Vol. XVII No. 8 August, 1962 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN

I FAIRFAX MANSIONS, FINCHLEY RD. (corner Fairfax Rd.). LendM. N.W.I Offic* and Contulting Hourt: Telephone : MAIda Vale 9096/7 (General Ofkce and Welfare tor the Aged) Monday to Thurttiaf 10 a.m.—l p.m. 3~6 p.i MAIda Vale 4449 (Empioyment Agency, annually licensed by tha L.C.C.. and Social Servicas Dept.) friday 10 a.in.—l p.m.

even so, I don't believe that he did not mean WHITHER JEWRY IN TUNISIA what he said or that his words were reported out of context. For it is a fact that today there is no Jew in the Cabinet, though the only former AND MOROCCO? Jewish Minister is still a prominent member of the Neo-Destour, Bourguiba's party. There are some Jews active in public life, a few are judges, and many more barristers. Editors of French papers Impressions of a Correspondent are Jews, and the French language dailies carry the Christian, Muslim and Jewish dates on their The Jewish scene in North Africa is today villages entirely inhabited by Jews ; today, their front page. Integration is a necessity just as undergoing a transformation more rapid than a Jewish population is halved, and Muslims have national unity is essential for the stability and reader of Professor H. Z. J. W. Hirschberg's moved into the empty Jewish houses, gradually development of State and society. Hence, citizens " Inside Maghreb " (in Hebrew) would expect. The transforming the Jewish character of these villages. are expected not only to be physically present, but leamed author published in 1957 in Jerusalem Relations between Jews and Muslims are friendly, also with their hearts and minds. To look to the findings of his study-visit of the large Jewish but Jewish existence is insecure, and an atmo­ Israel as the land of hope is resented by the communities of the Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria and sphere of doom hangs over a picturesque group of nationalists who demand wholehearted devotion Morocco), and the picture that emerges is on the Jews almost indistinguishable from their Arab and and labour for the Tunisian nation. whole a fairly happy one: a contented, consciously Berber Muslim neighbours. These Jews welcome Jewish community proud of its past—and rightly every visiting Jew as their brother, their first A New Sovereigii State so _ since North African Jewry gave many question is invariably: " Have you been to We remember how, after the establishment of distinguished scholars to Jewry and the world in Israel ?" Tenaciously adhering to Jewish law the State of Israel, prominent Anglo-Jews raised the Middle Ages, only overshadowed by the glory and custom, not a little mixed with superstitious the bogey of divided loyalties (others called it that was Spain. Fairly, but not entirely happy, practices, they are curiously untouched by double loyalty). How much more is it, therefore, tor the time was the eve of independence for two independent Tunisia's leap into modern national understandable that a so recently arrived indepen­ Arab States (Morocco and Tunisia) and the begin­ Statehood. dent sovereign State—which has barely emerged ning of a cruel fight for the independence of the The ancient Synagogue El-Griba stands out as a from colonial rule and has to travel a long way third North African country, Algeria. Emigration symbol of the Jerusalem of old, and the kinder­ before it is securely established on sound economic Was already in full swing. However, the natural garten. Soup-kitchen and Dispensary are a living foundations—should be seriously concerned about increase in population largely offset it, and almost link with Western Jewry and modern Israel. The the loyal service of a minority, no matter how half a million Jews formed an integral and long established as a full partner. important part of world Jewry. Israel was not the children are taught Hebrew, the Hebrew of the only country chosen by those who had either lost Bible, of Midrash and of daily speech. Jewish history Suspicion is heightened by the fact that between their livelihood or felt insecure enough to leave is also taught in Modern Hebrew, while Cheder 1923 and 1952 7,000 Tunisian Jews made use of for a place in the sun. It was mainly the poorer and Yeshibah teach Chumash with Rashi, Mishnah the offer of French citizenship proffered by the ^ction which sought refuge and freedom in Israel. and Talmud in the time-honoured way of our Occupying Power. What is more, the middle The educated classes preferred France, whose cul­ forefathers. A Hebrew printing-press produces class, especially the upper layers of wealthy ture and citizenship they had adopted, or North our sacred literature today exactly as before when business men and professional men, are French and South America. it supplied all of North African Jewry. All the in culture and outlook. True, the Jews live in same, this is a dying, a fast dying, community amity with their Muslim neighbours, yet socially Then came independence. At first, the departure prou(31y exhibited to the many tourists of all they hardly mix. Mostly, they live in separate of the French brought little change in status and faiths as an integral part of Tunisia's colourful quarters, though the break-up of the Ghetto in Opportunity to the Jews. But while there is no blend of many cultures and civilisations. But the Tunis, for example, inevitably leads to Jewish and discrimination against Jews as full Tunisian or Tunisians who are today marching with enthusi­ Muslim Tunisians living, not only working or Moroccan citizens, their position has been trans­ asm and determination towards a modern secular trading, next to each other. The disappearance formed so significantly over the last five years State want their Jewish fellow-citizens to go along of the Ghetto is anything but an anti-Jewish that emigration has become a necessity for many with them in unquestioning loyalty to this new measure, nor would the poorer Jews living in it and a possibility, not to say a probability, for the national State. Judaism, like Islam, is supposed voluntarily leave; it is simply the result of slum others. In both countries the general feeling to be the private affair of the individual citizen. clearance. But it means hardship for many Jews, among Jews is one of insecurity. This applies in Its practice is guaranteed to a Jew. but it should because the Govemment only compensates the the first place to the economic sphere, but it is not be a spur ancj not a hindrance when he discharges owners of condemned houses, not the tenants who C(3nfined to it and extends to life as a minority his civic duties, foremost in his contribution to have to find accommodation much more expensive Within an Arab State. the economic and social wellbeing of a united than their old, partly dilapidated dwellings. Tunisian nation. Changes After Bizerta Until 1960 the Jews lived under their own Integration is the watchword in every sphere Personal Status Law, that is. Rabbinic law In Tunisia the Jewish position appears to be and walk of life, particularly since Bizerta which, administered by their own Beth Din under even more precarious than in Morocco, especially so Jewish eye-witnesses of distinction aver, was a Dayanim of their own choice. But now the Jews since Bizerta and the wholesale exodus of the real watershed. Before, emigration was possible are under the same Personal Status Law as thc French. Economically, Tunisia has suffered Muslims. Only in matters of cult and ritual are greatly, and all groups of its population have been without hindrance: we know that between 1948 and 1956 29,000 Jews emigrated to Israel alone. they still autonomous, just as their Muslim fellow adversely affected. However, owing to their citizens. The Personal Status Law now in force peculiar place within Tunisian economy, the Jews This went on during the first four years of inde­ is Islamic law of the Malikl rite or school, mod- are worse off than their Muslim and Christian pendence, until President Bourguiba spoke out Continued on page 2, column 1 (mamly Italian and French, in so far as they are against Israel, no doubt for political reasons. But still there, and Spanish) neighbours. For there is itiuch less demand for high-class tailoring and precious jewellery today than before Bizerta, when OESTERREICHISCHER ABGELTUNGSFONDS It was already considerably less than under the rrench protectorate. Comparatively best off are FRISTABLAUF! the professional classes, lawyers and doctors, and ttiey are determined to stay on as long as they can palce a living. Merchants are looking for open­ LETZTE MOEGLICHKEIT! ings elsewhere. The goldsmiths and silversmiths Versaumen Sie nicht die Anmeldefri st fuer Antraege an den are hardest hit. yet. strangely enough, their adol­ escent children want to carry on a craft associated Abgeltungsfonds, Wien II. Taborstr. 2-6 torcenturies with the family. .This holds good for Tunisia as well as for die am 31. August 1962 ablauft Morocco, and is particularly noticeable in the island of Jerba in the south of Tunisia which Die Frist wird niehl- verlaengert werden. claims a Jewish community from the days after Formulare und Information erhaeltlich beim Austrian Desk, the destruction of the First Temple 2,300 years ago. Until a few years ago it possessed two URO, 183/189 Finchley Road, N.W.3. Pa EC 2 AJR INFORMATION August. 1962

HOECHSTRENTEN FUER Whither Jewry in Tunisia and Morocco? BERUFSSCHADEN (Continued from page 1) Weitere rueciiwirkende Erhoehung emised in matters of marriage (monogamy is fateful question: " Whither Islam ? ", we cannot Durch Verordnung vom 8.5.1961 sind die compulsory), divorce (with greater safeguards for foresee what kind of future, if any, Jews will Hoechstrenten fuer Schaden im beruflichen Fort­ the divorced wife) and inheritance. Moreover, have in these two countries. In Morocco, the kommen gemaess § 83 Abs. 2 BEG (selb­ like Civil and Criminal Law, this law is adminis­ process of secularisation is much more gradual staendige Berufe) und § 95 Abs. 1 BEG (unselb­ tered by State judges ; religious judges no longer and much slower than in Tunisia under the ener­ staendige Berufe) fuer die Zeit vom 1.4.1959 bis function. Here again, we must not jump to the getic leadership of Bourguiba and his party. But 31.5.1960 von 600.—DM auf 630.—DM erhoeht conclusion that this measure is directed against the tendency is the same. Traditional Islam is worden. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat mit the Jews qua Jews ; it is simply part of the official very strong among the ordinary people, while Urteil vom 13.12.1961 diese Regelung insoweit policy which aims at a unitary state of Tunisians the intellectuals are divided. Yet in both coun­ als verfassungswidrig erklaert, als die monatlichen irrespective of religion, with a unified legislation. Rentenhoechstbetraege erst mit Wirkung vom tries Islam, though the concern of the individual, 1.4.1959 und nicht schon mit Wirkung vom To this we must add a unified education system is invoked to provide that moral guidance, to 1.4.1957 erhoeht worden sind. Eine Verordnung on a national basis which aims at welding all supply those spiritual values which are indispen­ der Burdesregierung vom 19.6.1962 (BGBl. I, Tunisian citizens into one nation and which sable for good citizenship. But Islam is on trial, S. 422) hat dieser Entscheidung des Bundesver- expresses itself in Arabisation. This means that is a grave problem today, whether considered as fassungsgerichfs Rechnung getragen und nunmehr Islam, its tenets, its literature and its history form a way of life in which religion and politics are auch die Rentenhoechstbetraege gemaess §§ 83 the basis of all education for citizenship in complementary or as the private concern of the Abs. 2. 95 Abs I BEG bereits vom 1.4.1957 ab Arabic. As far as the Muslim children are con­ individual—a modern, European notion alien to auf 630.—DM erhoeht. cerned, religious education is complementary to classical Islam. The result is—at least so it civic education. The Jews are given complete appears to me—that for some time to come Infolge der grossen Belastung der Entschaedi­ freedom to cultivate their own religion in schools political nationalism will persist and, especially gungsbehoerden muss damit gerechnet werden, of their own which are flourishing under the joint as long as the twin problems of over-population dass die Rentenumstellung geraume Zeit erfordern efforts of the Jewish community, the Alliance and poverty are not solved, the feeling of uncer­ wird. F.G. Israelite, the American Joint Distribution Commit­ tainty and insecurity will aggravate the Jewish tee and Ort. Yet, Jews are encouraged to send position in these two countries. Add to this the IS BORMANN ALIVE? their children to the State schools as part of the gravity of the Algerian problem, and it is easy drive for integration. Arabisation is the inescap­ to see that even those Jews who are gravitating According to Senor Angel Alcazar de Velasco. able means to integration. towards France seriously consider Israel as a who was Spanish Press Attache in London in 1941 Needless to say this presents the Jews with a way out of an impasse not of their making or and 1942, Martin Bormann, Hitler's deputy, is still new situation which is only partially comparable choosing. " For where else can we go, which alive. to the attempt of the French to further the spread other country is prepared to accept us with open Senor de Velasco. speaking at a Press con­ of French culture under the Protectorate. Then, arms ? " this is echoed wherever one meets Jews ference in Paris, said that he last saw Bormann the children of the well-to-do Jews were sent to casually in kosher restaurants, in 'planes, in buses, in Ecuador in 1958. The former Nazi leader had the Lyc^e and the best among them went to behind the counter in the Post Office, in prematurely aged, was completely bald and had France to acc^uire a French university education. synagogue. undergone three plastic surgery operations to Only rarely did the son of a poor Jew make the his face. gra(]e, as we can see from the novel of Albert In many ways the position under modern .According to Senor de Velasco he helped Memmi, a book which is available in an English nationalism is more explosive and fraught with Bormann to escape from Spain to the Patagonia translation under the title " The Pillar of Salt". danger than it was when religious fanaticism area of Southern Argentina in 1946. He stated It describes most movingly the inner conflicts of flared up and led to pogroms from time to time. he did not know where he was now and if he a sensitive young Jew bom next door to the In Tunisia and Morocco we have but a variation did he would not divulge Bormann's where­ Ghetto of Tunis who is torn between East-tradi­ on the age-old theme of Jewish existence in the abouts. But fhe last time he saw him Bormann tional Judaism in its peculiarly North African Diaspora. Peace of mind, security, social and said he visited Europe once a year.—(J.C.) form and West, i.e.. French, culture and civilisa­ economic wellbeing depend on circumstances over tion which betrayed him in the hour of crisis which the Jews themselves have little if any con­ during the Nazi occupation in the last war. trol. The uneasy and uncertain truce or rather NO FILMING AT BELSEN lull in Arab-Israeli relations has both a negative Since independence, the conflict of the intellec­ Vittorio de Sica, the Italian film producer, has tual. Westernised Jew who finds that he is at home and positive aspect. On the debit side it acts as been refused permission to " shoot" a number of nowhere because he cannot declare himself for a pretext to sharpen distrust and disturb hitherto scenes in a production starring Sophia Loren at Zionism and Israel either, has become a very real friendly good-neighbourliness ; it also forces even the site of the former Bergen-Belsen concentration problem for all Jews in all walks of life. The the most well-meaning Arab statesmen and poli­ camp. customary life of countless generations of Jews ticians to blow the anti-Israel trumpet while at A spokesman for the Lower Saxony Ministry living in the security of a self-contained, natural the same time proclaiming complete equality of of the Interior said that permission had been with­ cornmunity, is threatened by circumstances over their Jewish fellow citizens with the Arab held not because of opposition to recalling the which North African Jewry has no control and majority. On the credit side. Israel offers what sad events of the Nazi period, but because the for which it is not responsible. no other country in the world ever could or site was the burial-place of thousands of victims would grant to masses of Jews, mostly poor and of Nazism. The feelings of the relatives of those "Islamic Culture" often unable to work or to adapt themselves to buried '.here should be respected and the site new conditions: a home with a welcome without should not be desecrated by using it as a back­ Before independence, Arab nationalism could restrictions and conditions. ground for a film, the spokesman said.