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The Politics Ofpassion Won1eds Sexual Ulture in the Afro- Urinan1e Diaspora ~ The Politics ofPassion Won1eds Sexual ulture in the Afro- urinan1e Diaspora ~ The Politics ofPassion Women's Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora Gloria Wekker ~ Columbia University Press New York ~ I a.~ ~ Columbia University Press BETWEEN MEN - BETWEEN WOMEN Publishers Since 1893 Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Studies New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2006 Columbia University Press Terry Castle and Larry Gross, Editors All rights reserved Advisory Board ofEditors The publication of this book was made possible by a grant from the Claudia Card Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). John D'Emilio Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Esther Newton Wekker, Gloria. Anne Peplau 'Ihe politicS of passion: women's sexual culture in the Afro-Surinamese diaspora Eugene Rice Gloria Wekker. p. cm. (Between men-between women) Kendall Thomas Revision of the author's thesis published in 1994 under title: Ik ben cen munt, Jeffrey Weeks ik ga door vele handen, maar ik verlies mijn waardc niet. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-23l-l3162-3 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-231-13163-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Women_Surinamc-Paramaribo-Sexual behavior. 2. Women-Suriname­ Paramaribo-Identity. 3. Sex customs-Suriname-Paramaribo. 4· Lesbianism-Suriname­ BETWEEN MEN - BETWEEN WOMEN is a forum for current lesbian and gay Paramaribo. 5. Creoles-Suriname-Paramaribo. I. Wekker, Gloria.Ik ben een gouden munt, scholarship in the humanities and social sciences. The series includes both ik ga door vele handen, maar ik verlies mijn waarde niet. II. Title. Ill. Series. books that rest within specific traditional diSCiplines and are substantially about HQ29.W476 2006 306.76'5089960883-dc22 2005054320 gay men, bisexuals, or lesbians and books that are interdisciplinary in ways that reveal new insights into gay, bisexual, or lesbian experience, transform tradi­ Casebound editions ofColumbia University Press books arc printed on permanent and tional disciplinary methods in consequence of the perspectives that experience durable acid-free paper. provides, or begin to establish lesbian and gay studies as a freestanding inquiry. Printed in the United States of America Established to contribute to an increased understanding of lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men, the series also aims to provide through that understanding a wider C10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 comprehension of culture in general. p109 8 7 6 543 21 Lorde, 1934-1992 - Contents Preface xi 1 No Tide, No Tamara / Not Today, Not Tomorrow: Misi Juliette Cummings's Life History 2 Suriname, Sweet Suriname: A Political Economy of Gendered and Racialized Inequality 55 3 Winti, an Afro-Surinamese Religion and the Multiplicitous Self 83 4 Kon Sidon na Mi Tapu .. /Then He Comes and Sits Down on Top of Me ... Relationships Between Women and Men 117 5 The Work 171 6 Sexuality On the IVlOve 223 Notes 259 Works Cited 277 ~ Index 297 Sexuality is intimately and immediately felt, but publicly 222 1he Mati Work and internationally described and mediated. Sexuality is ideology that stresses independence, self-worth, and self-respect. Mother­ not only not essence, not timeless, it is also not fixed in hood is for both the ultimate characteristic and fulfillment of womanhood. They all see relationships with men predominantly as a locus of exchange place; sexuality is on the move. between sex and money. PATTON AND SANCHEZ-EPPLER 2000 Second, mati have more sexual knowledge and pleasure because in the all-female arena they freely exchange sexual knowledge and transmit the This is why the study ofspecifically colonial cultures is an knowledge to younger generations. They do not see each other as competi­ essential prerequisite for the study of many contemporary tors for scarce resources. They have a more independent understanding of post-colonial and post-imperial ones. their own sexualities. KING 1991B Third, the mati work undermines a number of received feminist para­ digms. The notion that men maintain universal hegemony over women's sexuality is contradicted by these data (Rich 1980). Bonds between women in their own behavioral environment are institutionalized, validated, and celebrated. The mati work shows a sexual configuration where women unabashedly enjoy sex, are active sexual partners, and can disengage sex from love. From 6 all accounts, I have concluded that mati sex is genitally oriented and not the "vanilla;' cuddly brand that has so normatively been considered as the hall­ Sexuality on the Move mark of feminine sexuality by mostly white women. It seems to me that part of the excitement in mati sex may stem precisely from the "dangers" inher­ ent in the play with and the constant contesting of boundaries, the rights of both partners, and dominance/submissiveness. The mati work underscores This chapter aims to explore the ways in which one of the sexual configu­ the need to study sexuality and gender as two distinct arenas of social prac­ rations that has been central in this book, the mati work, is on the move tice: one can be a woman and not have a muted, passive sexuality nor a fixed, transnationally. Taking women's lives as points of departure, it addresses cross-sex sexual orientation. the question of how Afro-Surinamese women who engage in same-sex and Finally, the mati work offers a radically alternative configuration to the opposite-sex relationships have participated in sexual globalization in the historical genesis of homosexual "identity" under capitalism (cf. D'Emilio past decades. By sexual globalization I mean the various ways in which the 1984; D'Emilio and Freedman 1988; Faderman 1991). The line of reasoning I rapid flow of capital, people, goods, images, and ideologies across national have adopted is that the institution can be most profitably understood as an boundaries, which continuously draws more ofthe world into webs ofinter­ elaboration ofan African set ofprinciples guiding the construction ofselves, connections, structures the domain of sexuality (Inda and Rosaldo 2002). genders, and sexualities. Sexuality is not conceived as expressive of a "core;' I will focus on the globalization of women's same-sex sexuality, a phenom­ "essential:' "authentic;' "true" self, but as behavior. enon that has received little attention in the literature. Chapter 6 will follow women in their transatlantic travels, during the Sexual globalization is an as yet underexplored phenomenon, especially nineties, to the postcolonial space of the Netherlands. in its same-sex varieties. Most of these studies thus far have mainly paid attention to gay males (Altman 1996; Drucker 2000; Patton and Sanchez­ Eppler 2000; Donham 2002; Cruz-Malave and Manalansan IV 2002). In addition, in-depth, grounded research is frequently sorely missing in trans­ national studies of sexuality, because these settle too readily for a focus on the surfaces and commonalities of same-sex sexual globalization without adequately understanding the particular historical and social contexts in which these sexualities are embedded. Unfortunately, in the literature there 226 on the Move Sexuality on the Move 22'1 Euro-American form of female same-sex desire. This expectation is alive in Global Imperialism is the era of empire, of British (English) domination in commonsense discourses, but it is also fed by academic discourses that see which other human races are deemed inherently inferior and denied their own an unproblematic unidirectionality in the field of sexual globalization, a tri­ voices, while the Global Postmodern refers to a decentered world of American umphant progress and transfer of sexual forms and identities from the West mass culture. Ironically, it is a world in which the previously silenced have to the Rest. Into this rather simplistic, linear evolutionary equation I want to found a voice with which to fight for new places. Global Imperialism describes insert a set of complicating factors. In hegemonic versions of sexual global­ a world centered around nations organized in a hierarchy of domination, while ization ahistoricism and an overlooking of continuing imbalances of power the Global Postmodern has lost any such hint of totaliZing logic. It describes a have shaped the definition of Euro-American sexualities as normative and world in which homogeneity calls forth diversity, in which difference is plural­ non-Western sexualities as deviant. The actual meeting of lesbianism and ized, deployed and valorized rather than enclaved in water-tight compartments the mati work in the Netherlands, from the middle of the seventies, is pre­ of superiority and inferiority. figured in the system of Dutch Empire. In contradistinction to the preferred (HALL 1991) standpoint in the Netherlands that imperialism is something regrettable that happened elsewhere, was perpetrated by other nations,l and is thus external It remains to be explored, however, through grounded ethnographies to Dutch continental history and identity, one of my central understandings such as the one I am attempting here, how these two templates-global is that imperialism, the invention of race, and the hierarchization of sexual imperialism and the global postmodern-are operative in the sexual domain configurations were fundamental aspects of Dutch modernity. In Dutch and how they are connected in the Dutch-speaking postcolonial cultural postcolonial space new representations of gendered and racialized bodies ecumene. I will foreground the operation of gender and "race" in processes reinvigorate existing structures of inequality
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