pay and allowances. How can we reach these :firms? One way motivation there is Let us incorporate We cannot afford this waste. is through State labor departments who safety into our dail] life. Let us apply This is a dramatic instance of the impm:­ know the nonagricultural firms in their the skills that made this. Nation an indus­ tance of safety to world peace and survival. States. These departments are recognizing trial giant to the problem of making it safe. Every work injury is worse than one by more and more that they cannot depend enemy ~tion because it is preventable. upon law alone to prevent accidents. Most Four decades of experience by industry, work injuries today do not violate law but labor and Government have taught us how al'ise from a variety of other causes. The to pr~vent over 90 percent of all work acci­ modern concept of a State·labordepartment's Spiri_tual Strength in the Cold War dents. Des-pite that progress, last year 14,200 service to industry is no longer that of a Struggle workers were killed and nearly 2. million in­ polieeman but of a friendly and highly jured on the job. These are not statistics­ trained consultant ~ · but the casualty list of our American econ­ If a State labor department is to realize EXTENSION OF REMARKS omy in the peacetime year of 1955. We are this modern concept, if it is to build a com­ OF shocked by newspaper headlines of a great petent, technical service, ft needs the support disaster. Yet three times as many workers of· all of us. Governor Langlie will, r_ ain­ HON. BARRATT o~HARA died on the job last year as in the Chicago sure, have a good deal to say about this OF ILLINOIS fire, the Boston Coconut Grove night club today. What he has been able to achieve IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fire, the Hartford circus fire, the sinking of in Washington state can point the way for the Titanic:, the Johnstown flood, and the us an. Mon

It is most fitting, therefore, that you, the This is an attitude which must be com­ But these obstacles, as many and as Catholic employees of the USIA should have pletely rejected from the important work in diversified as they might be, should only an annual corporate communion and break­ which you are engaged. serve as added encouragement to push you fast. Leadership demands a try at the unusual forward with renewed energy. Such an occasion as this provides a sin­ or unique and consequently expects honest I have long thought that those engaged in gular opportunity for a rededication to those mistakes will be made. Real leadership sees work such as yours could well adopt the great spiritual truths upon which civiliza­ its mistakes and corrects them. classic saying of st. Augustine which con­ tion is based. That is the kind of leadership which must cludes his writings on the subject of It also provides a splendid opportunity always be given to the cause of human free­ Christian combat. to gain added spiritual strength for the diffi­ dom or else individual liberty as we know He said, "The crown of victory shall go cult tasks that are certain to confront your it, will perish from the world. only to those who engage in the struggle." work in the immediate months ahead. I am reminded of an experience I had last In every sense of the word, you are engaged There can be no doubt that the world of November during the course of an inspec­ in the struggle to preserve the dignity of man our day is besieged by a force far more evil tion trip in Korea. I attended mass at an and the decencies which make life worth than any other in all of recorded history. Army chapel and as I entered the church, I living. The struggle for the world is one in which was handed a small leaflet which announced It is my hope and prayer that you will win the forces of human freedom and the forces the masses for the week, the feast days of that blessed crown, if not in this world, in of atheistic communism are locked in a death the week, and other items of interest to the the hereafter when all of us must give an struggle. military post. But down at the bottom of accounting for our stewardship here on This is fundamentally a conflict of ideas this little leaflet, prepared by a chaplain as­ earth. and ideals. signed to work close to the front lines of We believe that man is a creature of God, freedom, was this timely admonition to all a,nd as such possesses a special dignity, an those who attended mass that morning: Twenty Years of Growth immortal soul, and that in the hereafter "The greatest sin of all is doing nothing." every man must account for his stewardship More and more we are hearing the idea on earth. advanced that the only workable formula EXTENSION OF REMARKS On the other hand, communism teaches for easing international tension is to ap­ o:r that man is an animal, very little different proach the Communists in the spirit of live from a horse or a pig. and let live. HON. OVERTON BROOKS Communism also teaches that all life ends The spirit of live and let live ls so fun­ damental to all established religions that OF LOUISIANA with mortal death, that there is no here­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES after, and consequently no accounting for it naturally has great appeal to everyone. a stewardship on earth. This formula if followed would create a Monday, June 4. 1956 It follows that material values are all that situation in which those who believe in count with those who subscribe to the doc­ moral principles make great conces~ions to Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. trine of communism. those who are in fact amoral, and whose Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ This accounts in very large measure for basic doctrine holds that if needs be three­ marks, I enclose a speech made by me on the unequaled record of inhumanity to man fourths of the people of the world must per­ the agricultural situation over the past established in the name of communism. ish in order that communism will triumph. This presents a very serious dilemma for 20 years. The speech is as fallows: It is this irreconcilable difference in ideals This is the 20th anniversary of a project and ideas which lies at the basis of the in­ us as we seek to preserve our great moral principles and at the same time prevent the that has been of tremendous value to the ternational conflict between communism American people. It had its beginning in the and free people. Those who take part in the destruction of civilization by the forces of atheistic communism. Fourth Congressional District of Louisiana­ conflict in defense of our cause of human We are also being urged to adopt a poli­ the district I have the honor to represent. diginity and freedom must themselves be Twenty years ago a demonstration project worthy representatives of our highest ideals. cy of forgive and forget in our dealings with the Russian Communists. was established on the Brushey and Cooley There is no room for the materialists in Here again all established religions teach Creeks watersheds near Minden, in Webster the camp of human dignity and freedom. the necessity of forgiving our tran::gressors Parish, La. With alternating enthusiasm and They can only weaken our cause and dis­ and forgetting misdeeds of the past in the doubt, a group of men set out to test the s_ipate the prospects for a just and lasting hope that good works will result in the fu­ visions and dreams of a man who had for a peace. ture. But unfortunately the Communists long time been "crying in the wilderness" But there is unlimited room in the camp seek to use these moral principles to cause in a vain attempt to warn the people of of human dignity and freedom for all those us to forget the many nations and people en­ America against the devastating effects of who believe that man lives not by bread slaved by them and who today suffer the soil erosion. alone and that things of the spirit are, in trials of the martyr. The Soil Erosion Service was created by the end, what make life worth living. - In conscience we can never forget the Executive order in the Department of the And while we keep open the way for all victims of communism any more than we can Interior in 1933 to demonstrate on a farm­ men of good will to participate in the fight forget the moral principles which, if ad­ wide, watershed basis that by application for universal justice and decency, it would hered to, will prevent the continuance of of all known practical conservation measures do us well to ever bear in mind what the the many crimes against humanity com­ something could be done to stop this enemy persecutors of the early Christians said about mitted in the name of communism. of our national economy. them-"See how they love one another." In my judgment, we should be quick to That demonstration was a tremendous suc­ The work in which you are engaged is in forgive and prepared to forget only when the cess. It proved that erosion can be con­ many respects novel-at least it is new to Communists have corrected their evil prac­ trolled through practices that are of im­ the American scene. tices upon humanity and have removed their mediate benefit to the landowners. It also Consequently you must expect a great deal apparatus of fear and terror from those vast proved that most erosion control practices of criticism and very little appreciation for areas of the world which they now hold by can be applied by landowners using the your efforts. It may be many years from now force alone. equipment, power, and labor available on the before due accord its given to much of the Another notion being advanced as a solu­ farms being treated. · good work you are now doing. This, it tion to the crisis which now grips the world It is with great pride that I mention the seems, has been the lot of many great and is that we who are free can safely cohabitate !act ·that my native State passed the first necessary causes down through history. with those who seek to enslave us and that Soil Conservation District Act which made I underscore great and necessary because if we will be patient and agree to a mixture it possible for farmers to organize soil con­ those are the only causes that draw strong of what we believe in with that of what the servation districts to conserve and improve fire and criticism. Bearing this in mind, Communists teach, there will evolve over a land resources. Since that date most of you must not become discouraged no matter period of years a riew civilization. the States have passed similar laws and to­ how difficult the task ahead may seem or This is called the new political evolution. day the soil conservation district movement how strong the criticism leveled against your It presupposes that by some accident of is national in scope. efforts to pursue and expand a worldwide nature, evil can be mixed with decency and It is well to remember that early settlers campaign of truth. that the future civiiization it heralds can be in this country had no problems of erosion In somewhat recent years your work has at the same time both good and evil. for the reason that under virgin conditions become more difficult because of the bur­ The misguided advocates of this unwork­ the surface soil was protected and held in dens and obstacles created by indifference, able concept of political evolution have not place by grasses, trees, and other vegetation. expediency, and the growing attitude of learned that it is impossible to mix fire and This topsoil was filled with spongy organic laissez faire. water. matter, holding rainwater until it could soak The do-nothing attitude which we see on . These are only some of the signs of our into the ground to replenish subterranean many sides today springs from the false no­ times. aquifers, thereby maintaining high under­ tion that if we do nothing, we will make ' In your work you must run across many ground water level and rendering no damage no mistakes, and if we make no mistakes, others that stand as obstacles to the per­ to the land surface by rushing down the we will avoid public criticism. formance of the high task that is yours. slopes to overfiow the streams. 9450 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 4·

It has been eha.rged that farmerS' invited ground-water level ls becoming distresstngly crops~ - There a.re- 12.,624 acres in the project soil erosion by their unsound land use. I low. A . friend of mine relates that he sat near Minden and 18,533 acres near Homer. have heard this denied by men and women at his desk and from memory listed 50 bub­ Last year those 2 pnojects, under manage­ who closely ob!>erved conditions during th&_ bling springs of pure and potent water that ment of the Louisiana Division of the Soil latter part of the last century. They ve­ were bold and inViting to him as a young Conservation Servtce, brought in a revenue hemently claim that soil erosion was un­ man 40 years ago, not 1 of which is visible of. $153,678 from forest products, grazing heard of until after commercial sawmills de­ today. I am told in my district that many permits and concession. fees~ In lieu of nuded the forests and destroyed the so.urce shallow wells which were once generous in taxes which would be paid to the parish if of the spongy material that once covered their production of pure waiter, are today the land: were privately- owned,, the project the surface of the earth and held the rain­ eithel! bone-dry or polluted beyond safe pays each year a percentage of its earnings. · fall. usage. Last year Claiborne Parish received $1.36 per Whoever may be guilty of the ci:ime, un­ What has. caused this distressing change? acre and Webster Parish got $1.03 per acre, mistakably the corpus delicti lies before- us. Lt all goes back. to improper use of our whereas comparable nearby land, privately Unfortunately we cannot bury it; we are once bounteous timbel!ed areas. When we owned, paid a tax of 21 cents per acre tn forced to live with it. denuded the fores.ts we invited soil erosion Webster and 16 cents per acre in Claiborne. . It is estimated that the annual cost of ero­ which is the proxtmate ca:use of our present One. other figure concerning these two sion in the United States, in wasted soiL­ diminution of smface and underground projects and 1 will leave with you conclu­ and reduction of crop yields. amounts- to. ap- water supply. We left nothing on the land sive proof. that we can afford to co.ver every proximately $4 billion. _ • to. hold the> rainwater or sponge it long slope and hillside in the entire South with Surveys made in Louisiana by the. Soil. enough for It to seep into the soil and into growing pines and at the same time be help­ Conservation ..Bel:vic.e show that.. erosion has the fresh-water aquifers that were once so ing nature recover her balance and again to removed all of the topsoil from more than bountiful and