—(J.C.) accept the Jews as allies. After independence, it This is something we must surely recognise as expects them to support wholeheartedly and with­ an inestimable boon, the more important as out any mental reservations a state which is still EX-NAZI JUDGES IN AUSTRIA carried along by political nationalism, and which economic opportunities decrease for Jews in North Africa. Jews there are the innocent vic­ The memorandum submitted some months ago has not yet succeeded in transforming its mainly by the Federation of Resistance Fighters and political ideology into a cultural nationalism. The tims of adverse circumstances which the authori­ ties cannot change. The departure of the French Victims of Nazism to the Austrian Ministry of achievement of such cultural nationalism would Justice, alleging that judges and public prosecutors entail the acceptance by the Jews of Islamic and the Algerian war have caused widespread who served under the Nazis still hold office, has Culture. However, this need not lead to insur­ economic dislocation which must affect Jews par­ mountable difficulties, and involve basic contradic­ as yet elicited no reply. ticularly gravely since their traditional occupa­ The Federation, as a gesture of protest, has tions, as long as the term " Islamic Culture " is to tions have lost much of their usefulness in a be understood in a secular way, almost synony­ now made the contents of the memorandum mous with Arab culture, i.e., as something corres­ modern economy, quite apart from the sudden public. It details known instances of pro-Nazi ponding to " European Culture ". In other words loss of customers. Under these circumstances statements and judgments on the part ot as long as the acceptance of Islam as a religion it is difficult to foretell whether North African prosecutors and judges still exercising their is not demanded, just as Christianity as a religion Jewry has a future. powers.—(J.C.) is not imposed on Jews sharing as equal citizens European Culture, Jews in Arab States could live in and contribute to a modern Arab State. Unfortunately, the situation is at present very confused and complicated by economic stresses and political antagonisms. Israel only adds another Feuchtwanger (London) Ltd. dimension to this complex situation. On the other hand, it is not a primary cause of the— Bankers mainly economic—difficulties which beset North African Jews in Morocco and Tunisia today. It BASILDON HOUSE, 7-11, MOORGATE, E.C.2 is undoubtedly an irritant, but it is not an important factor determining the relationship Telephone: METropolitan 8151 between an Arab majority and a Jewish minority which have much in common and which have, RefreMntiKg: by and large, lived harmoniously together for I. L. FEUCHTWANGER BANK LTD. I FEUCHTWANGER CORPORATION centuries. TEL AVIV 1 JERUSALEM t HAIFA | 60 EAST 42nJ ST., NEW YORK. 17. N.Y. As long as we do not know the answer to fhe AJR INFORMATION August. 1962 Page 3 HOME NEWS ANGLO-JUDAICA "Help Algerian Jews" AFTERMATH OF NAZI RALLY IN have been proceeded against. Mr. Sydney Silver­ man said that the world did not fight six years of Sir Bamett Janner, M.P., President of the LONDON a bitter and bloody war, at the cost of fifty million Board of Deputies, at the Board's meeting, human lives, in order to permit Mr. Colin Jordan The first public rally of the National Socialist referred to the danger of assimilation facing Jews to recommend to the British people that they now flocking into France from North Africa. If Movement in Trafalgar Square was stopped by should imitate Adolf Hitler. the .\cting Chief Superintendent two and a quarter the necessary steps were not taken now—at this Sir Barnett Janner said that once it was apparent critical time—it would soon be too late to deplore hours after it began, at the point when Colin that there would be a breach of the peace it was the drift away from the Jewish community of Jordan, the Movement's leader, was extolling the the duty of the police to prevent a meeting being the Algerian refugees now in France, he said. virtues and achievements of Adolf Hitler. held. As there was not the slightest doubt that The crowd—variously estimated at between A plea for more financial aid for those Jews the susceptibilities of decent people would be hurt was made by Mr. E. Milner, who acknowledged 2,000 and 5.000—incensed by the political doc­ it was obvious that there would be a breach of trine of Nazism and incitement of hatred against that the money from the Central British Fund the peace. for this purpose was limited. He pointed out the Jews, expressed their hostility. Jordan had Colin Jordan, who is a schoolteacher in Coven­ that already those Jews who had arrived from to be escorted by pwhcemen to the underground try, has been suspended from his post. A Algeria were causing some difficulty, and declared station and it took the police ten minutes to form debate on his position took place in the House of if the present wave became a flood and economic a cordon strong enough to let the van through a Commons when the Minister of Education, Sir conditions worsened, fascism would ripen and mass of people who tried—with only limited David Eccles, replied negatively to Richard Marsh flourish. success—to lay their hands on Britain's liberators whether he would issue a circular to all Education " from Jewish control'". " French Jewry," said Mr. Milner, " must be Authorities asking them to refrain from retaining sure of our willingness to help—and not just by The majority of the crowd were non-Jews, most in their employment teachers who expressed views mere words of sympathy." of them frorn the political Left and including which made it clear that they regard the children On the plight of Jews in Russia, Mr. M. W. youngsters wearing the badges of the Campaign of some races and religions as inferior to others. Domb suggested that as the Russian Government for Nuclear Disarmament. At the same time the Minister stressed that he was seemed to " bend over backwards " to prove that Throughout the Nazi rally a silent protest well aware of the alarm and anxiety among they were not anti-religious, the time had come demonstration was held on the steps of the near­ parents of the school where Jordan was employed. to explore the possibility of the Chief Rabbi going by church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, where a It was because of that, he imagined, that ' the to Russia to make contact with the rabbinate group of Christians, wearing the Star of David, Coventry authorities made their move. there. Sir Barnett promised to pass on the sug­ identified themselves with the Jewish community. gestion to the Chief Rabbi.—(J.C.) The initiative for this came from Councillor Bill Resolution of Ex-Service (N.B.) Association Sargent. Vicar of the Holy Trinity in Dalston. Hackney, and three other members of the Christian In a resolution, passed on July llth, the Board Board of Guardians Socialist Movement. of the Ex-Service (N.B.) Association, " representing The Hon. L. H. L. Cohen, son of Lord Cohen, The Association of Jewish Ex-Service Men and ex-Servicemen who came to this country as refu­ has been elected as President of the Board of Women, which stayed away from the meeting, gees from Nazi oppression and who volunteered Guardians. issued a statement that they might not exercise to join H.M. Forces in Britain's finest and darkest The retiring President. Mr. Oliver Sebag-Monte­ •' the same restraint on similar occasions in the hour to fight for justice and human rights deplores fiore, said the Board had greatly expanded in future ". The statement also blamed the Minister that Trafalgar Square and similar public places scope and activity during the past two years and of Works for allowing the meeting to take place. are used for the purpose of propagating sectional it was essential that younger people be recruited " Our Association are strongly of the opinion hatred, and trusts that H.M. Government will if the organisation was not to become "top- that the meeting should have been closed by the take appropriate steps to prevent any such reoccurrence." heavy ". authorities at an early stage after it had become Retiring together with Mr. Sebag-Montefiore apparent that the platform was to be used for a was Mr. Edward W. Joseph, Chairman of the tirade of antisemitic provocation." SIR KEITH JOSEPH IN CABINET Executive Committee. He was succeeded by his On the day of the rally the Archdeacon of Vice-chairman, Mrs. L. F. Lowenthal, and was London, the Venerable George Appleton, told a Sir Keith Joseph has been appointed Minister elected a Life Member. congreaation of some 500 worshippers at St. of Housing and Local Government and Minister Paul's:" " It is right that while the new Nazi for Welsh Affairs. He was formerly Minister of movement is attacking Jews in Trafalgar Square State at the Board of Trade—a post which did New Liberals' Gift for Israel somebody should be expressing not only toleration not entitle him to a post in the Cabinet. Sir On Sunday, July Sth, a special service took place towards them [the Jews] but brotherhood with Keith, who is 44. has been actively associated to dedicate the resuscitation (life-saving) apparatus them. I do not think that this new movement will with many Jewish causes, including the Central donated by the Women's Society of the New gain anv significant following among our people. British Fund, the Jewish Colonization Association Liberal Jewish Congregation to the Magen David • . . On the other hand I cannot |orget that back and the Friends of the Hebrew University. He Adom. in Jerusalem. Rabbi Kokotek and the Rev. in the 1930s, when Hitler was whipping up hatred is the son of Sir Samuel Joseph, a former Lord Dollinger officiated. In his speech the rabbi against the Jewish people ... the Christian Mayor of London. welcomed the Hon. Lily Montague, the vicar of churches, while disapproving of such hostility and the neighbouring St. Peter's Church, with his wife, persecution, did not rise with one voice throughout JEWISH PROGRAMMES AND PILKINGTON and the representative of the Magen David Adom, the world and cry: ' This thing must not be.'" REPORT who received the gift from Miss G. Ehrenwerth after the unveiling. Commons Debate The Pilkington Committee, in its Report on It was announced in the House of Commons b> Broadcasting, made no recommendation to devote Professional Youth Leaders the Home Secretary, Mr. R. A. Butler, that legal time to programmes of Jewish interest. The Report states that " it will be for the The Association for Jewish Youth is to utilise proceedings are being considered by the Govern­ some of its memorial funds to assist young men ment against the speakers at the rally. Mr. Butler representatives of the Jewish faith, when they and women who wish to become professional condemned " the abuse of free speech " and hinted think fit. to put proposals to the B.B.C. and the Jewish youth leaders to take courses at the that in future the police might act more strictly Independent Television Authority". national training school at Leicester. in dealing with meetings of this kind. The Report sets out the aims of the B.B.C. Mr. Emanuel Shinwell agreed that free speech ind the I.T.A. regarding religious broadcasting, should not be interfered with, but he was con­ emphasising that both organisations take into Ghetto Exhibition Success cerned about free speech accompanied by provo­ .account that the predominant religion in Britain Some 7,500 people saw the Warsaw Ghetto cative language and offensive statements directed is Christian. However, it emphasises that reli­ Exhibition during the six-and-a-half days it was against certain members of the community. gious broadcasting need not be restricted to on view at the Hackney Town Hall. During the Sir Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid. after empha­ Christian religious broadcasting and. where there ten days the exhibition was open in the West End sising how precious free speech was. said: "If are in any place enough people of a particular last year, it was seen by 10.000 visitors. Trafalgar Square, the heart of London, is to be non-Christian faith, local broadcasting, if intro­ It is believed that the joint sponsors of the Used as a centre for the propagation, with police duced, might provide opportvmities for religious exhibition will not dismantle it in the hope that protection, of these diabolical views, then the rest broadcasting for them.---(J.C.) at least some of the major provincial Jewish of the world will fail to understand how we can communities will enable it to be seen in their own put free speech above something so abasing and JEWS' COLLEGE PLAN towns. affronting to the conscience of all British people." Mr. Butler replied that he sympathised with Sir The Council of Jews' College has invited Rabbi "Those Were the Days" Henry's obsenations. but said that having regard Dr. A. Melinek. minister of the Brondesbury to the previous experience of September. 1960, Synagogue, to take some of the lectures hitherto The days when East London synagogues were and April. 1961. with meetings of this sort which given by Rabbi Dr. Louis Jacobs, whose resigna­ filled to capacity and played an important role in •Went off without any particular incident, it was tion as Tutor becomes effective from July 18. In the lives of men, women and children, were reasonable to hope it would happen on this addition, he has been asked to take the weekly recalled by the Chief Rabbi when he consecrated occasion. This had not been the case, and it was lectures in Homiletics for a temporary period. the East London Children's Synagogue, Rectory these new circumstances that were being taken The decision was taken at a Council meeting, Square, E. "Those were the days when I was a into account. when the Education Committee reported that " in jxior provincial who had not seen the like in the Mr. George Brown said it seemed extraordinary the brief time available, it had not been possible little synagogue where I was brought up." said that only those who were provoked appeared to to come to any permanent arrangement".