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Fight for the Right: the Quest for Republican Identity in the Postwar Period

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Fight for the Right: the Quest for Republican Identity in the Postwar Period FIGHT FOR THE RIGHT: THE QUEST FOR REPUBLICAN IDENTITY IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD By MICHAEL D. BOWEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Michael D. Bowen ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project is the culmination of many years of hard work and dedication, but it would not have been possible without assistance and support from a number of individuals along the way. First and foremost, I have to thank God and my parents for all that they have done for me since before I arrived at the University of Florida. Dr. Brian Ward, whose admiration for West Ham United is only surpassed by his love for the band Gov’t Mule, was everything I could have asked for in an advisor. Dr. Charles Montgomery pushed and prodded me to turn this project from a narrow study of the GOP to a work that advances our understanding of postwar America. Dr. Robert Zieger was a judicious editor whose suggestions greatly improved my writing at every step of the way. Drs. George Esenwein and Daniel Smith gave very helpful criticism in the later stages of the project and helped make the dissertation more accessible. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students in the Department of History, especially the rest of “Brian Ward’s Claret and Blue Army,” for helping make the basement of Keene-Flint into a collegial place and improving my scholarship through debate and discussion. Finally, I must thank the UF library system for closing Library West in December 2003 and keeping it closed until August 2006. A dissertation is a challenging thing to begin with, but when scholars do not have easy access to research materials, it becomes a more harrowing task that one can explain. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 “THIRST FOR POWER AND SELF-PERPETUATION”: THE DIVISION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 1944-1946...........................................................22 3 POWER WITHOUT CONTROL: CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICANS AND THE 80TH CONGRESS, 1946-1948...........................................................................65 4 OPPORTUNITY WASTED: THOMAS DEWEY AND THE REPUBLICAN FAILURE OF 1948 ..................................................................................................111 5 “A NATION OF MORONS:” THE AFTERMATH OF THE 1948 ELECTION, 1949-1950 ...........................................................................................153 6 PRAGMATIC CAMPAIGNS, IDEOLOGICAL VOTERS: THE ELECTIONS OF 1950 ....................................................................................................................200 7 “THE GREAT REPUBLICAN MYSTERY:” THE 1952 PRE- CONVENTION CAMPAIGN..................................................................................241 8 “IF WE SLEEP ON THIS, WE ARE REALLY SUCKERS:” JUNE – NOVEMBER 1952...................................................................................................282 9 PRELUDE TO A PURGE: EISENHOWER’S ELECTION AND THE DEATH OF TAFT, NOVEMBER 1952 – 1953. .....................................................324 10 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................372 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................378 Archival Sources.......................................................................................................378 Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City Tennessee.......................................................................................................378 Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene Kansas.......................................378 Library of Congress, Washington DC...............................................................378 Ohio Historical Society, Columbus Ohio..........................................................378 iv Wright State University, Department of Special Collections, Dayton Ohio.....378 University of Rochester, Department of Special Collections, Rochester New York.......................................................................................................379 Government Publications ..................................................................................379 Newspapers and Periodicals .....................................................................................379 Secondary Sources....................................................................................................379 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................387 v Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FIGHT FOR THE RIGHT: THE QUEST FOR REPUBLICAN IDENTITY IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD By Michael D. Bowen August 2006 Chair: Charles Montgomery Cochair: Brian Ward Major Department: History This dissertation explores the construction of partisan political identity after World War II. Long thought of as the party of rich white men, the Republican Party fractured over the proper method of achieving majority status in the aftermath of the New Deal. The party, once unified behind the banner of big business and laissez-faire economics, divided into two groups with decidedly different worldviews on race and class. One faction, championed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, struggled to make the party an institution of diversity and democracy and to include African- Americans and labor unions in its organizations. Dewey’s policy initiatives on civil rights and industrial relations were among the most egalitarian and forward-thinking of his day, and included the first state Fair Employment Practices Commission in the nation. The second faction rallied behind Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft and catered to elite and middle class interests. The Taftite legislative program was extremely pro- business, both big and small, and resulted in the Taft-Hartley Act and the end of price control measures designed to help consumers cope with a wartime economy. The vi struggle for control of the GOP and its fundamental principles had far-reaching ramifications for American public policy. Dewey’s frustration of the right-wing element fueled resentment that helped shape the modern conservative movement. Although these factions were labeled “conservative” and “liberal” in the press and by their opponents, they had nearly identical styles of governing. They espoused similar policy initiatives in areas such as education and housing. The two factions differed over social legislation designed to help African-Americans and unionized workers. Dewey sought to expand the postwar Republican Party by appealing to these two Democratic voting groups. Under Dewey’s leadership, the Empire State passed the first state provision barring employment discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin. His aggressive stance on labor relations benefited both employers and employees and New York largely escaped the post-World War II strike wave that swept the rest of the nation. Taft disagreed with Dewey’s methods and moved to rebuild the GOP on its traditional base of big business and upper-class whites. He flatly rejected a national version of New York’s anti-discrimination commission and authored the Taft-Hartley Act, a measure that erased many of the gains organized labor had made under the Roosevelt administration. The splintering of the GOP arose from two competing views of the American polity and the ramifications of the New Deal. Taft and Dewey hoped to take the Republican Party in opposite directions. The results of their struggle shaped the party for the next fifty years. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In April 1952, Robert Taft’s pre-convention campaign was in full swing as he addressed a group of Republicans in Pittsburgh. After briefly acknowledging the local and state politicians who made his trip possible, Taft emphasized the platform he had preached for the past five months. Known as “Mr. Republican,” the senior Senator from Ohio laid out his political philosophy in clear terms, saying “We offer the American workman a return to honesty and integrity in Washington, a reduction in his tax burdens, a stimulation of the process of improved production to increase his income and standard of living, a foreign policy which will protect his security without drafting his boys for military service and limit his opportunity.”1 Although he had announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination in November 1951, Taft and his closest advisors had been planning their campaign since 1948, when New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey lost the presidential election to Democratic incumbent Harry Truman.2 Often regarded as the most shocking upset in American political history, Dewey’s defeat galvanized Taft, his inner circle, and millions of his supporters across the nation. Their efforts to secure the GOP nomination in 1952 helped lay the groundwork for the modern conservative movement. 1 Speech of Robert A.
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