dependable. In regard to our functfon in a manner that wilI assure us of 170,000 acres; that 200,000 acres have lost water supply, the future ls rather dismal. productive soil and a bountiful water supply. BO percent of the topsoil: and that 60 per­ However, it is gratifying to learn that the Under 5 years of management by the Lou­ cent of the topsoil 18' gone from 1,400,000 Soil Conservation Service is including proper isiana Soil Conservation Service, those 2 acres. water use in its plans for the future, realiz­ tracts of submarginal land have produced, It is scarcely necessary to remind you that ing that If we are to conserve our son and chiefiy from trees, a total revenue of $616,- we depend on topsoil for our production of protect our sources of water supply, we have­ 571. And that timber ts increasing in pro­ food, clothing, and much of our shelter. got to grow trees or vegetation of some sort duction as the years pass on and the- land Most of the soluble. nutrients available to on every acre of land that we do not need for on which it grows is regaining its fertility. growing plants are found In the topsoil. The intensive- cultivation. The cost of. this management has been nom­ loss of any portion of it reduces the ability I do not agree with the statement of the in.a.l. Mother Nature has been the boss and of fields to produce-, for the reason that disgruntled old gentleman who acquired the conservation boys have listened at'ten­ it contains a high percentage of orga~ic from hfs neighbors the- nickname "Pessimistic tively to her. matter. Pete." .When the overflow came and de­ To January l, 1953, 6 soi! conservation dis-­ Referring specifically to my native State, stroyed his cotton crop, Pessimistic Pete tricts have been organized within the are~ we suffer additional damage from unchecked whined mournfully, -An nature ts against that I represent, consisting of a total of soil erosion in States north of us. Flood­ man... And the following year when drought 6,626,900 acre& and representing 31,461 farms. waters which rush down upon us come from and heat burned his- corn crop he gave­ There ls much of which I eould boast con­ watersheds that are mostly barren of forests tongue to the same plaint-, "All nature is cerning the achievements of the soil conser­ or cover of any sort. Unchecked on eroded a:gains-t man." vation as applied in the fourth Louisiana uplands, water builds up- in Louisiana's It seems to me the reverse of that state­ congressional district. I would like to point stream channels, clogging them with sedi­ ment ts more nearly 'the truth. Hasn't man out to you the- democratie manner in which ment" and debris to result in destruction been against all nature? At any rate, the dlstri.cts are formed and operated and how of food and cover for wildlife. For manY' fact remains that whether the farmers or the the farmers themselves take the initiative years commercial fishing played an impor-_ commercial sawmiilers invited son erosion and assume the obligations. There is much tant part in our State's economy. But soil and coincidental water troubles, it behooves to- say about the practices as applied to con­ erosion in Louisiana and in northwa"I"d neigh­ man o:r this generation to rectify those mis­ tour farming, strip cropping, terraces, cover boring States has produced silt-laden watera takes. cropping, et cetera, but ram restricting my which are detrimental to the propagation of In that portion of Louisiana- which I have discussion to those practicea of soil erosion fish. the privilege of representtng in Congress, the which more directly concern the future However, I am happy to report that great two oldest subdivisions of service are known water use and resources. progress ts being made in Louisiana 'toward as the Saline Soil Conservation District and protection of son and restoration of its fer­ Our land and water resources are the very the-Dorcheat sou Conservation District. The f'oundation of our fabulous industrial and tility. Conservation surveys the.re have de­ recent annual reports from these two dis­ agricultural strength. They are the princi­ teonined the proper land-use capabilities~ tricts reflect considerable progress. The Dor­ They show that we have four kinds of land pal source of our wealth. Our great cities, cheat reports disclose that, "During the past with an their complex activities, are de­ from the standpoint of prop.er use, namely, year, 2,891 acres were given improved wood­ pendent directly on these resources. Ours rands suitable for continuous cultivation, land management practices ancf I,686 acres. is the highest standard ot living on earth lands suitable for limited or occasional cul­ were- s-electi:vely cut. Pine seedlings were and ft has been built largely on the abun­ tivation, lands suitable only for the grow­ planted on more than 1,100 unproductive dance and fruitfulness of our land and water. ing of grass or trees, and lands suitable only acres." These- reports- enumerate the prog­ tor fish, wildlife, or recreation. ress that ts being made in soil conservation You may think it strange that I am ap­ Four years ago the wes.tern gulf region practieeS', under such headings as, "Planning prehensive of' our general neglect of water of the Soll Conservation Service sounded. and Application of Conservation Practices,.. resources-, particularly since Louisiana has. this warning: but" the' general subject· ts too- broad for dis­ an annual rainfall of upwards of 50 inches. "Soil erosion fs. one of the biggest tasks cussion at this time. Millions of acre-fnches of water pass dal:ly Louisiana ever had. Planning the necessary We ordinarily think of sotr conservation down our bayous and rivers-, and yet I re­ conservation practices and fitting them to as a means of restoring fertility to land in jbtce to find in the last annuml report of ac­ the ·land according to its capabilities and order that we may grow more crops. But I tt vities in the fourth congressional district needs were an enormous undertaking. it, a.m more definitely concerned with what con­ such items as~ required millions of ma.n-days of skilled servation practices will do for tuture gen­ Acres Pasture- improvement ------393, 035 and unskilled labor, technical assistance, erations in order that" those who follow t:fits Seeding of pastures ______24&,961 and work with heavy and light equipmeD.ot generation will not condemn us too bitterly Vfoodland managelll'ent ______255,421 to accomplish the task.. If Louisiana had· for spoiling that which we only had a right. been afraid to tackle a big ]ob and see it.. to use- with care and skill. Tree planting.~------41,030 through to completion. the s1tuattan would'. The recent- report from the S'allne d1strlct­ Such items reassure me that some day; in have been hopeless."' shows. the. future. we will have. trees growing on It is pleasing to be assured that while the· ''Planir are mad'e to apply woodland man­ e.very acre o! la.nd that is not needed for in­ task has not,. as yet, been completed, the. agement to n,omr acres of woodland'. on lands tensive cultlvation of crops. Trees covering situation is far :rrom hopeless. of" our new cooperators. · The district as a ow: slopes and hillsides mean better soil and For several years r have been gravely con­ whole actually applied woodTand manage­ more abundance of pure water. cerned about our water-use, or more specifi­ ment to 7,833 acres.'' Time does not permit me to pay deserved cally stated, I have been apprehensive o! In order to give you a picture of what the tribute to. the Agricultural Extension De­ our lack o! serious piann.lng for future SbiI Conservat1on Servfce fs doing; please. con­ partment and the Louisiana Forestry Com­ water-use. Ir, in the future, we are as in­ sider for a moment. the res.ults a! that mission in their efforts. ta a.ugmen.t the gen­ dlfl'erent" toward water-use as. the two pre­ agency's mismanagement of two tracts of eral plan of" growing. forests for the protec­ ceding generations were of fore.stry-use and land in my district tha.t were acquil:ed. by the tion of son and the prevention of a future. rand-use, the next immediate gener.ation ls: Federal Gov:ernment during. the de.pressfon... water famine. going to find Itself in a precarious situa­ This land was classlfied as submarginal, that Such a 'pro]ect does not entail the expend­ tion. · Our streams are polluted- and our 1s to say, it ·was considered worthless for row· iture of a large sum of money. Protection 11!56 " CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 9457 from fire is the- most expensive item 1·n the The rtll'al people of Louisiana have availed most commodities, wage rates for hired farm program, which means ·that someone must themselves of the opportunities offered by labor. be assigned the task of protecting nature the REA. As of June 8 , 1953, there are in "The parity price of an individual farm against the cMelessness and indifference of that comparatively small land-area State commodity, in other words, is a standard man. 12,812 S:Ubscribers represented by 10 co-op for measuring the purchasing power of that Let's give nature a chance to restore the organizations that have borrowed a total of - commodity in relation to prices of goods and balance which we have so ru:IJhlessly dis­ $4,610,000 with which to construct many services during· a definite base pe.riod." turbed·. miles of powerlines. Through the infiuence and direction of However, in fairness to "Pessimistic Pete" - These powerlines are a network of security. the USDA the southern farmer has been let me admit that the r>ehedule a farmer They relieve the mind and the body of many getting away from the so-called one-crop must follow is not fixed by himself. It is vexing and fatiguing problems and tasks. system and turning much of his acreage into largely determined by the weather and other They pump waiter and keep it flowing through pastures. As a consequence, the dairying conditions that are beyond his control. the home; they cool: food, wash clothes and and beef cattle industries have expanded When the farmer plows. seeds his acres, or dishes; they milk cows and supply lights to while cotton production has decreased. harvests his crops, he is forced to operate in the home and the barn; they provide com­ During this same period of time cotton pro­ accordance with the whims and vagaries of munications with the doctor, with neighbors, duction has increased in some of the far­ nature. and markets. Those lines are there because Western States. Sufficient time has not Farmers are no longer independent of rural people put them there through their elapsed to determine that the South should other phases of economy. There· was a time own initiative and labor, with assistance sacrifice her traditional superiority in cot­ when young men chose to be farmers be­ from an enlightened Government. ton culture in favor of animal husbandry, cause that life assured them of almost per­ In October of 1949 the REA was authorized nor have those Western S.tates had ample fect aloofness from all other activities. to make loans to local telephone co-ops- for ti.me to assure them that they should plow They could act independently of the towns the purpose of constructing and opera ting up their pastures and plant them in cotton. and cities. But this is no longer true. telephone facilities. At an interest rate of For better or for worse. the South has been Farming ha:s become a part of the fabric of 2 percent, loans totaling $106 million have for more than a century and a half the our total economy. Tractors, motor trucks, been approved for borrowers from the differ­ throne of Old King Cotton. And the pre­ combines, hay balers, and other mechanical ent States of the Union. vailing economy of 150 years cannot be equipment are necessary and make farmers It is important to note that commercial shifted abruptly without deplorable conse­ dependent upon the factories who have built utilities companies supplied~ last year, about quences. for them 4 million tractors, 4 million auto­ 54 percent of the power used by rural con­ There are many phases of agriculture mobiles, and 2 million trucks, all of which sumers. However, in addition to the power which I would like to discuss, such as re­ use fuel and lubricating oil that help force purchased during the fiscal year 1952, REA ciprocal trade agreements, trade expansion farmers into the Iifeline of trade and make borrowers used 649 million kilowatt-hours with foreign countries, foreign agricultural them dependent upon many industrial en­ generated in their own plants. service and technical assistance, all of. which terprises. Science has spread to the farms and the are important factors in our national econ­ Mechanizing the farm has not only intelligent use of it has brought about many omy and of particular interest to rural peo­ brought the farmer into closer contact with changes during the past century. Perhaps ple. However, I must acknowledge that no industry, but it has changed his manner and the rural family is again taking a prominent one could completely cover, in less than a standard of living. And it has also reduced place in the social, political, and economic book-length treatise, all the "Problems and his ranks, that is numerically. life of the Nation. Progress in Agriculture." Total agricultural production of the When this country was young, the farmer­ Even so, I consid.er it a duty, as well as United States was harvested in 1952 with a particularly the planter of the South-en­ a privilege, to express my high regard for halt-million fewer workers than were used joyed the highest standards of living Amer­ work done by the Animal Husnandry Divi­ in 1950. Yet the harvest was approximately ican society had experienced. The Civil War, sion o! the Bureau of Animal Industry. I equal to the high records reached in 1948 followed by discriminating legislation, such am amazed at the network service provided and 1949. In other words. a half million as differential freight rates and high tariff farmers by these divisions of the USDA. fewer workers were needed in 1952 to harvest on manufactured imports, completely re­ reaching down through their afilliates to the bigger production than was had 2 years versed the situation and the rural agricul­ State livestock sanitary boards. May I cite previously. tural South became, in the words of the lat.e only one example of accom.plishment1 President Roosevelt, "the Nations No. 1 e:co­ Five years ago that clTeaded animal plague The use of mechanical devices and the nomic problem." utilization of gasoline and electr.ic power . known as foot-and-mouth disease had Through such subsidies a vast discrepancy spread over an area. of n-early 2.60,000 square have combined to change the economic status developed between pri-ces the farmer had to of- the farm family. The availability of elec­ miles. Farmers in my .section were alarmed. pay for what he bought and the prices ob­ In fact,_there was danger to the cattle of the tric power has done more to raise the living tained for what he produced, and out of this standard of rural people thao. any other . entire Nation. To wipe out this scourge, it unbalanced economy there emerged legisla­ was necessary to kill: almost a million cattle, innovation wit:!::. ~ n my memory. Of- the ap­ tion that sought to remedy the situation. , proximately 5 million farms in the United sheep, hogs, and goats. Vaccination was ad­ Agriculture had at last become a basic in· ministered to more than 60 million animals. States, nearly half of them now depend upon dustry, closely meshed into our complex sys­ electric power. These agricultur:al agencies of the United tem of economy. Industry, labor, and agri­ States were- forced to spend about $123 mil­ Who made this power available to rural culture became dependent one upon the people? lion to carry out our part of the program in other. Farmers demanded and deserved full­ conjunction· with Mexico, but that money The Rural Electrification AdmiE.istration parity prices for farm products and parity was established by Executive order on May income for farm people. It is true that this was spent wisely and effectively. 