—(J.C.) Dr. Brodie. Page 4 AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 NEWS FROM ABROAD JEWS IN HUNGARY Dr. Endre Sos, President of the Central Board SOVIET RUSSIA TROUBLE IN ARGENTINA of Hungarian Jews, reported to the recent annual meeting of the Board that neariy 1,500 Hungarian Jewish Deputy Prime Minister Argentina's Minister of Interior, Senor Carlos Jewish boys celebrated their Barmitzvah during Benjamin Dymshyts, the newly appointed Deputy Adrogue, appearing on television in Buenos Aires, the past year, and 1,800 girls went through Bat- Prime Minister and head of the Soviet State Plan­ said the country was suffering from the " uprising mitzvah ceremonies. ning Committee, was bora in the Crimea as the of anti-democratic groups, heirs of the Nazis". Stating that a relatively high number of students son of a Jewish farmer. He has played an important This coincided with the " sad situation of the were enrolled at the Budapest college for rabbini­ r61e in the development of Russian industry. In country's economy " and the " dramatic times the cal studies and that the number of pupils at the announcing his appointment, the Soviet Press has country had gone through ". Budapest Jewish school for boys and girls was not mentioned that he is a Jew. Dymshyts him­ There were indications of a systematic plan, steadily increasing. Dr. Sds expressed confidence self has never denied his Jewish origin, and jt is declared Senor Adrogue, and he was determined to that Hungary's future need of rabbis would be met assumed by foreign correspondents in Russia frustrate it. " Attacks upon Jewish citizens, their without difficulty. that, apart from his high qualifications, one of synagogues, institutions and homes are a disgrace to Argentinians." Dr. Sos, outlining the progress that had been the reasons for which he was chosen by Mr. made at the Orthodox yeshiva, the Jewish Museum, Khruschev was the desire to refute accusations The Minister's statement came just 24 hours after a television appearance by the former secret in Jewish pubUshing and the appointment of more abroad that the Soviet Government was follow­ doctors to the Jewish Hospital, paid tribute to the ing an antisemitic policy. police chief, who asserted that the Jewish com­ munity had faked the attack on Graciela Sirota, assistance received from the Sooiete de Secours et Death Sentences the 19-year-oId girl beaten up and assaulted by d'Entr'Aide, and the Jewish Claims Conference. Nine Jews have been sentenced to death in the Nazi thugs, in order to conceal a number of He spoke, too, of the large subsidies received latest series of trials jn Moscow, Odessa and economic offences. The Jewish leadership, he from the State, including grants for the Central Dniepropetrovsk. They were all tried on charges declared, was acting in concert with the Board and for the payment of rabbis, cantors of " speculation in rationed goods " and, in some Communists. and other communal employees. cases, •' dealing in foreign currency ". The Jewish community is now waiting to see He stated that peaceful and effective relations With these latest sentences the number of Jews how the Minister of the Interior's pledge is ful­ had been estabUshed between Hungary and Israel, condemned to death by Soviet courts since the filled. Despite the fact that more than one hundred which faciUtated the development of reUgious and reintroduction of the death sentence in May, 1961, antisemitic assaults have been reported within cultural contacts between observant Jews in both has been brought up to 26. the last two years not one arrest has been made countries. In Minsk, 18 persons have been tried for to date. An 18-year-oId student, whose mother is He thanked foreign Jewish newspapers wliich, speculating in foreign cunency, five of whom a Jewess, was also attacked by thugs and, as in the by pubHcising his statements on the right of have been sentenced to death, and the rest jailed case of Graciela Sirota, he was marked with Hungarian Jewry to share in compensation for from five to 15 years. Some of these persons swastikas. received from West Germany, had enabled them bear obvious Jewish names. Jewish shops, offices and factories throughout to benefit from these funds. A small synagogue in Georgia, near the Black Argentina closed their doors for one afternoon in Dr. G^za Seifert, Vice-President of the Budapest Sea coast, was burned down by arsonists, accord­ protest against Nazi attacks in Argentina. Many Jewish community, stated that religious services ing to Jewish sources in Moscow. The sources non-Jewish shops joined the protest strike.—(J.C.) were being held in no fewer than forty synagogues said that it was not yet known whether anfi- and " houses of prayer ".—(J.C.) semitism was the motive for the fire. No one was hurt and thc local authorities are investi­ UNITED STATES gating. There are about 50,000 Jews among "The Merchant" in New York ALGERIAN JEWISH COMMUNITY Georgia's four million population. Protests from representatives of 800 Orthodox. With the proclamation of Algerian independence POLAND Conservative and Reform rabbis failed to prevent efforts are being made to reorganise the small Cemetery Desecrations a presentation in Central Park, New York, of Jewish community of 30,000 who still remain. The Shakespeare's " The Merchant of Venice " and its initiative in this task is being taken by officials In Lodz unknown persons broke into the later television transmission by the Columbia of the Joint Distribution Committee, with the Jewish cemetery and destroyed 25 graves. Thirty Broadcasting System. assistance of the Jewish Agency. Most Algerian more graves were damaged, defaced and smeared Mr. Joseph Papp, director of the Shakespeare Jewish leaders have already left the country. with tar. Festival, commented: " I am not unaware of the The Chief Rabbi of Bone, Rabbi Naouri, Extensive damage was caused to 30 graves at antisemitic problem, since I was brought up an believes that about 20,000 Jews will return to the the cemetery in Sosnowiec, Westem Poland. Orthodox Jew. Having studied the play carefully country during the coming months. This view is Local Jewish communities appealed to the police, I feel that Shakespeare was interested mainly in not shared by Rabbi Shmuel Cohen, Secretary of who promised to investigate. human behaviour. The play is a revelation of the Algerian ZJionist Federation, who, in the A number of tombstone desecrations also human conduct under certain conditions and absence of Rabbi Ashkenazi. has assumed the occurred in the Warsaw cemetery and Jewish pressures. Antisemitism is not the issue here." functions of Chief Rabbi of Oran. Although he officials took up the matter with the local A typical comment from Jewish quarters was: was confident that Jews would enjoy equal rights authorities.—(J.C.) " The play is harmful no matter what the intention in an independent Algeria, Rabbi Cohen beUeved Jewish Hostages Remembered of the actors is."—(J.C.) that most of the remaining Jews would leave. He did not think they had any future in Algeria. Wreaths were laid on the burial place of Jewish School Prayer Banned -(J.C.) hostages at a ceremony held in Warsaw and attended by prominent Jewish personalities. The The United States Supreme Court has ruled ceremony marked the 22nd anniversary of the that the daily recital of an official prayer in New INCIDENTS IN ITALY Nazi massacres. York schools constitutes a violation of the law separating Church and State. Although the ruling The Italian Minister of the Interior, Senator SWEDEN appUes only to New York State it will affect Taviani, speaking during a debate on recent Tribntes to Jewish Leader schools all over the U.S.A. incidents in the Jewish quarter when fascist hood­ The action was brought by five parents of New lums provoked clashes with passers-by, told the The Mayor of Stockholm and other leading York schoolchildren. Two of them were Jews Senate thtat it was the Govemment's firm Swedish citizens have joined with Dr. Nahum and the others were a Unitarian, a member of the determination to prevent any further manifesta­ Goldmann and the leadership of the World Ethical Culture Society, and a non-beUever. They tions of such intolerance. In acting to prevent Jewish Congress in honouring Mr. Hilel Storch, had taken the issue to the Supreme Court after further antisemitic incidents, the Minister said, head of the Swedish Section of the World Jewish a New York rule that school prayers were per­ the Govemment was expressing the "deep and Congress, on his 60th birthday. missible if the objecting children remained silent sincere will of the Italian people".—(J.C.) A special fund has been placed at his disposal or were excused from attendance by the teacher. " for some idealistic purpose to be determined by While there has been much criticism of the ANTISEMmSM IN SOUTH AFRICA him". Mr. Storch has indicated that the fund ruling in Christian circles, American Jewry has will be used for research into the fate of been unanimous in acclaiming the Supreme Court's A sculptural surround to the eternal flame which European Jewry under the Nazis. decision.—(J.C.) burns at the Jewish memorial to victims of Nazism In a birthday message the rescue operations in in West Park Cemetery in Johannesburg was which Mr. Storch participated during the war years damaged by an explosion. The cost of the damage was recalled. These operations saved thousands of JOINT CHRISTTAN-JEWISH OLD AGE HOME has been put at £500. people from aimihilation in concentration camps. IN NEW ZEALAND -(J.C.) The Minister of Justice, Mr. B. J. Vorster, still The Methodist Church and the Jewish com­ piloting his Sabotage Bill through its various Nazi Flas in Stockholm munity in Wellington, New Zealand, are co-op­ stages, made a passing reference to the incident. Police arc investigating the discovery of a Nazi erating in establishing an old people's home. Action had to be taken against people responsible flag on Stockholm's City Hall. It was presumed Twenty-four residents and staff will be for such things, he said. That was just the kind to be the work of neo-Nazis. accommodated in the Jewish block. The cost of thing that Communists would do to inflame Following the execution of Adolf Eichmann, will be covered by Jewish charities. The Home racial feeUng in the land. a special guard was placed on the Embassy will be built on land owned by the Methodist Meanwhile the South African Jewish Board of building and the home of the IsraeU Ambassa­ Church. Deputies has pointed to evidence of an increase dor at the request of the Israeli Embassy in Members of both communities will form the in the distribution of antisemitic Uterature in South Stockhohn.—(J.C.) Board of Directors of the joint project.—(J.C.) Africa recently.—(J.C.) AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 Page 5 ISorman Benttcich SHADOWS OF THE PAST ATTORNEY-GENERAL DISMISSED The West German Federal Attorney-General, WORMS SYNAGOGUE REVISITED Dr. Wolfgang Fraenkel, who took office last March, was dismissed for concealing his activities Three years ago I visited Worms on the Rhine, There are seats for a congregation of 100. in Nazi war-time courts. His past had been the city famous for the Concordat between the The synagogue was opened with great solemnity exposed by a 130-page memorandum about his Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the 12th last December in the presence of Minister Erhard. complicity in Nazi crimes, published by the East century, for the Diet of the Church which excom­ who declared that it was a symbol of the will German authorities. There he was described as municated Martin Luther in the 16th century, and, of the German people to make retribution for directly responsible for 34 unjustified death sen­ above all. so far as Jews are concemed, for the the terrible crimes of the Nazis. An electric tences between 1941 and 1943. In one case he oldest Jewish synagogue and cemetery in Europe, torch, always lighted, is inserted in the wall, taking demanded death for a German who stole a of the llth century. The synagogue was often the place of the perpetual lamp, and bears an bottle of spirits during an air raid. Other death destroyed, finally by the Nazis on the terrible inscription : " For the members of the Worms sentences which Fraenkel obtained, or upheld, night of the Pogrom in November, 1938. When Congregation who fell between 1933 and 1945." included those against a pregnant girl, against I Was there in 1959 it was utterly in ruins. But Near it is a rough unhewn stone brought from a Pole who praised the British and against at least the Government of the German Republic and the Jerusalem. Pathetically, the congregation is still one Jew accused of an alleged " racial disgrace " town had resolved to rebuild it, and on that day less than a minyan, and it is only on extraordinary with a German girl. architects were on the spot, making their plans occasions, as when a family has a Barmitzvah, for the reconstruction, using the stones which had that it is used for worship. The Rabbi of Mainz, When the East German memorandum became been saved by the devoted Dr. Illert, the Curator twenty miles away, then comes to conduct a known, an investigation was ordered by the Federal of the Worms Museum. At the peril of his life service. But essentially it is a museum piece, and Minister of Justice, Dr. Stammberger. A special Dr. Illert. in 1938, gathered fragments from the it is frequented by persons of all communities, commission was appointed comprising three mem­ ruins, and stored them away in the cathedral and as the visitors' book testifies. A name that struck bers of the Bonn Parliament, Mr. Thomas Dehler the museum, determined that, when the oppor­ me among them was Erica Eichmann. (Free Democrat), Mr. Hans Wilhelmi (Christian tunity came, he would restore to his town one Democrat) and Mr. Gerhard Jahn (Social Demo­ of its most precious monuments. The Rashi Kapelle is also perfectly restored, crat). Announcing the dismissal, a Govemment but there is no school. The Mikveh is agam a spokesman stated that Fraenkel would not have Attached to the synagogue was the celebrated pool of clear water, to which stone steps descend. been appointed if his activities under the Nazis had Rashi Kapelle, or Yeshiva, where traditionally The Gentile woman-guide, a municipal servant, been known, but he also admitted that the Minister the supreme medieval commentator of the Bible took us around the building, and knew her sub­ of Justice was aware of the fact that Fraenkel had a school. That, too, was destroyed, though ject thoroughly. We went on a few hundred had joined the Nazi party in 1933. part of the walls was standing. The sunken yards to the cemetery, which is also in the shadow As an indirect result of the case the Bonn Mikveh—what the Germans call "das juedische of the cathedral. Here was less change, because Government is expected to instruct the Ludwigs­ Bad"—in the courtyard of the synagogue was there was no call for it. But everything was neat. invisible under a mass of debris. The cemetery, The fallen stones were placed against the waU, burg central office for investigation of Nazi crimes on the other hand, was comparatively in good the paths were made up, between the tombstones to contact the appropriate authorities in the order, and was a most impressive place. The red grass and wild flowers grew. Besides the famous Gennan Democratic Republic with a view to tombstones, some going back to the llth century. rabbinical graves, such as that of Rabbi Meir, of obtaining documents relating to those judges and were standing in their rows. A few had been Rothenburg (Muharam). I noticed names on prosecutors at present serving in the German destroyed or defaced, but generally the graves, several of the more modem graves, which had a Federal RepubUc, who during the Nazi period dating'between the llth and 20th centuries, were familiar ring, Kuhn and Loeb, perhaps the ances­ worked at the Supreme Court in Leipzig or the well tended. I saw the " Rabbi's Corner," with tors of the bankers in New York. Another People's Courts or other special courts. the graves of medieval martyrs; and was told Gentile curator has a house at the entrance; and EX-NAZI JUDGES RETIRED that it was again a place of pilgrimage. he, too, was proud of his office and had leamt the Jewish history. About 140 ex-Nazi judges and pubUc prosecu­ At that time controversy between Jewish bodies tors, who until now have been active in the West "as raging about the destination of the historic We were there on a day between Passover and German judiciary, have availed themselves of a chair of the Rashi Kapelle, which was saved, and Pentecost, just after the celebration of the special legal provision and requested premature the famous Worms illustrated Machzor. Did Scholars' and Mystics' fast Lag b'Omer. and he retirement. In West BerUn eight judges and they belong to the tiny Jewish community, less showed us the grave of Rabbi Meir, who is as prosecutors have asked to be retired. than a minyan, which had returned to Worms ; famous in the west as Rabbi Meir-Baal-Haness The deadline for " voluntary retirement" was or to the Jewish cultural body which was recover­ in Israel. Heaps of small stones were placed on June 30, after which Nazi judges who fail to retire ing and distributing the Jewish treasures which the gravestone ; and our guide told us that on the Nazis had looted ? The Machzor and most the festal day some two score of Jewish visitors face dismissal charges in connection with their pf the archives had gone to Jerusalem ; the Chair had come, including North African Jews from pro-Nazi activities and will lose pension rights. is restored to the Kapelle. the French Army, to pray and to make offering. Ex-Nazi jurists refused to retire in several States. . This summer I was in Worms again. The change Some placed stones, some brought honey and GERMAN POLICEMEN SUSPENDED in the historical monuments was amazing. We wine, some lighted candles. Finally, we went came through the narrow Judengasse, which had to the small chapel. The Memorial Prayer was Two officials of the special West German poUce somehow escaped destruction. Though Jews no inscribed in Hebrew on a red sandstone slab; department responsible for the safety of important longer dwelt in it, the non-Jewish Custodian of and another visitors' book was beside it. The foreign viistors have been suspended from duty the synagogue had her home there. At the end guide pointed proudly to a framed certificate in pending investigation of their alleged complicity of the street, under the shadow of the cathedral, Hebrew and English of the planting in his name in crimes against Jews in Westem Russia during We saw the compound with synagogue and Kapelle of a tree in the Independence Forest in Israel, the war. The two men, Zimmer and Hein. were ctDmpIetely reconstructed. They have been rebuilt 1959. The tree was given by a Jewish doctor members of Nazi Einsatzkommando 9 and were with meticulous care in the Romanesque style of of New Zealand in gratitude for the care of the called as witnesses during the trial in West Berlin the cathedral, and as far as possible the old cemetery by the curator. I left with a wish that of six former officers of this unit.—(J.C.) material had been used. A simple plaque at our old Jewish cemeteries in other countries might the entrance recaUs the history. Within the syna­ be kept as well as this historical Jewish cemetery EX-NAZIS SENTENCED gogue are an Ark in the old style, a reading desk, in Worms. Five former Nazi officers were sentenced to and the Menorah, gifU of the Chancellor, the terms of penal servitude by a West Berlin court town, and thc Ministerprasident of the Land. for organising the massacre of over 11,0()0 Jewish REUNION OF MAINZ JEWS men, women, and children in Westem Russia during the war. One of the accused, Konrad A& part of the festivities on the occasion of Fiebig. was acquitted because of insufficient Your House /or:— the 2.000th anniversary of the foundation of Mainz evidence. the Municipal authorities organised a " Week of EX-S.S. Obersturmbannfuehrer Dr. Albert Fil­ CURTAINS, CARPETS, LINO Reunion with the Jewish Citizens of Mainz". bert was sentenced to penal servitude for Ufe. Members of twelve old-estabUshed Jewish families His deputy, Gerhard Schneider, was sentenced to UPHOLSTERY from Mainz accepted the invitation, and many ten years' penal servitude. Bodo Struck and SPiCIAllTY other formex Jewish citizens who were unable to Heinrich Tunnat were both sentenced to four attend sent cordial greeting messages. One of the years' penal servitude. Wilheim Greiffenberger main functions was the consecration of the corner­ was given a three-year sentence because he had CONTINENTAL DOWN stone of a new synagogue. The ceremony was spent eight years in a Russian gaol after the war. QUILTS! conducted by Landesrabbiner Professor Dr. Roth. The accused admitted the monstrosity of their The guests, who were welcomed by the Chairman crimes, and expressed their contrition. ALSO RE-MAKES AND RE-COVERS of the community, Herr Isidore Wenger, included In pronotmcing sentence the judge said there Minister of Justice for Hesse, Westenberger, on could be no doubt that the accused had reaUsed ESTItAAXiS FREE behalf of the Land Govemment, the Mayor of that Nazi orders to exterminate Jews were Mainz, Stein, the Rector of the University and criminal. Theyr also knew that criminal orders DAWSON-LANE LIMITED representatives of Jewish organisations and could not be binding. Because they had offered communities. no resistaince they could not claim to have acted 17 BRIDGE ROAD, WEMBLEY PARK Other functions arranged during the week were under duress. The judge also stated that the Telephone : ARN. 6671 an evening in the Municipal Theatre, where Dr. court had taken into consideration the fact that Rudolf Frank rendered readings from his own the accused had not violated the law by Nazi Perjonal attention of Mr. W. Sciiachmann. works, and a talk by Rabbi Professor Dr. Roth, standards. Their crimes were in keeping with about " Das juedische Mainz ". the Nazi political ideology. Page 6 AJR INFORMATION August. 1962

Ertcin I. J. Rosenthal tian promoters of the dialogue between the two faiths. A man of profound sympathy with Israel and of great leaming, he described the change A DIALOGUE HAS BEGUN the Church in France has undergone in its atti­ tude to Israel. This manifests itself in a prayer for Israel, hoping that the separation will be healed International Symposium at the Institutum in the eschatological future and result in a new unity between the Church and Israel. Professor Judaicum Delitzschianum Jacob outlined the three levels of the dialogue June 25, 1962, was a memorable day in the Theology of the Old Testament and who actively in existence today: the study of great personaUties chequered history of Christian-Jewish relations. furthers the dialogue between Christians and Jews such as Rashi, Maimonides, Luther and OberUn ; The 75th birthday of the Institutum Judaicum in France ; and Pastor Hedenquist, Director of the fight against antisemitism ; and a Round the Mission to Jews in Stockholm, who saved Table discussion of a Biblical text, so far con­ DeUtzschianum was celebrated at an imposing fined to the Old Testament, but contemplating ceremony in the Aula of the Wilhelms-Univer- many Jews and Christians of Jewish New Testament texts as well. He also men­ sitat-Munster, under the auspices of the Protestant extraction during the Nazi terror. Three new tioned the influence which North African Jews Theological Faculty to which the Institute, so ably Honorary Members of the Franz Delitzsch CSesell- now settling in France are bound to exercise. and energetically led by Professor Karl Heinrich schaft were admitted by its President, Professor Rengstorf, belongs. Dr. Luck : Professor Dr. Guido Kisch, the dis­ Dr. Schereschewsky, a Jewish scholar attached The ceremony was memorable, because it tinguished authority on medieval Jewry ; Propst to the Institute, reported on " Modem Works on united Christians and Jews who had come to Dr. Gruber ; and in absentia. Professor Dr. Geo the History of Jewish Medicine in Hebrew". MUnster from many lands, not only to pay tribute Widengren, the eminent historian of religion at Pastor Gjerding spoke on " The (Ecumenical Coun­ to the Institute and its founder Franz Delitzsch Uppsala University. cil of Churches and the Jewish Question," demon­ but also to begin a new chapter in the dialogue Next morning saw the beginning of three full strating that " wind of change " which is the neces­ between the Church and the Synagogue. It is days of papers and discussions, with a public sary prerequisite of a fruitful dialogue between only natural that the representatives of the lecture by Professor Dr. Guido Kisch, of the the Church and the Synagogue today. This change Lutheran World AUiance, of the Evangelical Hebrew Union College (New York) and of the is evident from a comparison between the con­ Church in Germany, of the Land North- University of Basle, on " Zasius and Reuchlin ", ferences of 1948 in Amsterdam, of 1956 in Swit­ Rhine WestphaUa and of the Mission to the Jews a summary of a book of the same title, which zeriand, and this year in New Delhi. While not should stress the missionary aspect of the strictly has just appeared as the first volume of Pforz- giving up its obligation to preach the gospel to academic Institute. On the other hand, the heimer Reuchlinschriften. By pointing out the all men, including the Jews, the Church now famous " wind of change " was not long in making different attitudes of Zasius, a precursor of Luther recognises the special significance for Christianity itself felt. in his enmity towards the Jews, and of the humane of a continued existence of the Jewish people. Professor Rengstorf reviewed the origin, growth Reuchlin, Professor Kisch made an important It wants to break down the barrier that prevents and purpose of the Institute, which, after its contribution to the problem of tolerance in the friendly, positive relations, in the first place by founder's death, took the name of Institutum sixteenth century, illustrated by the legal position putting anti-semitism out of bounds as un-Chris­ Judaicum Delitzschianum. He described the of the Jews, which was largely conditioned by tian. Pastor Gjerding spoke of the difficulties aim of the Institute " to further the true know­ theological considerations. created by the existence of Israel as a political Professor Kisch also gave a brief introduction entity in the shape of the new State of Israel. He ledge of Judaism among the Christians and of described the efforts which are made to exclude Christianity among the Jews, in this order." He —intended as a basis for discussion—on Jewish the political element and to concentrate on the paid tribute to Jewish organisations which take learning in Germany from the beginnings of moral and spiritual aspects of the Christian- an active interest in the strictly academic work Judische Wissenschaft in the 19th century to the Jewish relationship. He advocated not "anti- of the Institute; the " Zentralrat der Juden in present efforts of the Leo Baeck Institute, antisemitism ", but positive education ; Christian Deutschland"; the Israeli Trade Mission in especially in the field of the history of Judaism instmction should be cleansed from anti-Jewish Cologne ; the Jewish communities of WestphaUa ; in Germany. theological preconceptions. and the Wiener Library, whose founder is an On the basis of medieval Hebrew Bible com­ Honorary Member of the Franz Delitzsch mentaries, especially David Qimhi's commentary Rabbi Dr. Chanoch Meyer (Dortmund) spoke Gesellschaft. on the psalms, the present writer dealt with a on the need to record local " customs" of the This is precisely the reason why, to my mind, fundamental problem of the dialogue between various Jewish communities (1 could not attend Jews can work together with the Institute at the the Church and the Synagogue ; the Jewish this session). I also missed Dr. Brilling explain­ University of Miinster : to seek tmth in the ser­ " answer" to the christological interpretation of ing the Institute's plans for a " Westfalia Judaica " vice of God for the sake of truth. At least as the Messianic passage of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., and Pastor von Kortzfleisch (Stuttgart) on "The long as Professor Rengstorf has the reins in his to the Christian claim of the Divine nature of Plan of a Documentary Book ' Jews and Chris­ hands there is a guarantee that the promotion Jesus and his Messiahship and of the alleged tians '". of better understanding of Judaism among Chris­ abrogation of the Torah by Jesus. Whatever a Jew's attitude to the inevitable tians is the paramount object. Professor Rengstorf reported on the progress missionary activities of the Church may be no Two Honorary Doctors were created by the of the Josephus concordance, a very important exception can be taken to Professor Rengslorf's Dean of thc Protestant Faculty of Theology, undertaking of the Institute, indicative of its strictly academic conduct of the Institute's affairs. Professor Dr. Jacobs, who presided over the cere­ scientific work in the field of Judaistic Studies ; Every person of goodwill must recognise not only mony : Professor Edmond Jacob, of the Univer­ Dr. Leo Prijs-Munich dealt with " The Travel his enthusiasm, drive and energy, but also his sity of Strasbourg, who wrote a most perceptive Diary of R. Chaim Joseph Asulai (1724-1806)." genuine desire to see justice done to Judaism and Another interesting communication from Pro­ the Jews. He realises that without the knowledge fessor Rengstorf concerned the diary, recently and understanding of Judaism, Christianity can­ acquired by the Institute, of a Leipzig Jewish not achieve that self-understanding which it needs physician of the late 18th and early 19th century. today more than ever. For the new dialogue— This is a document of the greatest importance, and let us be clear on this point—is only possible Ackermans the Institute should be enabled to pubUsh it. for it today because religion as such has become is an unexpected testimony to friendly relations problematical. It is the threat to faith, to the between Jews and Christians at the time, fore­ life of the spirit as such, which must draw the shadowing Christian efforts for the emancipation various faiths together. We Jews are ready for Chocolates of the Jews. such a dialogue, I believe, because the existence Report on Leo Baeck IiKtitiite of the State of Israel after the tragic experiences De Luxe of the Third Reich has given us a new self-con­ The work of the Leo Baeck Institute was fidence and a new assurance, which enable us to IN BEAUTIFULLT described by Mr. Noam (Frankfurt). His report face Christianity and its claim to be the verus DESIGNED aroused a good deal of interest among the par­ Israel. As long as it is understood and acknow­ ticipants of the Symposium. It was followed by ledged that we cannot give up our fundamental PRESENTA'nON a brief report on the " Germania Judaica" position as regards the Messianic promise and BOXES (Cologne), not to be confused with the history redemption and the validity of the Torah, we can of medieval Jewry in Germany of the same name, enter into that brotherly dialogue of which Pastor now in preparation by the Leo Baeck Institute Gjerding spoke, as equals on the basis of our MARZIPAN as a continuation up to 1350 of the first volume, mutually irreconcilable theological premises. published in 1934 in Breslau. The two reports There is—especially under the present threat SPEOALITIES gave rise to a short discussion on the possibilities to religion in general—enough common ground of co-operation between these two organisations left for both faiths to get together and to work BAUMKUCHEN and the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum. together. Munster was a beginning, no more. But Professor Rengstorf was very hopeful. it can lead to further fmitful exchange and Dr. Brilling lectured on " Frederick the Great friendly co-operation and bring about closer 43, KENSINGTON CHURCXI ST„ and the Council of the Four Lands of Polish mutual understanding and trust on the basis of LONDON, W.8 Jewry," making available new material on the the scientific study of both religions. Professor role of the Jews of Breslau at the time of Rengstorf has done well in organising this Sym­ WES. 4359 and Frederick the Great, and of the King's policy posium ; he has laid a workable and workman­ 9, GOLDHURST TERRACE, towards the Jews. like foundation for a more sustained dialogue. FINCIILEY ROAD, N.W.< One of the most stirring contributions came I, as an individual Jewish participant wish him from Professor Dr. Edmond Jacob-Strasbourg, success in his efforts for a better understanding MAI 2742 who dealt with Christian-Jewish relations in between Christians and Jews. Let us have more France today. He is one of the most active Chris­ discussion. AJR INFORMATION August. 1962 Page 7 Walter Ostwald Old Acquaintances