11, 1935. The following year an act of Con­ objective cannot be obtained by Government We hear some growling. about the tremen­ gress was passed which gave REA permanen.t programs alone, nevertheless, the farmer rums sums that the National aind State- Gov­ status and. authorized a 10-year lending pro­ needs some protection against changing in­ ernments spend on agriculture. But we gram_ In 194.4. this authority was extended· ternational relationships which quickly af­ haven't seen that man, woman, or child who 1ndefinite1y, lea:ving to Congress the author­ fect prices of farm productsr over which he warnts to stop eaiting, weairing clothes, liviE.g ity to determine each year the amount of has no control. in houses, and covering their feet with shoes-. funds REA may lend. Earlier in this talk I called attention to We haven.'t talked to a- single historian who The basic. policy of REA ls to render "cer­ the fact that the scheclule a farmer must fol­ refused to admit that we won two world wars tain technical advice and assistance to its low is not fixed by himself. It is largely largely because we outproduced the enemy, borrowers * • * and to assist rural people determined by the weather and other con­ nor have we talked to one who refUses to ad­ in doing things which they cannot do for ditions that are beyond his control. When mit that our abiliity to grow feod and cloth­ is themselves." The plan. of the REA is, democ­ the farmer plews~ s.eeds his aci:esr or hru:vests ing and to produce materials of war: our racy at its. best. It provides credit for rural his crops, he is forced to operate bi accord.­ greatest d~terrent against attack by the families who want to help themselves and ance with the whims and vagaries of nature. Communists. We- haven't seen that person furnishes technical guidance when needed. E.'leryone wllo is interes.ted in agricul tm:e who isn't grateful te farmers for what they "Each. borrower is an entirely independent or who speaks or writes about farm families did during the last World War. Remember, corpoi:ate body, locally o.wned and controlled, and rural people should make some effort to farmers were called upon to do the impos­ and existing pursuant to a-pplicable State comprehend the word "parity:• I particu­ sibleF And they did. They actually produced laws, and each such borrower is itself re­ larly commend to c.ertain city newspaper four times the amount of commodities called sponsible for the management of its own columnists the following definition of th& upon to produce. affairs, proper and successful .. construction very much misunderstood word: But with our rapidly increasing popula­ and operation of its own system, and the "The parity of an agricultural commodity, tion, how far away is that fatal da.y when our repayment.of the REA loan..," generally speaking, is the price which will soil can no longer produce enough food, REA itself operates no rural-electric facili­ give the commodity the same purchasing . clothing, shelter, and water '!Jo sustain the ties, and its program 1-nvolv,es no grants- or powe~ as 1;t had during a. .given base per-iod in .. people? How long before we reach the satu­ subsidies. Its loa.na ar_e paid out of the oper­ terms- of (l) priQes of commodities f~rmers r.a.tion paint~ Will it be a c~ntury from now, ating revenues of the locally owned and buy, (2) interest on moi:tgage indebtedaess, or will it be 80 years, or only 50 years from locally managed co-op organization. (.3) taxes en farm reaJ.. estate, and (4-) for now? CII--594 9458 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE . June 4 Shouldn't we of this generation open our it was worth. It may not be unjust to accuse But the parable ls never a completed story. eyes and watch the jaws of the stupendous them of being accessories to the fact, because It is a new challenge to every new Ameri­ pincers steadily closing? Those jaws are they permitted their slopes and hillsides to can in every new generation; and before we someday going to squeeze the very life out of become denuded and made barren of trees. can earn the plaudit of "Well done, thou good us if we don't begin right now making plans This being the 20th anniversary of the and faithful servant," we must, in turn, make to avoid that catastrophe. soil-saving demonstration that was begun in our own contribution· to the growth of this Shouldn't we open our eyes and see the the 4th Congressional District of Louisiana, great treasure. terrible threat to our economic safety that is I ask for the privilege of congratulating those To do so effectively, we must first learn for so evident in the rapid increase of population people and saying to them that if it is true ourselves its true significance. If we lose and so obvious in our diminution of water that each generation merely has the right sight of its spiritual foundation, if we fail to and land resources? of trusteeship over our nat'Ural resources, comprehend the irreplaceable part that free­ What countries are always the source of then they, the farmers, have demonstrated dom has played in its accumulation, we can­ unrest? The pages of history unmistakably beyond peradventure that the precious treas­ not use it wisely. Unless we realize that our answer that question. Wars are started by ures of this country are in trustworthy material abundance is the product of our and in those nations where populations have hands. spiritual strength, we are in danger of losing grown beyond the ability of land and water it all-like the slothful servant. If we resources adequately to sustain them. measure America only in terms of the number Where is communism flourishing today? o~ gadgets per capita-and preen and boast In what lands has that evil doctrine taken Address of Senator Wallace F. Bennett of these---our current contest with the So­ root? The answer ls: of Utah, at Memorial Day Services, Jef• viets becomes no more than materialistic In those parts of Asia and Europe where 1 marauding. acre of land is required to support 80 people. fer son Barracks National Cemetery, For, because it ls a great treasure, it at­ That's the answer, fellow Americans. St. Louis, Mo. tracts and inflames the evil motives of evil With our natural increase in population, men. Being without understanding of its plus our far too liberal laws that haphazardly spiritual significance, they seek to seize its govern immigration, how many years before EXTENSION OF REMARKS material values which, in their hands, would every acre of our soil will be called upon to OF turn to dust and despair-as it will in ours, furnish 80 people with food, water, clothing, if we lose our understanding. and shelter? HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS So, how do we best make use of this And yet there ls demand from some quar­ OF MISSOURI great treasure that has been entrusted to our care? ters that we increase the immigration quotas IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES during the next 2 years by admitting an addi­ The first and obvious truth we draw from tional thousands of Europeans. This de­ Monday, June 4, 1956 the lesson of the parable is that in a world mand ls supported largely by tear-Jerking that so desperately needs help to build a stories. Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. similar treasure, we cannot save it only for The people of my district are sick and tired Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ ourselves by burying it in isolation. we of tax burdens for the purpose of supplying marks, I want to insert in the CONGRES­ must protect it, of course, against all enemies peoples of foreign countries who thank us SIONAL RECORD the excellent and most of peace and freedom; but to keep it vital, we by a kick in the teeth. The people of my appropriate remarks made by Senator must share its blessings and expand its district don't want those huge quotas of Wallace F. Bennett, of Utah, at the Me­ power, both in our own country and in an aliens here to hasten the fatal day when the world. As a nation, this need should morial Day services held at Jefferson ever guide our fundamental policies at home our soil may no longer be able to sustain the Barracks National Cemetery, in St. Louis, population. Why should we be continually and abroad. At home, we work to keep the called upon to give, give, give and keep on Mo.: light of liberty alive-abroad, to share its giving to sustain some of them at home and We are met here today-in this place of blessings and thus justify our stewardship at the same time called upon to bring great peace and beauty-to spend a brief hour in as good and faithful servants. numbers of them to the United States to contemplation of the meaning and purpose In the spirit of this concept, President hasten the day when our land can no longer of our great country and the parts these Eisenhower is completely right when he re­ sustain the people? men have played and we must play in its iterates as our continuing objective the ulti­ In my opinion, immigration agreements destiny. mate freedom of the enslaved nations. with each country should be on an exchange As I sought to prepare myself to partici­ He is profoundly wise when he works basis, reciprocal in number. Example: We pate on this occasion, my mind went back patiently for peace, because only in an at­ accept a thousand people from Shang-ri-la to the Saviour's profoundly beautiful parable mosphere of peace can the-blessings of liberty 1f there are a thousand Americans who want of the talents; and there I found a focus for expand to full flower. to go to Shang-ri-la. my thoughts. But he must also be prudent and alert to I shed no tears with those who misinter­ To us Americans-as to the servants in the dang~r of attack and the need for ade­ pret Cain's question, "Am I my brother's the parable-has been given a great treasure: quate defense. Peace and war are always keeper?" Abel had disappeared under sus­ all that can be embraced in the word "Amer­ literally hanging in the balance; and the picious circumstances and when Cain was ica." skillful blending of plans for peace-with asked, "Where is Abel thy brother?" the killer Our country ls more than the geographic postures for defense-without letting either replied, "I know not: Am I my brother's area which we inhabit or the material pos­ overturn the other ls a task requiring al­ keeper?" sessions we enjoy. From the beginning, it most superhuman judgment and infinite pa­ tience and devotion. And the murderer's sentence was pro­ has been to its patriotic citizens the symbol nounced in these words, "When thou tillest of their greatest spiritual resources-the He has demonstrated his broad grasp of the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto promise of their dreams for happiness-the the scope of the problem and his ability to thee her strength; a fugitive and vagabond reward for their devotion. adjust to IlM!et the changing challenge of shalt thou be in the earth." Our country has never been just another the evil enemy by his proposals to broaden piece of land to those who came to its shores the effectiveness of NATO beyond its pres­ I don't find in this Biblical story any sug­ out of an older world. To some it was a ent limited military emphasis and breathe gestion that we Americans should be classed refuge, to others a challenge. To all, it has into the alliance the spirit of ·community in as murderers among nations. I see no sug­ the spiritual values of liberty. This ls a gestion that we should run the risk of de­ ever been a promise of freedom. And this stroying our economy in order that we sus­ concept of freedom-spiritual before it be­ classic example of one means by which we came manifest in the form and function of can put our American talent to use and thus tain peoples of the world in their own expand its value to the world. kitchens until they decide they'd fare better government-ls the greatest treasure that by coming to ours. It ls shameful to distort we have, and makes us the richest nation in Another great demonstration of adapta­ the meaning of Biblical phrases in order to the world. In the symbolism of the parable, bility has been our more effective use of the play upon human emotions. we are the servants to whom the five talents U. N. Since Eisenhower became President, were given. we have ceased our previous passive policy These grave problems, which I have stated Up to date, on the whole, we have used by which we expected U. N., by itself, to solve very simply, are being seriously pondered by this treasure well. In the beginning it was all international problems and have used it the cotton farmers along the fertile Red little more than a dream, but in 300 years affirmatively as an instrument to expand our River Delta and by the dairymen and cattle­ we have given it great substance. In the par­ 1nfiuence for peace-a forum to explain and men of the same area, as well as by the hill able, the worthy servant doubled his talents. sell our basic concepts to the world-a chan­ farmers who are wisely turning most of their Ours have been multiplied almost to in­ nel through which our contributions could land into the growing of grass and trees. finity. Inspired by it, each generation has be made. The fathers and grandfathers of these hill made its own sacrifices for the future, so that farmers were accused of the crime of deplet­ And in his recent appointment of Senator our blessings have grown faster than our GEORGE to serve America abroad, he provides ing the soil by unsound farming. They were population, and there is more for each' of a living reminder to the world that Amerl­ charged with inviting erosion. I seriously us among the mlllions than there was to be c'ans of both political parties stand and doubt their guilt. I think their only offense divided among the tl.i-st few. Certainly, be­ serve together in its great mission to build against the general economy was the selling cause our fathers were faithful over a few this great treasure by sharing it with all men of their timber for a mere pittance of what things. we have been made rulers over many. everywhere. 1956 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-" HOUSE 9459