HAGEN REMEMBERS ITS JEWS Berlinale 1962: Life in Beriin, especially during the annual Film Festival is quite imreal Early in 1961 Oberburgermeister Turck and tragic was the remembrance of those who had with the Wall cutting the town in two halves. Oberstadtdirektor Jellinghaus (the actual author) managed to escape to Western Europe and were You have to see the Russian soldiers in front of published a book in memory of the Jews of my deported from there during the war. the Ehrenmal near the Brandenburger Tor in the native city, Hagen in Westphalia* (I moved to Westem sector guarded by British soldiers to A further, probably incomplete statistical believe the crazy situation. With their own Munster in Westphalia in 1922). In Febraary, abstract of the year 1946 estimates the number 1962. after it had been most favourably received sense of humour the Berliners say: "Wir sind of WestphaUan Jews deported and murdered at verkooft aber noch nicht geliefert", though they both in Germany and abroad, the editors enlarged 20,502. and the number of desecrated synagogues the volume by adding a supplement "Stimmen at 103. Apart from its Christian recipients the know it is not true. They call the bonus they get zum Gedenkbuch". for Uving in that exposed City "die Zitter- memorial volume has been sent with greetings Praemie ". Only as a foreigner or a visitor from In the author's own words the volume was and best wishes to all Hagen Jews. West Germany can you cross the wall via intended to present an indictment of the desperate Other essays in the volume are of especial " Checkpoint Charlie" at the end of Friedrich­ fate suffered by the Jews. The elder generation importance for the German youth of today, strasse ; and only four of 2,000 taxi drivers have of Hagen citizens, who had known their Jewish namely the fine address given by Federal permission to drive you over—the four have fellow-citizens when the latter were still alive, President Dr. Liibke at the opening of the Week of non-German nationaUty. The East German should open the eyes of the young people and Brotherhood on March Sth. 1961, in the Paulskirche film artists invited the Festival guests over to the ensure with all their vigour that their present path in Frankfurt-on-Main, and a short synoptic view Eastern part of the city for a discussion, but very should lead towards respect for humanity. The of the fate of Jewry from the eariy beginnings few went. The BerUnale, as the Film Festival is younger generation should no longer be helplessly until 1945 and beyond. There is also the text called, is first a poUtical demonstration and not exposed to the effects of the poisoning of their of an address by the author : " In memory of mainly a competition. The Americans sent James spiritual wells, in particular to attempts to mini­ the 20th anniversary of the Crystal Night of Stewart as their representative, and he was mise the terrible truths or even deny the atrocities 1938". His culminating point is a plea for uni­ awarded a prize for his part in Henry Koster's entirely. The tragic fate of and injustices done to versal brotherhood : " nicht zu hassen, zu lieben " Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation ". Britain's entry, their Jewish fellow-citizens might be demonstrated sind wir da ". more easily from the viewpoint of a local setting, " A Kind of Loving ", directed by John Schlesin­ ger, received the "Golden Bear", the highest than by describing the myriads of bestialities in History of the Community the concentration camps, which understandably award of the Festival. Emmeric Pressburger, of enough might simply exceed the bounds of Of most importance, however, is the reprinted, London, was a member of the jury, together with imagination of those not directly affected, but unfortunately condensed essay " Zur G. Stapenhorst. For the first time an Israeli pro­ especially the younger generation. Geschichte der Juden in Hagen", by the late duction, "Gebt mir zehn verzweifelte Menschen ", Professor Dr. Fritz Schemann, my respected competed internationally in Berlin, and the Jewish In 1933 the town of Hagen had slightly more teacher in the high school in Hagen. The latter community gave a reception in its Fasanenstrasse than 500 residents of the Jewish faith in its total wrote an objective account of the historical Centre to mark the occasion. "Die Rote", the population of about 147.000. These families. development of Hagen Jewry from 1776-1897, German entry, directed by Helmut Kaeutner, Some of whom had been there for generations— which appeared during 1933-34 in six instalments proved to be a disappointment. In general, in a few cases for centuries—were generally in a monthly supplement to the Hagener Zeitung Berlin proved again to be the best of hosts, respected by their fellow-citizens. Certain names (now the Weslfalenpost). His appreciative con­ ignoring the daily difficulties of Ufe in the divided Were of specially good repute in the economic cluding remarks in March, 1934, about the fine city. and cultural life' of the town. As examples the development of the community and its member­ author mentions three personalities, all since ship were used by the Nazis to instigate an arti­ Obituary. Max Krell, a former lector of deceased, namely the two " Stadtverordnetc" ficial whipping up of hatred by the customary before 1933 (the' lawyer and notary Dr. David Ullstein's and author of " Das alles gab es means then adopted, namely mass demonstrations einmal", died in Florence at the age of 75.— and the department store owner Leeser) and against the newspaper's publisher. Dr. Gustav Sanitdtsral Dr. Wolf, who for decades had been Sybille Binder has died in Duesseldorf, where she Butz, and the author. The latter lost his sub­ lived and acted since her return from London engaged in the Red Cross service and in social sidiary job on the newspaper. The publisher, medicine. In 1956 a mere twenty Jews lived after the war; bom in Vieima she made a name instead of being forced to suspend publication, for herself as an actress in Berlin before she among the 200.000 inhabitants of Hagen, and few as was intended, received a severe official warn­ of them had resided there before 1933. had to emigrate.—Georg Altman, a former ing that had to be printed in the paper without director of Berlm's " kleines Theater ", Unter den comment. This most readable contribution Linden, died in Los Angeles aged 77.—Emst Lists of Victima graphically describes the historical development Mandowsky died in Zurich 59 years old. He of a not unimportant small community before and started his career as an actor; ten years ago he The list of victims is divided into eight concise during the emancipation, and on to the 19th retumed from Israel to become a dramatic critic sub-sections. The names, but unfortunately not century, with all its advaces and retreats, dis­ of Berlin's "B.Z. am Mittag ".—Artur Holde, the ages, are given of 48 persons who were appointments and reaUsations. aged 76, died in New York; he was music critic deported to Poland and murdered or died there. The book is enriched with two general views of of " Aufbau" and author of several books.— Twenty-eight people are Usted as having been Hagen in 1848 and 1860, with a description of the Kurt Magnus, a co-founder of " BerUner Funk- murdered or died in Theresienstadt and 31 in synagogue and 13 pictures of the buildings of the stimde ". the first German radio station, died in Auschwitz. Three people committed suicide, synagogue, elementary school and the cemeteries Wiesbaden aged 75.—Stage designer Caspar Neher 'Including two before deportation, and two who from 1859 until 1895 and from 1938 to 1961, died in Vienna at the age of 65; he closely <^ied in German prisons. Forty-four Polish including the newly erected synagogue. co-operated with the late Berthold Brecht.—Hans nationals, some of whom had Uved for many The supplement includes, inter alia, apprecia­ Neumann, the 76-year-old producer of G. W. years in Hagen. were deported to Poland on tive remarks and detailed reports by Hagen Jews Pabst's " Geheimnisse einer Seele " and of many October 28th. 1938. and died there. A total of who had emigrated to Israel, England, U.S.A. other fitais, has died in Bad Bertrich.—Herta ' 56 persons. Then follow the names (with present and South America. They bear witness to the von Hagen. Gustav Waldau's widow and an addresses or dates of death) of 272 persons who affinities of these writers for their hometown and actress in her own right, died in Mimich at the managed to emigrate in time, and 20 who have their cultural connections with Hagen and West­ age of 86. ?jnce returned to West Germany or to West phalia. They mention the terrors of the Nazi This and That: Anton Walbrook, together °erlin. A total of 448 persons. From my own era without rancour and point out the importance with Hildegard Knef, starred on Munich's TV in knowledge some of the remaining 50 persons con­ of this exceptional work and its possib y bene­ Vera Caspary's " Laura ".-—Gina Kaus has sist of those who died between January 30th, 1933, ficial influence. adapted Jean Kerr's " Mary Mary" for produc­ and 1942/43 or those who moved to other cities tion in Berlin's Renaissance-Theater.—Gustaf curing that period. Special mention should be made of the obser­ Gmendgens, who intends retiring at the end of Sorrowfully I scanned the Ust and read the vations which have encouraged other cities to next season as director of Hamburg's Schau­ names of many departed childhood friends, and emulate the example set by Hagen, for instance spielhaus, has promised to act and to produce at also of older people whom one had known or by the official representatives of Hanau and least four months every year.—Dorothea Gotfurt was friendly with from early childhood. Especially Nuremberg on behalf of their towns. The attended the production of her comedy " Ihr author of the Hagen book is convinced that gehorsamer Diener" on the Bavarian TV, " silence is complicity. Without full co-operation Mj!.*'*<'«nkl>iitl> ram (raclschen Schicksal iinserer loedischen directed by Tom Engel and featuring Werner at the local level a broad effect cannot be Finck and Gretl Theimer.—Susan Kohner, Wi^'n''?*'' Erinnerung und Achlung—Anklage, Mallnung und expected over the whole country." erpnichtung. Herausgegebea von dcr Siadi Hagen. 1961. daughter of agent Paul Kohner and an up-and- coming film star, is to marry George Hamilton in Hollywood on August 19th.—Grete Mosheim will appear in Wilder's " Heiratsvermittlerin " in Cologne next season.—Lilli Palmer and Brigitte G L EDGAR ELECTRICAL uc Homey appear in Walt Disney's production of CONTRACTORS and suppliers "Wunder der weissen Hengste" in Vienna, with Robert Taylor. 65 MILL LANE, N.W.6. HAM 8000 PEM Page 8 AJR INFORMATION August, 1962

^ Werner Rosenstock Meyer (of Koerlin) and Samuel Bleichroeder (1779-1855) (of Wriezen), son of Gerson Jacob Bleichroeder of Bleicherode and father of Bis­ \\ marck's, financial adviser; the publishers arid MAYFLOWER" BERLINERS booksellers, Gustav Moritz Bock (of Bote and Bock), Abraham Hirschwald of Rawitsch (later on baptised), Abraham Isaac Ascher (known as Records of First Jewish Citizens Published Adolf Asher) of Cammin, Carl Heymann of Glogau, Dr. med. Bendix (Bemhard) Wolff (foun­ When the Berlin Jewish " Kulturbund" per­ businessmen, artisans and professionals. The der of Woiffsche Telegraphenenbuero); the formed a dramatised version of Georg Hermann's book cannot, therefore, represent a full list of all retailers Herrmann (Hirsch) Gerson (born 1831 in "Jettchen Gebert," the critic Arthur Eloesser Jewish residents during the period it covers. Koenigsberg, Neumark), and Valentin Man­ wrote : " On the stage we see the Geberts, but A comparatively high proportion of the new heimer (1815-1889), son of David Manheimer, in the audience sit the Jacobys ". This was meant citizens were already born in Berlin. Quite a Cantor in Gommern. Also on the list are Samuel as a gentle reminder of the fact that only a few hailed from near-by towns and townships in Roeder (1812-1872) of Graetz (" Roedersche minority of Berlin Jews were descended from the Mark Brandenburg, not only from larger places Stahlfedern "); the art dealer, Nathan Levi Lepke families which had already struck roots in the such as Frankfurt (Oder) or Potsdam, but also (1779-1849) of Dessau, the industriaUst Caesar capital during the Biedermeier period ; most of from smaller ones such as Strausberg, Joachims- Wollheim (1813-1882) of Breslau, Simon Kremser, them were, like Julius Jacoby in the play, immi­ thai or Trebbin. Gradually, more immigrants and Adolph MuehUng of Braunschweig, owner grants or children of immigrants from the former came from other Prassian provinces, first pre­ of the then fashionable " Hotel de Rome". PoUsh Prussian provinces. And yet the " old" dominantly from West and East Prussia and Turning to families who became known in Berlin famiUes have shaped the habitus of Berlin Pomerania, and later on also from the Province Berlin because of some of their members, the Jewry beyond their own small circle. Trae, of Posen. Among territories outside Prassia, descendants of Juda Veit (1710-1786) come to assimilation has also taken its toll and quite a ,\nhalt is comparatively well represented. mind. One of his sons, Salomon Veit (1751- few descendants of the upper stratum families In many cases the acquisition of Prassian 1821), was the first Jewish member of the Berlin became absorbed by the Pmssian aristocracy, but citizenship was linked up with the choice of a Stadtverordneten-Versammlung. Another son the majority remained within the fold. permanent sumame. There are the usual " typi­ Simon (1754-1819), was the first husband of It is with these thoughts in mind that we wel­ cal " Jewish names derived, e.g., from BibUcal Dorothea Mendelssohn-Schlegel and father of the come a pubUcation which for the first time Usts first names, places, etc. Sometimes the original painters Johannes (Jonas) and Philipp Veit. those Jews who became citizens of Berlin between name can be easily detected, e.g., Arnheim from Another son, Philipp, was father of Dr. Moritz 1809 and 1851.* Aron. In other cases the new names are not Veit (1808-1864), the publisher and poUtician. The The book was published under the auspices typically "Jewish," e.g., Bernsdorff (formerly latter's firm, Veit and Comp, is mentioned on of the Berlin Historical Commission as the first Bendix) or Zechlin (formerly Ezechiel). We also the front flap of the book under review as one volume of its " Quellenwerke." The publication meet a Bemhard Warburg, whose original name of the pubUshers eventuaUy incorporated into was marked by a ceremony held in the BerUn was Beer Warschauer. Walter de Gruyter and Co. A daughter of Philipp Jewish Centre, when Mayor Willy Brandt handed Those who unofficially adapted their Christian Veit, with her husband Hirsch (Hermann) Simon, a copy to the representatives of the Berlin Jewish (or first) names (e.i°., Rudolf for Ruben) some­ became the progenitors of the well-known Veit- community. times encountered difficulties in having their new Simon family. The book's history in itself is a symptom of " German " Christian names recognised. How­ The book also lists a number of members of our times. In his preface the author. Dr. Jacob- ever, there was also the case of a man who the N. Israel family. The grandfather of the son, tells us that he had already started the work became a Prussian citizen in 1815 under the name founder of the firm was Israel Jacob, born in before the war broke out. His wife and son, who of Richard Ludwig Casper and who, three years Schneidemuehl about 1710, who settled in Berlin emigrated to England, took the material with later, tried to revert to his original first in 1741. He had two sons, Abraham Israel (1755- them and, throughout the vicissitudes of their names of Saul Jonas, because, suspected of having 1831) and Jacob Israel (1753-1821), the father of war-time wanderings, managed to preserve it. Dr. changed not only his name but also his religion, Nathan Israel (1782-1852), Meyer, Levy, and Jacobson himself was deported to Theresienstadt. his chances of finding a Jewish wife were Joseph Israel and of Israel Jacob Israel, who After the liberation he joined his family in impaired. adopted the name of Janson. Nathan's son and England. successor, Jacob Israel (1823-1894), in London Nobody could be better qualified than he to Dawn of Emancipation married Minna Adler, daughter of the Chief undertake this task. He was the director of the Rabbi, Dr. Nathan Marcus