Perhaps by this tlm~ yeu are asking your­ The· swift pace of modern scientific de­ our sense of moral values. The question is-: selves, "Why; talk about this problem here, velopment has touched upon every aspect of So you believe all men are created equal? so 1n this place that has been hall0wed by the human activity. The old concepts of time what? Here is the difference: The Amer­ presences of these men who _gave their lives and space have been swept away. Research · icans spelled that phrase out into statutory in war and on this day on which we honor in.to the secrets of nature has made possi­ law. They spelled it out in their Consti­ them?" I know of no place more fitting and ble the destruction of civilization should the tution. They amended their Constitution to of no d·ay more appropriate. It was in the world become involved in total war. spell it out even more. And they are ren­ furtherance of this great responsibility that I bring these grim facts to your attention dering decisions in their highest courts not these men gave their lives. only to emphasize my fl.rm belief that the only to keep the Constitution, under which The concept of freedom is always in peril. future of mankind depends upon a clear they established Christianity in Government Since the beginning of recorded history, most understanding of the eternal and unchang­ ~like, but to expand and enrich it. men have lived in virtual slavery, under the ing truths that govern the destinies of men When you do these things you then give shadow of tyranny, and few men have been and nations. yourself the right, by virtue of your conduct, free. Our own American experience has been I wonder if you wm agree with me then to preach; you give yourself the obligation the longest and. strongest :tlowering of free­ that the human race is living today close to to teach, perhaps to boast. dom. But its perpetuation will never be the edge of eternity and that this unprece­ The Bible came out of the steaming fer,;. assumed. The lust for power will never dis­ dented fact in history calls for a reappraisal, ments of the Middle East in antiquity. But appear. And we must always be prepared to so to speak, of the future of the world. 1n 2,000 years I do not know where its defend and preserve it, by war if necessary. I wonder if you wm agree with me that credo has been applied more practically than And yet in a way, this is a wise part of had we been living in a more normal pe­ in the Congress of the United States, the God's purpose, because without opposition riod of history-before the nuclear age-­ White House, and the Supreme Court. For there can be no growth-without challenge, we would, as the result of the natural forces that matter we did not invent the internal no inspiration to overcome. If there were of international attrition, be deeply involved combustion engine. But when we got hold no new areas in need of liberty, we might be at this hour in World War III. of it we made the automobile the greatest tempted to "bury" liberty like slothful Now what I want to be concerned with industry of all tim.e. It is this business of servants, and thus lose it. here today in my meditations witb you is a plucking a great ideal out of the dreams As long as the evil challenges the good, it determination-just among ourselves--on of the visionaries, and the schemes out of the will seek to resort to its obvious weapon, just what it is. in civilization that endures. half-realized hopes of the great inventors­ force; and men wiU be called to use force Our problem is to decide where to put the foreign and native-and putting them to in liberty's defense. Of these, some wil! die major accent on life and how to shape our work for the good of all men that explains as these have done, making their life's con­ world in the immediate hour.s ahead so that so much of America's success. tribution in- one sacrifice. Their task has we shall not blow ourselves and all of life The moral ethics we live by came from been to preserve for the rest of us the op­ on this planet into a mass of nuclear gas.es. Christ, they came from Moses, they came portunity to build. They died. to keep the This we know: There is no comparable from Aristotle, and others. But before we door open and the hope_alive. Theirs is a period in human history during which so got through we had: trial by jury, habeas necessary and honored part in. the process of much has happened to so many people in corpus, due process, no unusual punish­ peace. so fractional a space of historic time. ments, equal justice under law, and a sub­ Their sacrifice deepens our obligation to We want to know fir.st how we can go on limely organized system of courts for the use the opportunity they preserved with living as the human race. And then we protection-precisely for the protection-of greater effectiveness and more devoted zeal­ want to know how we can go on living with­ the dignity of man. to keep the light of liberty bright and make out being enslaved. By triumph of Christianity, I mean we took its blessings more abundant here in America I begin with a premise. the blueprints of Christianity and law and so that all men can draw inspiration from My premise is. this: cre.ated working tools. this source al'ld, working together, we can My premise is that the United States of That has built us up to the present hour spread both light and -blessings evel' farther America is up to this hour the greatest but it does not protect us for the future. 1n a groping, starving world. triumph of Christianity. We began this Nation with 3 million President Dwight D. Eisenhower in an agr.arian citizens and a sort of gross. na­ address in 1955 made this statement: "As tional income in 1799 of $667 million-sub­ we build a richer material world, we must stantially less than $1 billion. Our gross Spiritual Values in a World. of Crises always remember that there are spiritual national product is now approaching-as truths which endure forever. They are the President Eisenhower pointed out in his universal inspiration of all mankind." state of the Union message recently4400 EXTENSION OF REMARKS George Washington in his farewell address bil1ion. OF more than 150 years ago uttered these words: From less than one billion, in rough eco­ "Religion and morality lead to political pros­ nomic language, to upward of $400 billion. HON. CHARLES B. HOEVEN pet:ity," These great men, though living in something over -150 years. What made OF IOWA many decades apart, shared the belief that possible this fabulous progress? a sound prosperity cannot be accomplished There have been other great land masses IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES without a foundation of high standards of with enormous resources. Monday, June 4, 1956 spiritual and moral principles and values. Why did they not blossom with a parallel My premise is that the moral values are prosperity? Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, on Mon­ the enduring values. I venture a few broad-gaged guesses: day, May 28, 1956, it was my privilege to My premise is that victory in the struggle They gave priority and privilege to some deliver the commencement address at we are now in is so deeply involved in moral one church instead of giving the fullest op­ the 56th annual commencement excer­ values th.at we cannot hope to survive with­ portunity t.o all, as on this soil-and priority cises of Westmar College, Le Mars, Iowa, out them. We shall need and maintain our to none~ at which time I was awarded the hon.­ strength-in-being, our Gideon's sword, but, They failed to separate church from state orary degree of doctor of laws. My ad­ I insist, we shall get nowhere without the and they totalitarianized the one and perse­ dress follows: Ark of the Covenant. cuted the other. Now when I say that the United States is They preferred aristocracy and privilege We live in a time of desperate challenge, the greatest moral and practical triumph to democracy and equal opportunity. Great problems confront us. of Christianity I am not to be misconstrued They perpetuated corruption and ac_cel­ Your generation will be called upon to into believing th.at I think we Americans erated decay because they lacked the purga­ assume responsibilities of vast magnitude. are (a) the chosen people, or (b) the master tive powers and the self-criticism of a free You wm be called upon to assume the burden press-. of a world torn by two conflicting ideologies. race. One preaches the Word of God, sustained I am not putting out that kind of boast. Their system of popular education was so and strengthened by faith in the divine On the contrary, I hold it the most vital deba-sed by despotism or semi-despotism that teachingS" of the Holy Bible. long-term duty-a d..uty of the greatest mag­ teaching a nation to read and write made The other plots in darkness to enslave man­ nitude-that the whole world, under what­ the people only m.ore vulnerable to a form of kind under a crtrel tyranny that denies God ever religion, fe.el at the heart of its peoples totaJitarian propaganda and yellow journal­ and would tear down all that we hold sacred. and the seat of its governments, the power ism, and the victims of deliberately designed One believes in freed<:>rn under God as the of the moral prfnciples that make for sur­ falsifications. · source of all human progress. Th-at philoso­ vival of mankind and amity among the na­ They failed because they ignored the moral phy, to which we adhere, upholds the dig­ tions of the . earth. It is up to the United and spiritual values that alone give strength nity and sanctity of the individual. The States to be among the nations what Paul to a nation's roots, its foundations, its reason other would destroy all freedom and all re­ of Tarsus was among men. for beiz;.g. ligion except worship of the state. In the Now when I say we here represent the The system that grew up here was im... .Communist ph1losophy the 1ndividllal exists greatest triumph of Christianity, I mean by bedded in the public school, the town meet" only to serve the purposes of the government. triumph of moral principle over that which 1ng, and the free press. We impleme:ated Within the lifetime of an of :us here today is bad. Our constitution says that "all men democracy and justice in government by revolutionary changes have taken place. .are cr.eated equal." .It is a cornerstone 1n providing a government by consent of the , 19460 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE. June 4 1 governed. When we talked about "all men enemy without some element of risk. But What I have sought to emphasize in this • • • created equal" we worried, as Lincoln I insist that the risk can be buttressed by address is the suddenly extended, suddenly did at Gettysburg, about giving it meaning character, courage, and strength. And with accentuated meaning of our moral and spir­ 1in everyday life. When we Americans say, these I feel-as history I am about to relate itual values in the light of atheism's physi­ l"love thy neighbor as thyself," we are not proves-that communism has been and can cal and ideological threat from Moscow. We 1just reading Leviticus in the Old Testament be stopped dead in its tracks. I believe we cannot miss the importance in a technologi­ and Mark in the New and letting it go at that. are doing this under our administration to­ cal age of the need for higher education and :If someone invents a. steam engine, we day and I believe, moreover, that in this the development of our national talents to lAmericans expect it to run a locomotive. contest between freedom and communism their noblest flowering. It is this that will We expect it to replace sails on the sea, to there are no party lines. contribute mightily to a strong and progres­ carry freight, to move passengers, to build an Of course, given the brute strength of a sive America. Above all, this growth, moral­ economy. When we thunder at the greatest limitless army, given conditions of desperate ly and spiritually, this strengthening of our power of the time that all men "are endowed poverty, given widespread chaos, and the native talents by training and education, is by their Creator with certain unalienable Soviet Union, or its fatal export, communism, without meaning if it is not based on the rights," we Americans are not kidding be­ can and does expand. But unless everything bulwarking, equally, of our faith in our con­ cause we expect to get those rights, fight for we know about conquest by force as against stitutional rights. Given these moral and them and, if necessary, die in the process. conquest by moral principle is wrong, it will spiritual forces, given this all encompassing All of which is precisely and exactly and be impossible to convince me that commu­ education for all our people, given this faith extravagantly just what we do. nism has even begun to take root among the in the American heritage, victory for the free And we do it again and again and again. third of the earth's population and the fourth world will be the inevitable reward for man­ "Love thy neighbor as thyse'1f" did not of the world's surface where it now rules. kind. mean for us sharing cookies with the family It is only just now giving itself its own Nothing you graduates can possibly do will across the street on some one day during blow to its own solar plexus. enrich yourselves more or hasten the tri­ the Christmas season. It meant that Cuba We now have the proof in the Kremlin's umph of faith or make a better contribution was to be free. It meant that the Philippines own words that communism in general and to your country than to proclaim and dem­ were to have their independence, just as the Soviet Union's oligarchy do not respect onstrate . the faith and learning you have we had our independence. It meant that each other or themselves. gathered here at Westmar. May each of you any little people anywhere on this earth It is because they are vulnerable on moral bring something to a world in need of light could lift its melancholy face towards Wash­ grounds that they are vulnerable on every and understanding. lngton, ~- C., and hear ringing out to the other ground-economic, political, diplo­ oppressed peoples the electric language of matic, ideological. the "self-determination of nations" in the We all remember Austria, France, and ennobling words of Woodrow Wilson and Italy in 1947. They were becoming Commu­ his successors. nist-ridden. Their governments were tot­ The Civil Rights Problem It meant relations with our neighbors, tering under the vast despair of postwar Mexico and Canada, founded on persuasion chaos. Exercising our high moral standards EXTENSION OF REMARKS and consent. It meant a climax of think­ we stopped, on the home soil of the other OF ing across the frontiers that rendered sense­ man's country-the tragic overwhelming of less and unthinkable any policy of violence, free government by Communist infiltration. HON. HERBERT H. LEHMAN We stopped subversion and the misuse of of infiltration, or conquest. It meant a rela­ a OF NEW YORK tionship founded on mutual respect, not people's poverty to destroy their liberty. mutual fear, and it produced hemisphere In our overall program, Western Germany IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES understanding and vast regional solidarity was brought into the anti-Communist fold. Monday, June 4, 1956 and strength on the side of the free world. It happened that total success was not to That's what it meant. be our lot. For while we succeeded bril­ Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask And it meant that for the free world- . liantly for the most part in Europe, we unanimous consent that a speech which after the United States had spoken and underwent dismal failure for the most part I delivered yesterday, Sunday, June 3, practiced its words-the existence of satel­ in the Far East. We have to accept the con­ at ·the annual meeting of the Urban lite nations would stand out as a symbol ditions of combat--for wars are like that. League of Greater New York, held at the of shame, of national peonage, and that I could go on and relate the story of Iran, it would be an affront to the whole world's which but for us might have been swallowed Williams Institutional CME Church, sense of freedom and right in the era that is by the Soviet Union. 