Adler. Conversely, " Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden," and as a The prelude to the award of Berlin citizenship the Chief Rabbi's second wife, Coelestine Lehfcld, noted historian and genealogist he has a first­ from 1809 onwards was the naturalisation patent hailed from Berlin. hand knowledge of the subject. Jews from Ger­ of 1792 for the famous financier Daniel Itzig The Liebermann family, which is also widely many who are anxious to preserve the history of (1723-1799) and his descendants. This Ust includes represented, originates from Maerkisch-Friedland. their community of origin cannot be too grateful his son. Elias Itzig (later on Hitzig), and his son- From this small township in West Prussia more to Dr. Jacobson for having recorded the wealth in-law David Friedlaender (1750-1835), one of the Jews emigrated to BerUn (133 families) than of material in this comprehensive way. leading protagonists of Jewish emancipation and from any other place. The first generation con­ Altogether 3.128 Jews acquired Berlin municipal the first Jewish " Stadtrat" in BerUn. It also sisted of three sons of Bendix Liebermann, rights between 1809 and 1851. In each case the includes Abraham Mendelssohn, whose wife was Joachim (1778-1853), Jacob (1780-1867), and name, place of residence, age, birthplace and occu­ a granddaughter of Daniel Itzig. There was also Joseph (1783-1860), a leading textile industrialist. pation are stated in the official records. Apart some intermarriage between the Itzigs and the Joseph's son, Louis, was the father of Max from this in most cases the new citizen's father family of another famous financier, Ephrajm. Liebermann. Another son of Joseph's, Benjamin, is also mentioned, thus making it possible to trace Most of the descendants of these two bankers was the first President of the Deutsche HandeLs- the family back one further generation. With gave up Judaism. tag. One of Joseph Liebermann's daughters other material at his disposal, especially the Of the great number of well-known persons married Moses (Moritz) Rathenau, father of Emil records of the Berlin Jewish community. Dr. listed in the book, only some examples can be Rathenau. Another daughter became the wife Jacobson has supplemented these particulars of selected. Among those who became citizens in of Ferdinand Reichenheim. who, like his brothers, the Citizens' Books in various respects. In the 1809 are the famous music pubUsher Adolph was a prominent Jewish philanthropist. majority of cases he has added thc name of the Martin (formerly Abraham Moses) Schlesinger; These few names, taken at random, may not spouse and the date of death, but most important Aron Hirsch (Anton Heinrich after his baptism mean much to some readers. Yet for those who are his references to the new citizen's achieve­ in 1811), Bendemann. father of the painter, spent their formative years in Berlin they may ments in his profession or in communal work. Eduard Bendemann ; the banker Abraham Gans conjure up the atmosphere of their past. As Dr. The footnotes carry cross-references to other mem­ (bom in Celle), father of Professor Eduard Gans. Jacobson rightly points out in his moving and, bers of the family Usted in the book, and some­ The physician. Dr. Nathan Jacob Friedlaender at the same time modest, preface, it will also times describe the fate of later generations. All (1778-1830) became the first unbaptised lecturer remind us of the contribution made by Jews to this makes fascinating reading. at Berlin University. The merchant, Joseph the development of that city. Jews became entitled to municipal citizenship Wolff, who did not sign the protocol because of In his 45-page introduction the author gives an (" Buergerrecht") by virtue of the Stein'sche the Sabbath, became father-in-law to Wilhelm illuminating summary of the history of Jewish "Staedteordnung" of 1808, which made eUgi- Ritter von Doenniges, Bavarian Ambassador in emancipation, and its setbacks after 1812. He biUty independent of a person's creed. Thus Rome, and grandfather of Helene von Doenniges, repeatedly acknowledges information received civic emancipation preceded national emancipa­ for whom Ferdinand Lasalle lost his life in a duel. from descendants, quite a few of whom are now tion, !>.. acquisition of Prassian nationality The " Tonkuenstler " Jacob Meyer Beer had to resident in England. according to the Edict of 1812. While State acquire BerUn citizenship because he owned the The list, which is in chronological order accord­ citizenship automatically included the descen­ house at Koenigstr. 31. As he lived in Venice ing to the dates on which citizenship was acquired. dants of a naturalised person, municipal citizen­ he was represented by his father, the banker is enhanced by two alphabetical indices; one ship was not hereditary. Thus we often find Jacob Herz Beer. Both Meyerbeer and his wife, of the new citizens themselves and the other of mentioned in the book members of two or three Minna Mosson, were grandchildren of the wealthy their relatives as far as they are mentioned in the generations of the same family who successively Beriin banker Liepmann Meyer Wulff (1745-1812). list. The book also carries a classification accord­ acquired municipal citizenship. On the other The old phrase " Nu Kunheim, red du" is ing to the provinces and places of birth, and a hand, all Berlin residents were not eUgible for linked up with Samuel Hirsch Kunheim ; during number of beautiful illustrations, including por­ municipal citizenship. In practice this applied the French occupation of BerUn he was intro­ traits of well-known Berlin Jews and photographs only to house owners and to certain categories of duced with these words to the French Govemor of documents. by his employer, thc banker Berend, who could It is a publication well worth reading and. as • Die Jndenbiienerbriefe der Stadt Berlin, 1809-1851, mil an exceedingly valuable reference book, it belongs Emenziuitea fner die Jaiffe 1791-1809. Bearbeitet und not speak French. lierausgegebcn von Jacob Jacot»on. Walter de Gruyter A Of course, the list also includes the founders in the Ubrary of all who are interested in the Co., Berlin. I9«2. DM. 58. of well-known firms, such as the bankers E. J. history of Berlin Jewry. AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 Page 9

PROFESSOR M. J. BONN 90 BIRTHDAY GREETINGS On June 28 Professor M. J. Bonn celebrated his 90th birthday. He still enjoys the alertness and physical fitness which have always charac­ PROFESSOR JAMES FRANCK 80 where he had worked for eleven years, bestowed terised him. the honorary citizenship upon him. and the Professor Bonn can look back on a full as well Academy of Science of Gottingen awarded him as a long Ufe, in the course of which, like the When the famous scientist Professor James the Dannie Heinemann Prize. Franck celebrates the 80th anniversary of his birth mythical sailor Ulysses, he has seen the " towns on August 26th. 1962. he can look back on a His wife passed away during the war after a and customs of many people." Thus he has been long illness—a great loss to him and to all who the " Wandering Scholar." as he described himself happy life full of success. knew her. Now he has again found happiness He was born in Hamburg and was educated in his revealing autobiography, which has been with his second wife, who had been his assistant pubUshed both in English and in German. at the Wilhelm Gymnasium of that city and later in the old Gottingen days and is now herself a at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. Soon A son of the old, though since 1866 no longer well-known physicist: Professor Hertha Sponer- "' free," City of Frankfurt (Main), he studied after taking his degree of Dr.phil. in Berlin he Franck. of Durham. N.C. began his research into the ionisation of gas economics in Munich under Lujo Brentano, whom molecules together with his friend Gustav Hertz, He has remained the faithful and good old he has always respected and admired as his master. which led to important discoveries for which both friend, good humoured and full of zest for Ufe. Before he became a university teacher himself scientists were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize showing surprising vitality. he saw a great part of Europe and of the then for Physics in 1926.' When he now celebrates his anniversary with his Colonial territories, especially East Africa, and In Beriin he led a happy family Ufe wdth his wife, his two happily married daughters and their he thoroughly studied the political problems of charming young Swedish wife and their two husbands, with his grandchildren, some of whom the countries through which he travelled. Long daughters until, in 1914. at the outbreak of war share their grandfather's interest in science, and and repeated visits to Ireland resulted in the he joined the army as a volunteer. Soon after his with his great-grandchildren, all the best wishes creation of his largest work, the two-volume " His­ retum, as an officer decorated with the Iron Cross go out to him from his many friends, pupils and tory of the English Colonisation of Ireland." First Class, he and his fannily moved to Gottingen, admirers, wishes for good health and for many Bonn's activities have not, however, been con­ where he was appointed Professor and head of the vears of happiness. fined to setting down the results of his research Institute of Physics at the University. There he PH. ELKAN work in scholarly books. As the expert adviser continued his research work, greatly loved and of German statesmen he also participated in inter­ admired by his students, assistants and colleagues DR. EUGEN MAYER 80 national negotiations. According to him, he was to whom he always proved an understanding and successful only once in this respect; in the course generous friend. Dr. Eugen Mayer, until 1933 Administrative of the reparation negotiations in Spa in 1920 he Director (Syndikus) of the Jewish community of succeeded in averting part of the damage caused Courageous Letter to Nazi Authorities Frankfurt a.M.. celebrated his 80th birthday on by Hugo Stinnes. the industrial magnate, who, at July 4th. With his wife, a sister of Professor the expense of Germany, tried to play the strong When the Nazis came to pwwer in 1933 he gave Norman Bentwich. and his three children he man. Up his universitv post and pubUshed the following emigrated to Jerusalem. By his widespread and Bonn never appealed to passion, but only to letter: devoted activities he was highly respected by all reason; that the times after 1918 were hardly " I have asked the authorities in charge to sections of Frankfurt Jewry. His closest friends favourable for such an approach need hardly relieve me of my office. I shall try and continue included Franz Rosenzweig, whose correspondence be mentioned. The climax of his academic career my work as a scientist in Germany. We Germans with him was pubUshed in one of the Leo Baeck was his position as Rector of the Berlin High of Jewish descent are treated as aliens and enemies Institute bulletins. Rabbi Nehemia Nobel, in whose School of Commerce. This appointment came of the Fatherland. Our children are expected to memory he edited a warmhearted eulogy, and to an end with the advent of the Nazi regime. grow up with the knowledge that they will never also Justizrat Blau. Immediately several universities and high schools be in a position of proving themselves as Germans. Under his editorship the Frankfurter Gemeinde- outside Germany clamoured for his services. Thus Those who participated in the war are permitted hlatl was put on a level which considerably he was not only attached to the London School to continue their services to the State. 1 decline exceeded that of many other magazines of this of Economics but also to several American uni­ to make use of this privilege, though on the other kind. He took an active part in the work of versities, until the time came for him to enjoy hand, I understand the attitude of those who con­ the " Freies juedisches Lehrhaus "' in Frankfurt. the leisure which he so richly deserved, after a life sider it their duty to stay at their posts." From 1943 until his retirement in 1958 he served full of academic, political and literarv achieve­ When, towards the end of 1933, it proved as a literary and economic editor of the Jerusalem ments. ERICH'EYCK. impKJssible for him to continue his work in Ger­ Post. Dr. Mayer's undiminished interest in the many, he emigrated to Copenhagen. After specific tasks of Jews from Germany is reflected Working there for some time at the institute in his contributions to the Mitteilungsblatt, pub­ of Professor Niels Bohr, he left for the United lished by the organisation of Central European KELLERGEIST States, where he has lived ever since—first in Balti­ Jews in Israel, and to the Year Book of the Leo more and then in Chicago, as professor of Baeck Institute. He has also put himself at the ADVISES AJ.R. READERS chemistry. His subject of research was the prob­ disposal of a pubUcation scheme which aims at lem of photosynthesis, trying to find out how. keeping alive the memory of Frankfurt Jewry Under sunlight, plants manage to produce sugar and of the contributions made by Frankfurt Jews from carbon-dioxyde and water. Many different to the cultural and economic development of that opinions were offered on this matter, and. refer­ city. The first volume of a series of books on ring to his own ideas and findings James Franck this subject, which has just been completed under once quoted Einstein: " Ich kann nicht wissen, his editorship, will be published shortly by the ob sich der liebe Gott danach gerichtet hat, den City of Frankfurt. Prozess so zu leiten, wie er nach meinem Begriff Jews from Frankfurt, now scattered all over the richtig sein sollte." world, extend their cordial birthday greetings to Evidently the problem still occupies the Dr. Eugen Mayer. scientists, as appears from the German papers reporting on the Nobel Prize Winners' Congress DANK DES LONDONER COMITES at Lindau in June. 1962. There Professor James Franck was involved in a lively discussion on the Das Londoner Comite ehemaUger Frankfurter, subject of photosynthesis, proving himself still the das seit Jahren fuer das von der Stadt Frankfurt hraye old fighter for what he considers right, just a.Main herauszugebende mehrbaendige Buch ueber as lively and serious as ever. die neuere Geschichte der Frankfurter Juden During the last war he joined in the work on the Beitraege sammelt. hat eine glueckliche Hand atom bomb, well knowing that the Germans were bewiesen, als es Dr. Eugen Mayer als Redakteur doing the same. But he very seriously warned fuer dieses Werk vorschlug. Dr. Mayer hat als the U.S.A. Government against using it in earnest. langjaehriger Syndikus der israelitischen Gemeinde. Choose Hallgarten— He was proved correct in predicting that a race als Redakteur ihres Gemeindeblattes wie als Ver­ 'Or atomic armament would follow on all sides, fasser einer gedraengten Darstellung ihrer and there w^s. in his opinion, no effective defence Geschichte in der—leider unvollstaendig geblieb­ Choose Fine Wines against the atomic weapon. He suggested that the enen—vorzuegUchen Juedischen Enzyklopaedie bomb and its disastrous effect should be shown seine ungewoehnUche Vertrautheit mit dem Gegen­ Asl( for them by name! 'O all the combating nations. alUes and enemies, stand und sein liebevolles Verstaendnis fuer ihn and he was sure that this would deter all sides bewiesen. 'fom using it. That his and his colleagues' advice Mit dem waermsten Dank dafuer. dass der nun If you have any difficulty in finding *?s not followed and the bomb dropped on HALLGARTEN wines, write lo us Hiroshima deeply disappointed him. Being no Achtzigjaehrige sich bereitwillig der anstrengenden Politician, he retumed to his laboratory and con- Aufgabe unterzogen hat, die es ihm zugemutet. for assistance {'"ued his research on photosynthesis. Acknow­ verbindet das Comity heule die herzlichsten Glueck­ ledgments and awards were bestowed on him from wuensche fuer viele kommende Jahre ruestigen ail sides. He received the Rumford Medal from Schaffens. S. F. & 0. HALLGARTEN ^e American Academv of ArU and Science and RABBINER DR GEORG SALZBERGER I, Crutchad Friari, London, E.C.3 Was made an Honorary Doctor of Science bv the (Vorsitzender) •echnion of Haifa. The town of Gottingen, /^ SIMON BISCHHEIM (Stellv. Vorsitzender) Page 10 AJR INFORMATION August. 1962 Paul Wohlfarth HENRY ROLAND COLLECTION Exhibitions in Manchester and Leeds HEINRICH HEINE'S DOCTOR Dr. Henry Roland, who emigrated to this country from Munich, founded, in 1945, Roland, Browse & Delbanco, which soon became one of The Life of David Ferdinand Koreff the leading gaUeries in London for modem art. We know quite a lot about Heinrich Heine's Secretary, brought about by his resistance against In the same year he also started his private col­ illness in Paris. But the name of his doctor is the ever-growing reaction, seemed also to have led lection of modern art, his only asset being his almost forgotten, although he was a highly gifted to Koreff's downfall. But it was not the only unerring artistic instinct and taste. He very man of great distinction ; moreover, as he was a cause. From the beginning the Jewish upstart had courageously took all the risks involved in such Jewish refugee from Germany, his fate is nothing met with the enmity and envy of many professors an activity, and in the comparatively short time if not relevant today and merits our interest. and high officials, and finally he lost the Chancel­ of 17 years he succeeded in building up a collec­ David Ferdinand Koreff was bom in Breslau lor's favour, when Hardenberg left his wife tion which has no equal in any modern private on February 3rd, 1783, the son of a well-to-do Charlotte (nee Schonemann) and Koreff remained collection in London. physician. As Breslau had no university before her friend. He was dismissed from his various About 120 works of this remarkable collection 1801 he studied medicine in Halle up to 1804, posts and returned to Paris, where up to 1848 are exhibited in the Manchester Art Gallery and staying in Berlin in 1803 and making friends there h* was allowed a pension of 4,000 francs. will later be shown in the Leeds City Art Gallery. with Adalbert von Chamisso and Varnhagen von In Paris Koreff resumed his medical activities. Dr. Roland has followed no rigid rules, his only Ense. He joined their circle, known as " Nord- The opposition of the French doctors was over­ guide being his personal taste and artistic convic­ stembund," and wrote for their " Griiner come by the intervention of the great Cuvier. and tion. In the introduction to the catalogue he Almanach". In 1804 he went to Paris for further soon he enjoyed widespread popularity and a states : " It is my pictures and sculptures which medical training. Before long he was practising large income. In 1832 he distinguished himself deepen my awareness of life and imbue the world as a physician, and his charm, wit, and great in fighting the cholera which was raging in Paris. around me with new and added meaning. They knowledge made him well known all over Stendhal. Merimee, Musset. Victor Hugo, help me to see. . . . Not style, not name, not Paris. He continued writing, and his works Delacroix, Meyerbeer, Alexander von Humboldt, value, decide. It must be a new experience." ranged from poems to the libretto of Driberg's Heinrich Heine. Alexandre Dumas were all his This independent attitude is the reason why he opera Don Tacagno, performed in Berlin in 1812. friends. When in his duel with the Frankfort Jew has discovered so many gifted artists, hitherto Tlie brothers Schlegel, Ludwig Uhland, Madame Strauss, Heine was sUghtly injured, Koreff, once unknown : Jacob Bomfriend. the extremely subtle de Stael were among his many friends, the latter again present as a physician, examined the wound yet powerful colourist; Josef Herman, the mentioned him in De I'Allemagne as the wittiest and proclaimed: " Das war eine Schabbeskugel." vehement social-realistic painter, and the young German she had met. He was always conscious of his Jewish origin and and promising Philip Sutton. Although of unprepossessing appearance he married a Jewish refugee. Therese Matthias. But there are also many artists of intemational enjoyed the favour of many highly cultured fame in the collection. Bonnard, Max Erast, women: among them was the charming Marquise Immortalised in "La Traviata" Feininger, Picasso, Heckel, Macke, Rodin : Delphine Custine. whose husband had been abstract painters such as Riopelle, Manessier, executed in the Revolution and whose lover, the Alexandre Dumas introduced Koreff to the Appel and the great contemporary artists Henry poet Francois Auguste Chateaubriand, had just famous demi-mondaine Marie Duplessis, immor­ Moore and Sutherland. It is an exhibition which left her . As the doctor of her ailing son taUsed as Violetta in Dumas's " La Dame aux should not be missed, and which conveys a good Astolphe, he went with her on her travels, reaching CameUas " and in Verdi's opera " Traviata ". She cross-section of the vast field of modern art. Rome in 1814. When the Allies entered Paris chose him as her doctor, and the Dr. Grenvil in R. SPIRA and the Custines returned to France, Koreff set Traviata is Koreff. When Loeve-Weimann trans­ e^ out for Vienna and offered the Prussian delegates lated E. T. A. Hoffmann's works into French to the Congress his medical services. Soon he Koreff gave him assistance, and this is how he EXTRADITION OF FORMER S.S. was well known as a physician in Vienna and proved his friendship with the Serapionsbrader OFFICER seen in the highest circles. Talleyrand received who died shortly after Koreff left Berlin. Offen­ him, and he was on the best of terms with thc bach could hardly have composed " Hoffmann's A French delegation representing the " Co­ Humboldts and their little daughters, Adelheid Erzahlungen " without this assistance. ordination Committee of Tulle and Oradour for and Luise. In his capacity as a doctor he was Yet Koreff died forgotten and impoverished in the extradition of Lammerding" has demanded present at Wilhelm von Humboldt's duel with Paris. There are several reasons for his downfall. that the Govemment of North Rhine-Westphalia the Prussian Minister of War. von Boyen. He It seems that the magnetic method, the basis of extradite Heinrich Lammerding, former com­ caused a sensation when one day he accidentally Koreff's medical successes, graduaUy fell from mander of the S.S. division " Das Reich," to gave Czar Alexander a blow with his cane in favour, and the enmity he encountered in Paris France, where he was sentenced to death /" the street. from the beginning never really abated. Though absentia in 1951. Backed by Wilhelm von Humholdt, he was helpful to all sorts of people, he frequently It was alleged at the trial that the men of successful in getting accepted in the Prussian proved unreliable, and in his memoirs Varnhagen Lammerding's division destroyed the town of service as physcian at the Paris headquarters and accuses him of white Ues. The greatest setback Oradour, killing 642 of its inhabitants, and shot as personal doctor to the Chancellor Hardenberg. to his career was the Hamilton scandal. 124 men in Tulle. Lammerding, now director of During his stay in Paris Firmin-Didot published Alexander Hamilton Douglas, tenth Duke of a building firm in Dusseldorf, denies any personal his poems in German, on a joumey to Berlin Hamilton, Scion of Scottish Kings and a peer of responsibility for the massacres, and claims that he presented them to Goethe in Weimar. England, Scotland and France, had a daughter, he was absent from his command at the time of Lady Susan Lincoln, who suffered from a mysteri­ the incidents. Amazing Versatility ous illness . The most famous doctors were called The public prosecutor at Dortmund has In Berlin Koreff displayed amazing versatiUty. to her sickbed in vain. Finally the Duke asked announced the opening of an investigation into As a physician, following the doctrines of Franz Koreff for help. Koreff accepted, declaring at Lammerding's activities, and has asked the French Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), he practised the once that because of the gravity of the illness authorities to hand over the files of the 1951 magnetic method so successfully that he was he would have to devote much time to Lady trial.—(J.C.) apfvointed to a chair at Berlin University, though Susan and give up other patients. In fact he only after being baptised. On this occasion he was successful, but he demanded the vast fee MENTAL EFFECTS OF PERSECUTION changed his first name David to Johannes. of 400,000 francs. When the Duke paid him only 40.000 francs Koreff brought an action against him. A study was carried out by the Joint Distribu­ He also obtained a high post in the administration, tion Committee Medical Department in Belgium, as " Vortragender Rat beim Staatskanzler in It was dismissed. Koreff had compromised him­ self, he lost his practice by and by and Uved in Holland and France, with a grant from the Claims wissenschaftlichen und kiinstlerischen Angelegen­ Conference. It found that the high incidence of heiten "; in this capacity he played a leading penury. A painful disease of the liver added to his distress. mental disorders among the Jewish populations part in the founding of the University of Bonn. of European countries, as a result of their trau­ Nevertheless, he did not neglect his literary On May 15th. 1851, he succumbed to a stroke, matic experiences during the Nazi persecution, interests. In 1821 he published "Ueber die bosen forgotten in France and Germany. An obituary amounts to almost double that for the general Luftregionen Italiens", which was favourably in the Breslauer Zeitung was all the world had population. received by Goethe. He wrote the Ubretto for to say of this man it had spoiled and glorified A. G. Schneider's opera " AucassinundNicolette ", but a few years before. Seventy-seven years went As a result of this study, mental health services performed in Berlin on February 26th._ 1822; by before his name was revived, in the biography in the three Jewish communities surveyed are to on this occasion Heine dedicated to him his poem of Friedrich Oppeln-Bronikowsky. Leipzig-Berlin be substaiTlially expanded with the financial " Aucassin und Nicolette ", now to be foimd in 1928. Today there are people who see Koreff assistance of the "Joint" and the Claims Con­ the "Nachlese Vermischte Gedichte". He was as a pioneer of modem psychological methods. ference. an intimate friend of E. T. A. Hoffmann, being the model in two of the latter's works : CONFERENCE ON JEWISH LIFE " Vinzenz " in the " SerapionsbrUder " and " Dr. K " in " Das Tote Haus ". Chamisso, Spontini, An intemational conference on Jewish life in Vamhagen. and Rahel Levin were also on close Europe is to be held in Brussels from September terms with him. On Spontini's opera " Olympia " 19 to 21 under the joint sponsorship of Brassels he wrote a series of articles for the Vossische Wir kaulen Einzelwerke, Bibliolheken, University's Institute of Sociology and the Hebrew Zeitung. In a letter written many years later Aulographen und moderne Graphik University's Institute of Contemporary Jewish Rahel sighed: " Koreff fehlt mir und die Direktor: Dr. Joseph Suschitzky Studies. Gesundheit." 38a BOUNDARY RD., LONDON. N.W.S The conference will be attended by Belgian men of letters and academic specialists from other Wilhelm von Humboldt's dismissal as Home T.i.pl.nn> MAI 3030=== European countries.—(J.C.) AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 Page 11 OBITUARY ANITTA MUELLER-COHEN Mrs. Anitta Mueller-Cohen passed away in '^ HERMANN SCHWAB and "Jewish Rural Communities in Germany" Israel, 72 years old. In Vienna, where she lived (1955). A work entitled "Chachme Ashkenaz" prior to her " aliyah ". she was a leading Jewish Mr. Hermann Schwab, who died on July 1st in (short biographies of German-Jewish men of social worker. She took a responsible part in his 84th year, was best known in this country for learning) was completed shortly before his death the relief work for Jewish war refugees from his historical treatises on German Jewry. His and will appear soon. Galicia and the Bukowina. and after the end of the literary output, however, embraced Jewish as well During the First World War and subsequently, First World War helped to organise the rescue as secular subjects. Before his emigration to Schwab dedicated himself to the rescue of Jewish work for victims of the Russian pogroms. She England, his essays on German Art, Drama, orphans in Poland. Under the auspices of Agudas was also a member of the Vienna Municipal Literature and Architecture appeared in many Israel, he established a number of orphanages and, Council. German newspapers and magazines. At heart, he untU he left Germany in 1934, the fund-raising A member of the Zionist Movement from her was a poet, and a strong sense of poetry informed for these orphanages was largely his responsibility. early days onwards, she settled in Tel Aviv in much of his writing. Among the many communal offices he held in his 1936. She was a founder of the Women's Social Born at Frankfurt/Main on April 7th, 1879, younger days was the Presidency of the Golders Service Organisation and also elected President Schwab was brought up in the world of ideas of Green Bern Hamedrash, in the establishment of of the Organisation of Immigrants from Austria S. R. Hirsch, whose writings became his abiding which he took a prominent part. in Israel. inspiration. As a boy he lost both his mother and Schwab was an uncommonly gifted speaker and The London Committee of the Children's a younger sister, and in a Uttle handwritten volume endowed with a prodigious memory. His wide Village Beer Yaacov held a memorial service on on his mother the boy poured out his grief. A circle of friends included a number of Germans July 3 which was conducted by Rabbi Dr. M. book of Fairy Stories for Jewish Children who had suffered under the Nazis. His genial Eschelbacher. ("Dreams of Childhood"), first published in 1908 friendliness never left him, even after illness had IA full appreciation of Uie late Aniua Mueller-Cohen's life and translated into many languages, was dedicated sapped his strength. and work will be publisbed in the next issue.—Ed.l to the memory of his sister. Not many weeks ago, he published for the first time the deeply MRS. LILLY SIEBURG EICHMANN SUICIDE ATTEMPT moving story of her death. Schwab's poetic and literary leanings were It is leamed with deep regret that Mrs. Lilly Two attempts were made to smuggle razor inherited from his father, Moses Lob Schwab, Sieburg (Oxford) passed away in her 72nd year. blades to Adolf Eichmann in his Israeli prison himself a dramatist of note. Of his remarkable The wellbeing of her fellow-refugees was always cell so that he could commit suicide. output of books, essays, biographies, historical near to her heart, and, as long as her state of In the first attempt, former residents of German treatises, poems and plays, the following have health made it possible, she acted as the AJR's colonies in Palestine now living in Australia sent securelv established his reputation as author and representative for Oxford. In this capacity she Eichmann a postcard in which they suggested that historian: "Aus der Schutzenstrasse" (1921)— also organised several AJR meetings for the he emulate former Nazi leaders and interest him­ published in England as " Memories of Frankfurt " comparatively small number of members who had self in stamps. Beneath the examples of stamps ~a series of vignettes of Hirsch's community; stayed in Oxford after the end of the war. As a which were sent Israeli investigators discovered a "Orthodoxie und Zionismus" (1919)—on the highly cultured and widely interested personality sliver of blade. growing conflict between traditional Judaism and she will be gratefully remembered by all who In the second attempt a blade was concealed political Zionism; "Worid in Ruins" (1946); knew her. We express our sincerest sympathy within the inner paper wrappings of a cigarette History of Orthodox Jewry in Germany (1950); to her husband. Dr. Friedrich Sieburg. packet. This, too, was discovered by the Israelis.