131st Street and 7th Avenue, be printed our era. I could go on and tell the story of Greece in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Yet we are but seven percent of the popu­ and Turkey with the Kremlin breathing on There being no objection, the address lation of the world. their necks. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, After 157 years, this tiny confederation of I could go on and report the heroic tale as follows: 13 States emerges as the greatest power of all of the Berlin airlift. time. It ts the unexampled phenomenon What I say in sum is that the Communist REMARKS OF SENATOR HERBERT H. LEHMAN AT 45TH ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING OF THE of 166 million people governed by 166 mil­ ideology is not an irresistible force. The lion people. It is so much the very heart­ Soviet Union, with its Kremlin, is anything URBAN LEAGUE OF GREATER NEW YORK, WIL­ LIAMS INSTITUTIONAL CME CHURCH, 131ST beat of world liberty that monarchs and bu't an immovable body. STREET AND 7TH AVENUE, JUNE 8, 1956 statesmen, kings and queens, those in power But moral force ts both. and those in exile-but all seeking liberty No one with an open mind and a clear I take this opportunity to pay my heart­ or strength for liberty--come to the podium view will belittle the compelling impact of felt tribute to the Urban League which has in the House of Representatives in the Cap­ President Eisenhower's challenge to the been working on the problem of intergroup itol of the United States of America to plead Soviet Union on disarmament and aerial in­ and interracial relations for almost half a their cause. The satellites that come to spection at the Geneva "meeting at the century. Moscow look glumly for their orders. The summit." Who can miss the sheer power of Over the years the Urban League has made nations that appeal to us for whatever in­ the confidence President Eisenhower enjoys historic contributions to the solution of fluence we have to give to enable them to from the peopie of his own country and the many aspects of the civil-rights problem. continue free and independent. world in relation to this contest with com­ One of the league's main achievements has As clearly as black is black and white munism? been to help expose and define its roots and ts white, Washington means freedom and What I urge today ts that we seek with all manifestations, in terms of housing, schools, Moscow means enslavement. the diligence we have, with all the wisdom recreation facilities, and other phases of We have then to ask ourselves: Now what? we can get to lead us, with all the sincerity segregation and integration. If you agree with me that we have the of our own people, some formula tailored­ The Urban League has furnished a frame­ moral might--tn the interests not alone of in each case-to the prevailing situation, for work within which men of good will of all our own preservation but in the interests the defeat of the Communist enemy. races could work together to achieve steady of the preservation of the free world and life · One part of this formula must be our own advances toward the goal of adjustment, itself on this planet to right a wrong, then strength in the area of education in our own focusing their efforts on the neighborhood our problem is: What processes shall we country. and the community. employ? What methods shall we use, what We may even turn the Soviet tragedy to This organization has helped to show how tools, what means? · And, can we do this some benefit if under pressure of its crisis we vast are the ramifications of intergroup and at all without going to the brink and without exert ourselves on the educational plane to interracial adjustment, what concrete and precipitating the very World War III we meet it head-on. We must defeat the peril of specific evils flow from discrimination and are so bent upon preventing? drastic shortages in skilled occupations. We segregation, and what must and can be done The answer is that, in one fonn or another, must determine why students drop out of about it. it all happened _before-and in our time. school and how gifted students may develop Some people, including some of the lead­ The answer is that Qf course no peop_le grimly their abilities. I go all the way with the ers of our Government, act as though civil determined to maintain its integrity against proposal tbat opportunities for higher edu­ '.!'ights were a brandnew. problem, which has enslavement or destru~tion can :Qol>e ·to sur_:­ cation should be available to all Americans just arisen and needs nothing so much as to vive against a resolute and a dangerous to the extent of their capabilities. be studied. And they indicate that as soon 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 9461 i as they finish studying it, they wtil probably necessarily limited to the tools with which housing projects which were, by their loca­ do something about it. And, of course, that I work. Those tools consist of national leg­ tion, forced into a pattern of segregation. - may take a long time. islation and such intluence as I can bring to There are substantial elements, including Others talk as if ,the civil-rights problem bear, as a Senator, upon the executive branch the Urban League, which are working pa­ were like a sudden attack of virus and that of the Federal Government. I must further tiently, persistently and strenuously toward all that should or can be done is to give the limit my efforts to those undertakings which the solution of these aspects of the problem, patient plenty Of rest, and maybe a dose or have either some practical prospect of suc­ which are as much a part of civil rights as two of some patent medicine, like a con­ cess, or indicate some possibility of having the right to vote and FEPC. Residential ference. a constructive effect. None of us can operate segregation is the other side of the coin of You and I know how unrelated to the on all fronts or move simultaneously in all school segregation. facts of life these views of the problem are. directions. One public official who, long before he be­ We know that the problem called civil rights At the moment in Washington I am de­ came a public official, had analyzed this prob­ is one of vast complexity, some of whose voting my efforts to the following fronts: lem, focused on it and agitated consistently manifestations will take time to work out, 1. Legislation to guarantee to all our citi­ for its solution over a period of many years, but all of whose aspects need to be worked zens the right to participate fully in political is my old friend, Charles Abrams, whom Gov­ on, without a moment's needless delay, ur­ activity, in all parts of the country-the ernor Harriman was wise enmrnh to name gently, deliberately, and zealously. right to vote. last year as chairman of the State commis­ You and I know, and some of you better 2. Legislation to guarantee to all our in­ sion against discrimination. than I, how galling and intolerable are the habitants physical security of person, and I want to pay my public tribute to many aspects of injustice, discrimination, the equal protection of the law in the enjoy­ Charles Abrams for his long-time efforts and segregation based on race, and how they ment of life, liberty and the pursuit of hap­ in this field. involve almost every phase of neighborhood, piness-the right of equal justice under law. I was amazed and, may I say, deeply community, and national life. 3. Legislation to provide a greater degree shocked when Charles Abrams was recently In basic respects, the civil-rights problem of equality of opportunity-in jobs, in edu­ made the object of a political attack by a is as much a northern problem as it is cation and in access to the major avenues leading political figure in New York State. southern. Harlem here is a glaring mani­ of personal fulfillment and realization-in Mr. Abrams was accused of being a zealot in festation of the civil-rights problem in the other words, FEPC, school integration and the cause of nondiscrimination. Well, if North, and I shall speak more about that nondiscrimination in all publicly supported ever there was a cause which called for in a moment. ceaseless dedication and agitation, this is it. But, above all, the civil-rights problem facilities. In this whole struggle I range myself on is one which involves each of us and mil­ 4. Legislation to provide a greater measure the side of the Charles Abramses in this, and lions like us, in our personal everyday lives, of social welfare for all underprivileged there are quite a few of them in this country. either as victims of discrimination and seg­ groups, including minority groups-such as I cannot be a neutralist. I cannot stand regation, or as those who, willing or not, or housing and medical care. above the battle. consciously or not, are the victimizers, the 5. And, executive action to complete in­ I identify myself with the victims of op­ discriminators, or the segregators. tegration in all branches of the Government pression and discrimination, wherever and The civil-rights problem is reflected in the service, especially in the so-called elite serv­ whoever they may be. If that is being a house or apartment we live in, in the street ices, such as the Foreign Service. zealot, if dedicated efforts to uphold the or neighborhood we call our own, in the This is a big order. How much, 1f any, of law, the Constitution and the laws of New job or profession we work at, in the shops we this legislation will be enacted at this session York make one a zealot, well, call me a patronize, in the movie we attend, in the of Congress I cannot predict. The pros­ zealot, too. vacation we plan, and 1n the schools to pects are not too bright. We need more and not less of this kind which we send our children or to which we But speaking for myself, alone, I am going of zealot in the fight for civil rights. Of ourselves go. In short, the civil-rights prob­ to continue to fight for legislation designed course, I do not mean that we need more lem touches us all in the most personal and to achieve these objectives, and will continue intransigent extremists. I mean men of intimate details of our lives, in one way or to press the executive branch for action and practical understanding and of patient another, depending upon the racial, social, for leadership, to the full extent of my energy, but also of unlimited dedication and and economic group to which we belong. energies and abilities. devotion. These aspects constitute the real core of And if we are frustrated In Congress, I Yes, we need more men like Charles the civil-rights problem. Around this core am prepared to carry the fight to the Demo­ Abrams, in New York and in the Nation, and are gathered the more dramatic manifesta­ cratic Convention in Chicago in August, and we need less who spend their time trying to tions-the legal and political manifestations to the people, in the elections in the fall, understand the viewpoint of those who defy which furnish the major approaches to the regardless of whether I am a candidate for the law or the spirit of the law but who have core and substance aspects of it. reelection or not. little concern for the victims of illegal In our concentration on these approaches, I pledge that I will not spare my own ef­ oppression and discrimination. which are the obvious instruments of our forts, or withhold any intluence which I can We need fewer public leaders who utter efforts, we must never lose sight of the core exert toward these ends. empty platitudes instead of proposing con­ and substance, which are the end objects of A few moments ago I said that the clvil­ crete plans for action. these efforts. · rights problem is a northern as well as a There are too many in Washington and In recent months the civil-rights problem southern one, and that here in Harlem we elsewhere in the North who, when they say has sharpened into a national crisis. This have both illustration and proof that the "we must sympathize with the problems of crisis dominates our thinking today; it dom­ the South," really mean-the problems of acute manifestations of this problem are not the southern whites, and particularly the inates our political life, too, unwilling as confined to the South. some are to recognize that fact. problems of those southern whites who have Just as the possibility of atomic warfare Harlem is a community rich in tradition a stake, political or economic, in the main­ overshadows our foreign policy today, so the and culture. Its contributions to the main­ tenance of segregation and the doctrine of possibility of a racial conflict overshadows stream of p.ational life, politically, socially, white supremacy. our domestic policy. economically and culturally have been many I think I understand the problems of the The civil-rights problem ls like a volcano, and varied. But Harlem ls also a rebuke to South, or at least I try to, but I have little smoking and bubbling, in the full view of us of the North, and a challenge to clean up sympathy for those elements of the South the Nation. All eyes are upon it. Endless our own backyard, even as we press forward that are determined to defy the supreme law words are now being spoken and written with our efforts to bring justice and equality of the land and to maintain the practice of about it. to the Negroes and other oppressed minor­ segregation for their own comfort, conven­ But that volcano has been there for a long ities. ience and advantage. time. Only a relatively few have paid much Harlem is a ghetto. Harlem ls an area of I have genuine sympathy with those in concentrated attention to it in the past, or poverty, congestion, substandard housing the South who are sincerely working to tried to understand ·the teeming forces with­ and substandard schooling. These condi­ bring about a change, in an orderly way, and in it. Yet we must understand those forces tions rather than the race or national origin with the least possible dislocation. . or we will be unable to cope with them, or of the people who reside in Harlem, are pri­ But most of all, I have sympathy for those control their disastrous consequences. marily responsible for the high incidence of long-suffering individuals-Americans like Today, as I have already indicated, too crime and juvenile delinquency in the area. you and me-who, for all of their lives have many Americans, including, I fear, many: at We need residential integration in New endured the whiplash of discrimination and the highest levels of our political life, do not York City. Housing segregation is responsi­ segregation. They are the ones whose understand those forces at all, either as to ble for the high incidence of school segrega­ plight calls for our first concern. They are their nature or their magnitude. And in tion in our metropolis, the empire city of the injured, to whom justice must be this lack of understanding lies our greatest the Nation. I am afraid that the policies of rendered. danger. Without such an understanding we cur New York City planners have not helped Through the lowering darkness of this will not be able to meet the crisis or mobilize the situation. present crisis, the light of hope shines true. the efforts needed to solve the deep-laid We have built too many housing projects, This is a right cause. Justice is on our side. problems which underlie the crisis. not on: vacant land, but on congested land. We may hope "that God is on our side, too. In my work in the United States Senate We have cleared some slums only to create At least, in the words of Abraham Lincoln, on the civil-rights problem, my efforts are new and worse ones. We have constructed we can hope that we are on His side. 9462 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE June 4 ~· we must proceed, and are proceeding, At the risk of losing some popularity con­ By that time, public opinien, ·both in without hate or rancor. Compassion and tests, within my own political party as well Europe and in America, became. aroused by understanding are written on our banners. as in my congressional district, I have long disturbing reports of appalling conditions But we will not stay our efforts or be stayed. ago refused to look upon immigration as a on vessels carrying . immigrants on their We are the upholders of the law, and we will means of winning friends abroad and po­ transatlantic journey. Thousands of them not be denied. litical support at home. were crowded among the horrors of the dread­ To me, immigration is first and foremost ed steerage space where they died of hunger, a matter of the national welfare and .na­ thirst, and disease. In 1819, a law was en­ . tional security. acted · in the United States limiting the Immigration or Invasion The volume and the type of immigrants number of -passengers that a ship could I coming to the United States must, in my carry and prescribing the minimum amount ./ opinion, be predicated solely on unbiased of water and food that had to be aboard. EXTENSION OF REMARKS and impartial findings as to how many we The master of every ship reaching our shores had to report the number of passengers he f OJ' should admit and whom we should admit. Findings that are scientific and not political. had brought and their personal data, such HON. FRANCISE. WALTER The quantity and the quality are of equal as age, sex, occupation, and country of origin. Thus originated the first immigration sta­ OF PENNSYLVANIA importance, and the interest of the American people must be the sole and exclusive yard­ tistics in the United States. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stick. But, except for these efforts to humanize , --· Monday, June 4, 1956 Immigrants entering the United States are transportation of immigrants, no attempt entering into the bloodstream of the Nation. at regulating immigration was. made during Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, under It is like an injection into the bloodstream of the first part of the 19th century. leave to extend my remarks in the a human being. It can be beneficial to him, The first legislative enactment which may RECORD, I include an address which I de­ increasing his strength and his vitality. But, be considered as relating to the quality of livered at the 66th national congress, if the injection is one of improper quality or immigrants was passed in 1863. It prohibited improper quantity-it could be fatal. Americans from carrying on the trade in Chi­ Sons of the American Revolution, on nese coolies. Later laws, still qualitative in Memorial Day, May 30, 1956, at the Saga­ THE PAST nature, established rules for the exclusion more Hotel, Bolton Landing on Lake A comprehensive picture of our current of immoral persons, paupers, and criminals. George, N. Y. problems cannot be presented without an A tremendous influx. of Chinese immigrants ~"" The address follows: outline or the historical· background of after the discovery of gold in California American immigration. , · This year-like all election years-brings prompted the enactment of the first Chi­ us that most bipartisan of all political games: From the first settlement of the North nese exclusion law in 1882. That trend of American colonies to the end of the Revolu­ legislation continued, as witnessed by the en­ The courting of the minorities. It is again tionary War in 1783, immigration to the New played with great fervor by those candidates actment, in 1885, of a restrictive immigration World was regulated not by the colonists but measure aimed at prohibiting the importa­ for elective -Office who believe that organized by the governments of Europe. The interest minority groups wield enough power to tion of cheap labor from abroad. of the European ruler was enhanced by the A few years- later, in 1891, the Congress clinch the vote in so-called close districts size of the population of his domain. The and States. .. excluded insane persons, persons likely to more abundant the labor force, the greater become public charges, felons, feebleminded ll' There appears to be an Irresistible fascina­ his profits and the more gold that accumu­ tion in the belief that when a certain con­ persons, polygamists, persons convicted of lated in the royal coffers. Consequently, all crimes involving moral turpitude excepting, gressional district or a State elects a Demo­ European rulers tried to prevent the exodus crat one time and a Republican another by a however, persons convicted of political of- of their subjects, the peons, who were al­ fenses. . small margin of ballots, the minority groups ready then attracted by the magnificence of are responsible for the result. The ethnic pattern of our immigration the wide open land and the opportunities began to change in the last two decades of ~ Consequently, as predictably as night fol­ beckoning from across the seas. lows day, we aTe confronted again in this the 19th century. Around the year 1890, The new settlers on this side of the At­ there appeared for the first time an appre­ election year with the peculiarly American lantic deliberately encouraged immigration. sport of claiming at political rallies, at fund­ ciable number of immigrants from eastern Here, more people meant more producers, and southern Europe. They came from the raising banquets, and in political propa"." more consumers, and more wealth to be ex­ ganda pronouncements that this country Balkans, from Italy, and from Russia, where tracted from the newly acquired soil and­ the czarist persecution of Jews began to drive does not admit a sumcient number of immi­ last but not least-more people meant in­ grants of one or another nationality. them out in ever-increasing numbers. creased safety of life and property. These changes in the immigration. pat­ We do not admit enough Greeks, they say, It is estimated that in 1640, the popula­ or enough Chinese. Not enough Italians or tern continued until after World War I: tion of the North American colonies num­ While in the decade of 1871 to 1880, almost Rumanians or Portuguese. We shquld admit bered 25,000 people and by 1700, it had risen more people from India, more from Indo­ 74 percent of the immigrants came from to 200,000. It took another 50 years to bring northern and western Europe, and only- 7 nesia more from Pakistan, or from Iran. · the population figure to the first m11lion. If ~e ask how many we should admit, ti+~ percent hailed from southern and eastern answer is always the same cry-more. And When the Articles of Confederation were Europe, in the decade of 1901 to 1910 only adopted in 1777, the population of the Thir­ 22 percent of the immigrants came from if we ask more of whom, it turns out that the speaker always means more of the people teen Colonies was well over 3 million, and the northern and western Europe while immi­ first census taken in 1790 put it at 4 million. grants originating in southern and eastern of that national group which the immigra:­ About two-thirds of the white population Europe contributed up to 71 percent of the tion auctioneer is addressing at that paT­ were of English, Scotch, and Welsh origin; ticular moment. new arrivals. about one-third were Dutch, French, Ger­ It was about that time that the Congress All right then, S,000, 50,000? No. Sixty man, Scandinavian, Spanish, and Portu­ turned its attention from qualitative re­ thousand? Or that part of the number of guese. strictions to quantitative restrictions. The immigrants which another nationality has Except for a short-lived restrictive period first law establishing a. ceiling on the num­ not sent to this country? No. Still not created by the alien and sedition law of 1798, ber of immigrants-a quota-was enacted in enough; and around and around we go. . immigTation flowed into the United States 1921. The second quota law was passed in And now this quadrennial numbers lot­ unfettered by any legislation. The vast 1924 and remained in effect with very little tery ls on again. The irresponsible, lusty growth of the new American economy, its change until the enactment of the present ·auction has started already this year, ex­ progression to the limitless frontiers of the law in 1952. The 1924 act was the one that actly_as we heard it in 1952. and in 1948-­ West and the ready acceptance of the new­ established the much discussed national just as we heard it earlier, and in between comer by the thriving communities--already origin system, a system based on the allo­ the presidential election years ~s well. established-exerted an increasing attrac­ cation to every national group of as many The auction is being conducted in the tion on poverty-stricken Europeans in the immigrants as that national group had con­ usual uninhibited manner by the presiden­ countries devastated by the Napoleonic wars. tributed to the population of the United tial aspirants, by governors facing election, Recurring famines and the great industrial States as of 1920. by Senators whose terms are about to ex­ revolution resulted in increased population THE WALTER-M'CARRAN ACT pire, and by some of my colleagues in the pressures and caused a gradual relaxation of House of Representatives. It is being car­ The 1952 law, commonly referred to as the ried on by all their assistants and helpers, the restrictive attitude of the European rul­ Walter-McCarran Act, is a comprehensive and by all the professional immigrant-han­ ers who suddenly reversed themselves and codification of over 148 laws that were on dlers who make a living as pafd servitors of began to encourage emigration. As a con­ our statute books when we first began a various social, religious and charitable agen­ sequence, the first official record of arriving study of our immigration and naturalization cies which have made a crude business out immigrants established in 1820 indicated problems in 1947. of the truly noble and humanitarian tas-k that the population of the United States had We had before us then a hodge-podge of of assisting the immigrant. jumped to almost 10 million persons. antiquated, and piecemeal immigration and 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9463

naturalization laws. They had been often More than that-and at the risk of ex­ crease of over 16 million, or 10.8 percent, amended, but never codified. They were posing myself to the ·accusation of immod­ since April 1, 1950, the date of the last na­ shot through with loopholes, inequities, am­ esty-I want to mention briefly that the tional census. Since 1950 immigration has biguities, and outright inconsistencies. erection of the Intergovernmental Commit­ contributed 1,700,000 to our population in­ There were discriminatory statutes exclud­ tee for European Migration is similarly the crease. Over 4 million babies were born in ing Japanese, Indonesians, Koreans, and result of my personal efforts. the United States in 1955. In comparison, other Orientals. There were laws prohibit­ This organization which we set up at births in 1940 numbered 2,800,000 babies. ing the naturalization of large groups of Brussels, Belgium, in December 1951, has Statisticians and economists of the Popu­ people permitted to remain in this country so far moved to happier lands almost half lation Reference Bureau maintain that the forever in an alien status. There were un­ a million people who had no opportunities increase of our population is entirely out of reasonably strict rules under which no mem­ of making a livelihood and bringing up their proportion with the rate of accumulation of ber of a subversive organization, however childern in the war-ravaged overcrowded capital in our country. They say that we are thoroughly reformed, could remain in this countries of Europe. It is good to see that not earning enough capital to expand our country and become a United States citi­ the Committee which had 16 nations as production fac111ties, our housing, our zen. We were admitting alien wives of our its members at the start, has grown into schools, and our highways, so as to accommo­ citizens outside of the quotas but we were an efficiently functioning organization with date the future generations of our own denying such privileges to the husbands of a membership of 26 independent nations. citizens. American girls. The wives of lawfully re­ We keep the Committee outside of the One glance at the world's population pic­ siding aliens were treated differently from United Nations in order to prevent any So­ ture and the picture reflecting the increase the husbands of females who were admitted viet interference and we excluded from it of our own population leads to one ines­ lawfully. There was no provision under any nation under Communist domination. capable conclusion: Immigration into the which brothers and sisters of United States Australia, Canada, Argentina, and other United States has long ceased to be a solu­ citizens could be placed in a preferential po­ South American countries have cooperated tion to the problem of crowded humanity. sition under the immigration quota. There splendidly with the United States and with The only solution is a bold concerted effort were no provisions under which even the the immigrant-sending European countries to increase food production on the still most highly skilled alien technician, engi­ in the furtherance of the Committee's aims. virgin continents of the southern hemi­ neer, doctor, or nurse, could come even when With the assistance of my colleagues who sphere coupled with an enlightened attempt urgently needed in this· country. serve on congressional committees handling to limit the uncontrolled increa.::e in the We corrected all of those inequities in foreign affairs and appropriations, I intend total number of inhabitants of the globe. the Walter-McCarran Act. All countries of to continue my work in behalf of that use­ To pile up more people on top of an expand­ the entire globe were granted-without dis­ ful organization. ing native mass of people seeking employ­ crimination-immigration quotas under a. I now intend to insist, both in Washing­ ment and a decent living in the countries formula equally applicable to all areas re­ ton and in Geneva, that the Intergovern­ with a population density similar to ours, gardless of the color of the skin or the shape mental Committee for European Migration is worse than folly. It is clearly an invita­ of the eyes of its inhabitants. undertake a determined and sustained effort tion to disaster. At the same time, the Walter-McCarran designed to explore and open up new vast THE PHONY REFUGEE LAW Act made it infinitely easier to rid this coun­ areas of South America and central and try of foreign-born subversives, criminals, southern Africa for the benefit of European Having told you how proud I am of the racketeers, narcotic peddlers, professional migrants who should be resettled in larger part I played in helping to resettle di~placed gamblers, and aliens who have surreptiti­ numbers on farmlands and not in con­ persons and refugees, I want to refer to an­ ously entered this country. gested industrial areas. other legislative enactment with which I had These-briefly-are the main achieve­ To bring the unskilled surplus European much to do-mostly opposing it. What I ments of the law about which there has manpower and families to unsettled lands have in mind is the much talked about, the been so much heat and so little light gener­ where they could engage in agriculture, deceptively labeled Refugee Relief Act of ated. 1953. The refugee relief law under which would serve a double purpose. In addition no relief was granted to refugees. DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES to providing the migrants with new oppor­ I have on many occasions called that I am stating my views on immigration tunities, it will increase food production for law-a "phony" and I still use the same frankly and openly because I do not have the ever hungry and now increasingly hun­ word to describe it. It was a fraudulent to defend my record in this matter. During grier world. gesture of brazen political hypocrisy. For the last decade, since 1945, to be exact, EXPLOSION OF HUMAN FERTILITY all its purported humanitarian aims the immigration has been one of the major sub­ Let me digress here for a moment and law, rammed down the congressional throat jects of m~ activities nationally and inter- by a new administration seeking popularity nationally. . give you an idea of what is going on in the field of human fertility-a marvel that has which it lacked, is a crudely concocted piece The guns had hardly stopped smoking of old-fashioned pork-barreling on inter­ when I moved with the American army of a decisive import on our immigration prob­ lems. national and national level. liberation into the infamous concentration Under that law refugees were created as a camps in Europe whic::.1 nazism had left According to statistical data placed at my disposal by experts from the Population Ref­ matter of pure legislative fiction writing. as monuments of everlasting shame. I was Real refugees were overlooked. Large num­ one of the first Arilericans to see the wretched erence Bureau in Washington, D. C., the world is faced today with a true explosion of bers of nonquota immigrant visas were ar­ survivors of Nazi bestiality. I saw Hitler's bitrarily allocated to certain countries. The victims anticipating with hope an oppor­ human fert1lity. Every morning there are 95,000 new mouths to feed. Every second 1 allocations were made entirely out of pro­ tunity to start a new life in a free land portion to any acceptable economic or and I saw them committing suicide when person dies, and 2 are born. The world's population is growing infinitely faster than demographic standards or equitable human­ forced to return to the lands where Hitler's itarian considerations. I believe that the former ally, Stalin, was busy continuing the food supply produced by the globe's good earth. numerical visa allocations of the 1953 act his program of enslavement and mass are simply in direct proportion to the murder. " Japan with a land area about equal to the strength of the political minority lobbies on l am rather proud to point to my work State of Montana has 88 million inhabitants. Capitol Hill and at the White House. on the laws which, since 1945, have brought In order to realize the overcrowding of Japan, I opposed this inequitable 1953 law, but to the United States almost half a. million one would have to imagine one-half of the having been outvoted in the subcommittee displaced persons who are now well inte­ population of the United States squeezed over which I now preside and in the com­ grated into our life, and who have caused into Montana. mittee of which I am the ranking member, but a. few instances of disappointment. Communist China has 500 million people. I have undertaken on the floor of the House Let us not forget that this country alone That is one-fourth of the world's population. a little salvage operation. I submitted a took one-third of all the displaced persons If the present birth rate continues in India, total of 11 amendments permitting United left in Europe by Hitler's reign of terror and coupled with the decreasing death rate, that States citizens to bring to this country their Stalin's postwar conquests. We took one­ country will have 450 million people by 1970. close relatives because even they, the rela­ third; yet we have only 6 percent of the The population of our neighbor to the south, tives, just as the genuine refugees, were land area of the world. It was certainly a Mexico, has increased by 30 percent in the overlooked by the sponsors and pushers of last 20 years, and the population of Mexico the phony Refugee Relief Act. All the spon­ little more than what is referred to as "a is still growing so fast that at the current fair share." sors and the pushers of the 1953 law were rate of growth Mexico's present population of interested in was but one thing-getting in I believe that the record will bear me out 30 million will jump to 60 million in less good standing with the strong big-city pres­ when I say that the success of our own than two decades. sure groups. national resettlement effort undertaken un­ And now a quick loo~ at our own popula­ However, the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 der the displaced persons laws of 1948, and tion picture. According to figures supplied has served at least one good purpose. It pro;. of 1950, is, in part, attributable to my own by the Bureau of the Census, the population vided a perfect demonstration of what hap­ activities in Washington, 1n Germany, and of the United States on April 1, 1956, was pens when immigration visas are distrib­ in Geneva, Switzerland. 167,440,000. This figure represents an in.. uted-"passed around" would be a better way 9464 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -HOUSE June 4 j o! saying it-by politicians instead o! math­ the figures. In 195f we admitted 49,170 ·as Similar instances have occurred in the past~ ematicians. It provided the strongest argu­ nonquota immigrants; in 1952-71,273, in It is obvious that the protection to the ment against any departure from the pres­ 1953-86,259, in 19.54-114,079, and in 1955- United States which the identification card . ent equitable, mathematical formula of dis- 155,558 nonquota immigrants . provides against entries of such aliens, who tribution of the annual immigration quota It is safe to predict that in the current have infiltrated the bracero program for in accordance with the national origins of fiscal year, we will pass the 200,000 mark of ulterior or sinister purposes, is essential in those immigrants who fashioned the funda­ nonquota admissions. the interest of national security. mental legal and social concepts upon which What little bearing the alleged inadequacy The Department of State informed me just this Republic has been built and upon of our immigration quota has on the actual a few days ago that nonquota visas issued to which it stands. number of those who come to this country, Mexican nationals will increase this year by As you know, it is this fair, nondiscrim­ is best illustrated by one example. You have 693 percent above the 1946 to 1952 level. inatory method of distributing our annual heard much about the immigration quotas This means that we will admit seven times as immigration quota that is under the sharp­ for the people of Asia. What you probably many Mexican immigrants as we admitted in est attack by the leaders of special inter­ have not heard is the fact that during the any single year before the present immigra­ este. last fiscal year, well over 2,000 Chinese and tion law became effective. i I will resist that attack. We all must re­ 2,489 Japanese came to the United States as In 1 single workday, our consuls in Mex­ ·sist it just as we would resist a foreign in­ nonquota immigrants, although the quota ico are issuing a peak of 324 visas. This vasion. Yes, invasion-and I shall attempt for Chinese persons is 105 and Japan's quota simply means that if our consuls in Mexico to convince you that the word I use is not is 185. Thus, nonquota immigration from work 8 hours a day-allowing a few minutes just a figure of speech. these two countries exceeds the annual quota for a coffee break or a chat With the staff­ 10 to 22 times. they are issuing in Mexico 1 immigration FIGURES TELL THE TRUTH THE MEXICAN INFLUX visa every minute. However, they are also The participants of the immigration num­ busy issuing visas to Mexican visitors, and bers lottery say all over this country-and, The most remarkable increase in the num­ in the last fiscal year they were doing that indeed, have unfortunately advertised that ber of immigrants coming outside the at the rate of 76,870 visas per year, plus brazen lie all over the world-that under quota is immigration from Mexico. This is approximately the same number of border­ the present immigrat ion laws, access to this reflected in the amazing increases of 128, crossing cards, and plus 367,461 cards to country has been curtailed, if not well nigh 347, and 525 percent, for 1953, 1954, and Mexican agricultural workers coming to this closed. 1955, respectively, over the annual average of country. Let us look at the figures rather than the years between 1946 and 1952. In other It would take too long and it would be listen to the chant of the auctioneers. In words, we are admitting now annually six too tedious to burden you with more fig­ the fiscal year of 1955, we have admitted times as many nonquota immigrants from ures, but as you may readily visualize, the 858,736 aliens, of which 237,790 have come as Mexico as we were admitting in any earlier increase in the number of entries from Mex­ immigrants to dwell among us for the rest of fiscal year prior to the enactment of the pres­ ico-lawf.ul entries only, mind you-reflect their lives and to bring into the world na­ ent immigration law. a truly vertig.inous rise. A graphic chart tive-born American citizens. The corre­ The great increase in Mexican immigra­ which the Department of State sent to my sponding number for the previous fiscal year, tion in the last 2 years is caused to a large office the other day depicts immigration 1954, is 774,790 aliens admitted, of which extent, undoubtedly, by the closing of our from Mexico in an almost vertically rising 208,177 were immigrants coming to this southern border to illegal entrants, which line. country for permanent residence. Going had assumed the alarming total of over 1 - What I have not seen as yet is a graphic back to the preceding years, the figures in­ million in the fiscal year 1954 alone. In the chart which could reflect in a similarly ris­ 'dicate a lesser number of aliens admitted to first instance, thousands of Mexicans who ing line a like increase in our school fa­ the United States, but looking at the figures had married American citizens and had cilitie .s, available job opportunities, housing. for the current fiscal year and even disre­ American citizen children were living as re­ and four-lane· highways. garding those that come under special legis­ spected members of their communities de­ lation, it is obvious that as the years pass, spite their original illegal entries. Many of THE EISENHOWER PROPOSAL our annual intake grows larger and larger. these returned voluntarily to Mexico in the Now, despite all the facts which I have It is quite possible that during the fiscal year face of the Immigration and Naturalization just presented to you, we find President 1957, possibly even in 1956, we will pass the Service drive for the purpose of obtaining Eisenhower coming before the Congress and one million mark of aliens admitted to this immigration visas, passing inspection, and recommending, in a message dated Febru­ country temporarily or permanently. reentering this country in order to pursue the ary 8, 1956, that the volume of annual im­ road toward American citizenship. You also hear from the immigration huck­ migration intake be considerably increased, sters that we have closed our doors to for­ Others who had repeatedly entered the possibly trebled. eigners who come to this country tempo­ United States illegally in the past now First, President Eisenhower proposed that rarily to transact business, to visit or to work faced the necessity of making a legal entry we accept the census of 1950 as a new basis here, or to study. Let us again take a look into this country, which includes the meth­ for the allocation o! annual quotas. That at the figures. In the fiscal year 1955, we od of obtaining an immigration visa for perm­ proposal if enacted into law, would by itself admitted 26,288 foreign government officials, anent residence. The latter class is swelled mean that our present annual quota of 154,- 68,696 foreign businessmen, 27,192 foreign by the present operation of the Mexican 657 immigrants would be increased to 220,000 students, well over 18,000 actors, artists, lec­ bracero program under which, except for a annually. turers, writers, press, radio and television small percentage of individuals, the two S~cond, in addition to recommending an reporters, 16,077 foreign trainees who came Governments concerned have not established increase in the total annual quota, Presi­ to our colleges, hospitals, laboratories and a mutual system whereby the recontracting dent Eisenhower recommends that quota similar institutions. In addition to these, an and reemployment from year to year of a numbers not used by countries to which bracero can be assured. We know that a they are originally allocated, would be made imposing total of 332,394 persons came here bracero wants come to this country and to visit. Each of the figures which I have to available for use elsewhere. This proposal. earn American dollars. If both Governments 1f enacted into law, would mean that at all just cited represents a 10 to 20 percent in­ can agree on a method to stabilize the Mex­ crease over the preceding year which in turn times, all of the annual quota will be ac­ ican labor force and if the bracero is assured tually used although right now, due to the xepresented a similar increase over the fiscal that he will be able to come to this country year 1953. fact that Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, for an unlimited number of times to work, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, and a few You have also heard much about the "in­ I am certain that he will be content to stay other countries do not provide a sufficient adequacy" of our total immigration quota. in Mexico and remain a Ml=lxican citizen. number of immigrants, there is seldom more The truth is that due to the extremely lib­ The Immigration and Naturalization Serv­ than 60 percent of the total quota used in eral treatment we accord under the existing ice is now engaged in a unilateral operation any stngle fiscal year. law to natives of the independent countries seeking to achieve this desirable result. Un­ Third, the President recommends that we of the Western Hemisphere and to all wives, der that system the bracero is inspected, re­ wipe out the so-called mortgage imposed on husbands, and children of American citi­ ports concerning him are screened, and if he about a dozen immigration quotas for the zens-regardless of race, color and place of is found acceptable and satisfactory in all purpose of deducting from the annual ar­ birth-our annual immigration quota has respects, including from the security stand­ rivals a prorated number of displaced per­ become but a basic premise from which we point, he receives a laminated identification sons already ad~itted to this country. This operate. Nonquota immigration represents card I-100. This is issued to him with the would have a net effect of adding about almost double the number of immigrants hope that he will again be selected by his _8,000 immigrants annually. which we admit under the quota. Government the following year for agricul­ Fourth, the President does not recommend In the fiscal year 1955, we admitted 82,232 tural work in the United States. any change in the present very liberal pro­ immigrants under the quota and 155,558 im­ Recent reports have been received that in visions under which immigrants are admitted migrants outside the quota. Of the latter one locality a group of aliens on a farin en­ outside of the quota. only 29,002 came under the Refugee Relief deavored to foment unrest among the bra­ Act. If we add these figures together, we see ceros employed there. None of the suspected -that the President's proposal will have the . The numerically unrestricted nonquota. ·subversive aliens -in this group was in pos­ net effect of increasing our present annual immigration is rising constantly. Here are session of the laminated identification C\.>t"d. immigration intake by well over 100 percent, 1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9465 and this estimate does not take into con­ grants annually? I do not believe that it conspiracy. Many more want to come to sideration the possibility of a further increase would be advisable to embark upon such a our shores in their quest for asylum. We tn the nonquota immigration from Mexico. venture without having first a good look at shall welcome them, although we would ex­ If we consider this, too, it is obvious that both the domestic and the international pect other free nations to do likewise, and what President Eisenhower is really advocat­ ramifications of such a decision. we would expect that they stop insisting ing is a 'trebling of our annual immigration. The United States is today the richest that we take once again an unproportionate Mr. Brownell, the Attorney General, admitted country in the world.. Our standards of liv­ share of political refugees. it in his testimony before a subcommittee of ing are Undoubtedty the highest in the world It is a1so true that we can afford to permit the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. with the possible. exception of but one coun­ immigrant families to· be united and to bring Th.ere is another consideration involved try-and that one, Switzerland, is a country their closest relatives. The present immi­ in President Eisenhower's proposals. Il we practicing the most restrictive immigration gration law has been written with· that heed his advice regarding the change of the 'policy in the entire world. thought ever present in the minds of its census base and if we continue to follow the · With the population growth on the ram­ authors. same course of action after the census of page all over the world and with the ensuing But-we must resist with courage and de­ 1960 is taken and again after the census of lowering of standards of· living in the over­ termination the attempt to convert this 1970, I believe that it would be entirely safe crowded countries of Europe and Asia, in country into a disorganized, multilingual, to assume that by, say 1980, we will have the absence· of any sustained effort on the· overcrowded dumping ground for the un­ much difficulty making ourselves understood part of most countries to have their food wanted rejects of the rulers of those coun­ in the English language in some parts of this production increased and also their industrial tries who selfishly refuse, or neglect, to cope country. capacity, the favorable conditions prevail­ with the problem of their own fast growing The distribution of immigrants in the ing in our country have upon the hungry population. We must tell those governments United States represents a growing problem. and unemployed masses the effect of a mag­ that after having spent approximately $50 According to a report prepared at the request net placed near a heap of steel shavings. billion of our taxpayers' hard-earned of the·great statesman who is now the Gov­ Obviously, millions and millions of peo­ money to rehabilitate their lands, we would ernor of the State of New York, 33 percent ple are attracted by American 2rosperity and expect them to provide employment and of all immigrants entering under the 1953 the opportunities which it offers. It is un­ food, to provide improved farmland and law remain in New York. and according to fair to blame anyone for wanting to come modernized industry for their own people other reports, as many as 75 percent of all to our shores, but is it wise to create in this instead of conveniently, yes, brutally, seek­ aliens in this country reside in 9 States out country a problem of unassimilable surplus ing to simply "get rid" of them and "send of the 48. When the Immigration and Natu­ population on top of the problems created by them to America." ralization Service reviewed the postcards re­ our fast rising birth rate? Is it wise to bring Overcrowded and impoverished, torn apart ceived in 1955, under the alien address re­ in more people before we arrange our econ­ internally by confiicting ideological con­ ports program, they found that all but 20 omy so as to take care of the present 3 mil­ cepts of uprooted immigrants swarming .percent of the resident aliens live in the lion average additional citizens born in this across our sea and land borders in excessive following States in this order: New York, country every year? I have no doubt that numbers, the United States could not main­ California, Texas, Illinois, Michigan, New the United States has ceased to be what in­ tain its present position in the world. The Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio. ternational migration experts call an area of United States will be unable to stay strong, Do not overlook, please, that the most re­ resettlement. to remain the bulwark of liberty, the stand­ cent figures released by the Department· of Of course, we can afford to extend our hos­ ard bearer of the free world and humanity's Labor place--with the exception of Cali­ pitality to- a sizable number of victims of last reservoir of spiritual and material fornia and Texas--all the areas affected with totalitarian persecution. We can well live strength able to repel the onslaught of the the highest figures of unemployed in exactly up to our tradition of opening the doors of atomic age Huns. We must resist the in­ those States. the land of the free to people who love free­ vasion in our own interest as well as in the dom and want t9 remain free. Many of interest of those who need our assistance. SOME FOOD FOR THOUGHT those have already joined forces with us in This Nation cannot afford to play the im­ Is it wise to permit at the present time our struggle for survival which we are wag­ migration numbers game~ The stakes are the entry of well over half a million immi- ing against the cunning attack of a ·godless too high.

help us to hold a steady vessel of prom­ S. 743. An act to authorize biennial in­ SENATE- ise. spection of the hulls and boilers of cargo From the shores of faith help us to vessels, and for other purposes; TUESDAY, JUNE 5, 1956 8. 1378. An act to clarify and consolidate sail for the land of fulfillment. From the authority to require the establishment, the bridge of courage help us to sight (Legislative day of Monday, June 4, maintenance, and operation of aids to mari­ the landmark of hope. Through the time navigation on fixed structures in or 1956) ocean of care help us to find the har- over navigable waters of the United States; bor of peace. • S. 1790. An act to amend section 4153 of The Senate met. at 12 o'clock meridian, the Revised Statutes, as amended, to author­ on the expiration of the recess. For Thou, O Lord, art the Captain of Providence. Under Thy colors do ize more llberal propelling power allowances Rabbi Samuel J. Fox, Lynn, Mass., we sail, and Thy good will · do we seek. in computing the net tonnages of certain offered the following prayer: vessels; Help us on this voyage of eternity for S. 1791. An act to amend' section 3 of the Dear Lord, our God and God of our the sake of a better world, a satisfied act of April 25, 1940 (54 Stat. 164), relating fathers: In this great hall of decision, humanity, and a peaceful civilization. ·to the lights required to be carried by motor­ where the fate of the many lies in the Amen. boats; hands of the chosen few, do we assemble · S. 1970. An act for the relief of Kim Bok­ soon and Anke Naber; to seek out Thy divine wisdom in the THE JOURNAL course of · human deliberation.. Great S. 2151. An act to provide for the segre­ on· request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, gation of certain funds of the Fort Berthold is our task in this thermonuclear age, Indians on the basis of a membership roll when man has assembled such grea.t and by unanimous consent, the reading .prepared for such purpose; powers of destruction. Heavy is our re­ of the Journal of the proceedings of Mon­ S. 2562. An a.ct to amend the United States sponsibility in an era of shifting values day, June 4, 1956, was dispensed with. Information and Educational Exchange Act when man is questioning the validity of of 1948, as amended; tradition: Through this haze of confu­ S. 3315. An act to amend section 5 of the MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 1930, 'fusion and misunderstanding have we as amended; and been selected to steer the ship of legis­ APPROVAL OF BILLS S. 3524. An act to give effect to the Con­ lation tow.ard the port of decision. Messages in writing from the Presi­ vention on Great Lakes Fisheries signed at dent of the United States were communi­ Washington September 10, 1954, and for Help us, O God, to turn our sails of other purposes. destiny into the winds of Thy spirit so cated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of that we may navigate safely through his secretaries, and he announced that storms of disagreement into the sunny on June 4, 1956. the President had ap.­ EXECUTIVE MESSAGES' REFERRED waters of harmony. In a sea of chaos proved and signed the follo~ing acts: S. 460. An act to amend section 4482 o:f the As in executive session. help us to chart the course of order. Revised Statutes, as amended (46 U. B. C. The PRESIDENT pro ~mpore laid be­ Amongst waves of .fear help us to find the 475), relating to life preserverS' for river fore the Senate messages from the Presi­ lane of security. Against gales of threat steamers; dent o:f the United States submitting