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within the Austrian setting—referred disparagingly RECENT PUBLICATIONS to his Jewish origin. There is, however, no reason to assume that anti-Jewish prejudice played a JEWISH VIENNA AT THE TURN OF attitude towards Judaism (Weininger became a decisive part in the opposition against the some­ convinced Christian, Kraus an agnostic). times tediously imposing and insensitive reformer. THE CENTURY The reader takes part in a discussion on the Certainly Lessing was not animated by any anti- The sixth volume in the series of academic essential nature of literature, the irremissibihty of Semitic sentiment in bis controversy with Son­ studies published by the Leo Baeck Institute of philosophic methodology, the meaning of erotic­ nenfels, whose efforts in the field of literary Jews from Germany is dedicated to Robert ism, Jewish fate and the predominant role of the journalism appear today far from being impressive. Weltsch on the occasion of his 70th birthday. In Viennese theatre. In a masterly fashion Arthur While Abraham a Santa Clara's reputation has this volume Hans Kohn, Professor of Modern Schnitzler described the melancholic mood of the remained high, that of Sonnenfels has suffered by History in the City University, New York, who Jews in the Vienna of a few years before the the tendency of Austrian historians to consider himself recently retired after completing his collapse of the monarchy ; Karl Kraus and Otto Liberalism and its forerunners as alien elements. 70th year, characterises three figures who made Weininger revolted against it. The author Professor Kann's study helps to arrive at a describes Karl Kraus as a great satirist, master balanced re-assessment. their mark on Austrian, or more correctly and servant of the German language (whose works Viennese, literature at the turn of the century.* are just now enjoying an unparalleled revival). F. L. BRASSLOFF. " At the tum of the century Vienna began to Now almost forgotten, short-lived, denier of occupy an important position in European thought Judaism and misogynist. Otto Weininger can be and literature, similar to that it had occupied for described as the antithesis of Schnitzler ; apart THREE CENTURIES OF ANGLO- many years past in European music. At that time from his attitude to Judaism, he also has little in Vienna was not only the capital but the very soul common with Karl Kraus. Schnitzler, who came JEWISH HISTORY of Austria", the author says in his introduc­ from the well-to-do Viennese bourgeoisie, which tion, in which he acquaints the reader with the included a high proportion of Jews, describes in The eight essays of which this book* is com­ difficulties and problems of the old Danube his works the sweet, light and elegant life of the posed were originally delivered as public lectures monarchy. The leading role in the cultural life Danube metropolis, which already contained the on the occasion of the Tercentenary celebrations of the capital of the Empire at the turn of the germ of destruction within itself and which in 1956. They cover most of the modern history century was predominantly played by Jews. The collapsed for ever in 1914. of Anglo-Jewry in, as it were, eight easy lessons. cosmopolitan character of Vienna permitted them There is Cecil Roth on the Resettlement, Edgar to play this role and they continued to do so Quite apart from the wealth of comparisons Samuel on the First Fifty Years, Richard Bamett until the old Empire collapsed. and the references to sources in the book, which on the Eighteenth Century, V. D. Lipman on the Kohn now takes a cross-section of this Jewish encourages the reader to further study of the art Age of Emancipation (1815-80), Israel Finestein pwrtion of society, which made up about nine of the three characters, the author at the same on The New Community (1880-1918), Raphael per cent of the Viennese population, and demon­ time conjures up a background picture of the Loewe on Jewish Scholarship in England, James strates their innate energy and creative talent, as Vienna of those days and mentions names which Parkes on Jewish-Christian Relations, and the well as their conflicts, contradictions, impediments call back to memory a splendid array of Viennese late Dr. Abraham Cohen on the present structure and doubts. Karl Kraus, Arthur Schnitzler and writers, scientists, actors and artists of all kinds. of Anglo-Jewry. The value of these pieces is Otto Weininger were entirely different from one "E. WINTERBERG. enhanced by the detailed bibliographies with another in their lives and activities, but at the which they are accompanied. This will certainly same time possessed quite extraordinary gifts and facilitate further research and is a most welcome capabilities, and for that reason the author feels a PROFILES OF TWO AUSTRIANS addition to the written text. need to consider them more carefully. It seems noteworthy to him that Arthur Schnitzler To gather from the rather forbidding title, " A The story, as told here, is for the most part a remained in the Jewish community, whereas Karl Study in Austrian Intellectual History" (xvii and fairly familiar one, and, it must be said, does not Kraus and Otto Weininger adopted a negative 376 pages, 16 illustrations; Thames and Hudson; gain greatly from its retelling. The sole excep­ 35s.), by Professor Robert Kann, might be one tions are Dr. Roth's account of the circumstances * Hans Kohn : Kari Kraiis, Arthsr Schnilzlcr, Otto more of the learned dissertations, written by of the actual Resettlement and Loewe's aiialysis WeinlmcT. Aas deal Jaedlscbcn Wicn der Jahrhnndertwcnde. specialists for specialists without relevance for any­ of three centuries of Jewish Scholarship in J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tuebingen. 1962. DM. 8.40. body beyond the circle of the already initiated (For members of the Society of Friends of the L.B.I. 12s.) England, this last being a mine of curious and experts. Actually, it is a fascinating and original esoteric knowledge. If it be true, however, that attempt to interpret Austrian cultural develop­ every country gets the Jews whom it deserves, ment from the late Baroque to the period of then it is unfortunate to have to read Loewe's Romanticism as a clearly discernible, cyclical statement: "... in general it is true to say that movement from Conservativism to Liberalism, the resettled community has, during its three by scrutinizing as " type-forming characters " of With the compliments of these trends two representative figures: the centuries, produced a creditable number of Baroque traditionalist Abraham a Santa Clara patrons of Hebrew learning but a pitiful handful (1646-1709) and the enlightened reformer Joseph of scholars." von Sonnenfels (1732-1817). This is, in fact, one of the rare occasions when a note of self-criticism is heard. No doubt it is It is by no means accidental that the invesitiga- tion into the rdle played by these men in their pardonable for a tercentenary to be greeted with DICK & GOLDSCHMIDT time and the impact of their " image " upon later complacency, and particularly so in England, generations lays stress on the violently anti-Jewish where, by and large, the Jewish community has attitude of the Catholic zealot and on the Jewish probably led a more untroubled existence than LTD extraction of the humanitarian protagonist of anywhere else in the modem world. But it can­ the Austrian brand of Enlightenment. Among the not be "Said that the result is to create an characteristic features of the Viennese and the altogether acceptable picture of the community " German Austrian ", displayed by the Swabian- or of its relations with the non-Jewish world. born Abraham a Santa Clara, is a rabid anti- Although the strictly narrative part of the history Semitism, permeating his preaching and writing. stops short in 1918—for some unknown reason- Professor Kann, while conceding Abraham's good it would, for example, surely have been apposite faith, opines that " he did not follow the narrow to mention somewhere the name of Mosley and but impenetrable pull of reason . . . but responded the movement to which he gave rise. This to the pressure of the masses". It was this omission is in strange contrast to Finestein's " response " by Church dignitaries and priests to treatment of the antisemitism of the last decades mass feelings which poisoned Austrian popular of the nineteenth century, as subsequently politics with anti-Semitic and anti-Hberal expressed in the Aliens Act. prejudices, leading to the spineless welcome On the other hand, it is noteworthy that the accorded to the National Socialist " liberators". late Dr. Cohen's vision of the future, with which In the case history of Sonnenfels the Jewish he concludes his survey of the present-day aspect also plays a part, although the connection structure of Anglo-Jewry, indulges in no easy of the family with Judaism had already been optimism. " Anglo-Jewry has reached its numeri­ severed by his father, Lipman Perlin, renamed cal peak ". Dr. Cohen writes, " and a decline is Alois Wiener, who was received into the Catholic bound to set in. The demographic data point faith and entered on a successful career, which unmistakably to that conclusion. Even if we culminated in his becoming professor of assume that the wastage which results from reh- Oriental languages at Vienna University and in gious defection, inter-marriage and such causes ennoblement. Perlin-Wiener's father Michael was can be arrested, we are confronted by the ominous Chief Rabbi of Brandenburg during the reign of fact that the low Jewish birth-rate will by itself London, W.l Friedrich Wilhelm I. This ancestry did not affect thin our ranks." There is an uneasy, if occasional adversely the professional progress of the grand­ feeling, as one reads these lectures, that Anglo- son as professor of applied political science and Jewry exists but that there are no Anglo-Jews. It as instructor at the " Theresianum ", the exclusive is remarks such as these, however, which give the civil service training college, as social and judicial lectures a touch of reality. reformer and as publicist. He made significant contributions to the liberalisation of Austrian ^LIONEL KOCHAN. political thinking, thereby incurring the wrath of • Ttoee Cenlnriea of Aolo-Jewlsb Hbtorjr. Heller * Son! traditionalists and others, who—quite naturally Ltd.. Cambridge. 25s. AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 Page 13

'F. Reinach hotel in Marseilles Silbermann's American cousin, who gives him an account of Silbermann's fortunes, or rather misfortunes. After his expul­ FRENCH NOVEL WITH JEWISH SUBJECT sion from school, he had decided to leave Europe behind and to start a fresh life in America. French culture was Jo be forgotten, he wanted to " Silbermann ", by Jacques de Lacratelle become a more traditional Jew ; he was anxious to make money in order to prove that he could do better than his former French school friends. Two British examination boards for the General of French medieval Church Architecture. In his He entered his Uncle Joshua's business, a shrewd Certificate of Education at Advanced Level have manners he is alien, he gesticulates and loves dealer in precious stones as well as a good crafts­ recently set books for detailed study dealing with holding forth in public, he seeks tho company of man. But as can well be imagined, Silbermann, the subject of Jewish persecution. It is to be his teachers while doing nothing to gain the the intellectual and romantic, did not fit into the welcomed that in this way a considerable number friendship of the other boys in his form. He is pattern of commercialised American life, and so of young people, usually between the ages of tragically lonely, and so it is small wonder that his emigration proved a failure. He funda­ 16 and 18, will be made more familiar with when at last he has found a friend he shows lack mentally despise(l his relations and never liked recent events in Europe. of tact by inviting him too soon to his own house. his work, which he gave up after some time. The two books I am referring to and which are In appearance he resembles the magician of some in German and French are Albrecht Goes' " Das oriental tale, and it is psychologically interesting With his uncle's help, he first opened a book­ Brandopfer " and Jacques de Lacratelle's " Silber- that even the narrator at first feels some instinc­ shop, then started a worker's Co-operative left- mann". The former is a short story written by tive aversion to him which he can only overcome wing movement, but in the end he returned to a German clergyman tumed writer. It deals with by deliberate effort based on moral conviction. Europe, his spiritual home, where he continued the problem of spiritual responsibility of the for a time his political and literary activities. Germans for the extermination of .the Jews and PUght of Jewish Schoolboy Becoming more and more a dreamer and a the secret help given to them by a butcher's wife. visionary, he failed in all his practical efforts; The subject-matter is, alas, only too familiar to We are not surprised to learn that Silbermann, he was by now broken in spirit and health anci readers of this journal; the book is readily avail­ the new boy, quickly arouses antipathy in the only supported by the devotion of a young able in German, so I intend to discuss the French others. Some boy^ belonging to the rather uncul­ Parisian Jewess and a distinguished pianist of novel written by the distinguished French writer tured aristocracy are by tradition militant anti­ Russian extraction, and finally he died as a very and member of the French Academy, Lacratelle. semites, and succeed in winning the indifferent young man after a miserable end to his life. majority to their side. Silbermann is now The story, which is set in Paris, presumably frequently waylaid and attacked, but fails to Insight Lato Jewish Mentality in the inter-war period, is told in the first person, defend himself; two other Jewish boys in his and this gives an air of greater reality and vivid­ own form who are more assimilated do not suffer ness to it. In the first and principal section of the persecution. Matters come to a head when the To sum up, Lacratelle impresses us considerably book we have an account of young Silbermann's supporters of the antisemitic organisation " Les by his unusual insight into the character of this school life and the various forms of savage perse­ Francjais de France" succeed in setting a trap sensitive Jewish boy. His personal qualities, cution which he has to endure. This is all the for Silbermann's father. He is now publicly agreeable as well as disagreeable, are the legacy more interesting, as the narrator stems from a accused ot selling antiques far above their true of many centuries of persecution and naturally he French Protestant family with a very strict reli­ value, while in reality he himself has been the is different from the other French boys. He gious background. After the revocation of the victim of a dupe. wishes to compensate for deep-seated feelings of Edict of Nantes the small French Protestant inferiority by his brilliant display of superior minority had been forced to emigrate or suffer Legal proceedings are started against him and knowledge of French Literature. Yet while he persecution and so the author naturally tends to the case is put into the hands of the author's desires to be a Frenchman he has the depressing sympathise with the Jewish boy. But like so father, a professional judge, who is appointed feeling at times that all his hopes and plans will many distinguished Protestant families who have examining magistrate. The attacks on young be dashed, and that he will always remain the risen to good positions in French society, his Silbermann increase in violence, even his teachers hated and persecuted Jew, because, after all, Jews parents are very ambitious and seek above all connive at the appearance of antisemitic slogans have always been hated and persecuted. Basically professional advancement. The boy notices with on the school black-board. And the author's he is unrooted, his Jewishness is only defensive feelings of sorrow and shame that moral convic­ parents ask for Silbermann's withdrawal from and mostly comes to the fore when he is attacked, tion, if need be, is sacrificed to material interest. school [sic], which, under public pressure, the and yet the ideal appears clearly before his eyes: At the moment of crisis he makes up his mind to Headmaster eventually requests. "To be a Jew and a Frenchman, how fruitful he influenced by his missionary uncle, and he this alliance could be." He wants to lose himself considers it his religious and human duty to stand The part played by the author's parents during in this ideal and believes in a fusion of French by Silbermann, even at the risk of defying his this critical period is very revealing. When the culture and Jewish intellectuality. He is rejected parents and being isolated from his friends. author pleads with his father for his friend Silber­ and the attempt fails, and yet we wonder whether mann. the judge objects to this intervention as something really great and altogether novel could Silbermann is the only child of a very successful morally quite indefensible, but he later gives way not have come of it, had it succeeded. Jewish dealer in antiques, of Russian origin. The to political pressure, the case is dropped and the son, who was born in France, is unusual in judge obtains his long-desired promotion. At this From the human point of view the conclusion character and interest. Extreme sensitivity and moment Lacratelle, who has been brought up in is depressing. When Silbermann is a very sick outstanding brilliance give him a far better under­ a strictly Puritanical tradition, begins to notice to man, he looks once more at Notre Dame and standing of French Literature than that possessed his disillusionment a dual morality in his parents' sums up the failure of his own life in these by any other boy in his school form ; in fact, he life. words: ' The little rabbi has been wrong to dreams of being one day a Chateaubriand or There is a sequel to the first part, entitled listen to the Christians' stories. He has been Victor Hugo. Being widely travelled, he has " Silbermann's Return ". This takes place twenty wrong to raise his eyes to their churches ... he acquired unusual taste and an expert knowledge years later. The author meets by chance in a should have stayed with his own people."

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ANNIVERSARY OF RATHENAU MURDER LETTER TO THE EDITOR The 40th anniversary of the murder of Walther Rathenau was marked by several ceremonies and articles in the German Press. The official function A NEW RECORD OF FIVE GENERATIONS owe that to them and to ourselves, and more of the Federal Govemment took place next to particularly to the German youth that knows the Memorial Stone in Berlin-Grunewald, where Regional Research Required nothing of this and has never seen this type of Rathenau was killed on June 24th, 1922. Federal former German Jew. Minister Ernst Lemmer paid tribute to " a great In AJR Information of November, 1960, W. A comprehensive work is therefore needed Rosenstock reviewed, under the heading " A German and a fearless statesman, whose actions which might well exceed in range the anthology were solely guided by his conscience ". The present Record of Five Generations", an anthology produced by Kalznelson. The size of the under­ entitled "Juden im Deutschen Kulturbereich" Federal Government, Lemmer stated, had a less taking will also require the collaboration of arduous task than the responsible men of (edited by S. Katznelson). This work is concerned objectively inclined German Christians. In my with the Jewish contribution to the cultural Rathenau's time. The Minister recalled the diffi­ view the societies for Christian-Jewish co-opera­ culties with which the democratic leaders of those development of Germany in scholarship, science, tion have a special duty in their local field, politics, arts and social life from the beginning namely to concern themselves wilh preserving the days were faced owing to the attitude of the of Ihe emancipation up lo the rise of Ihe Nazi memory of their Jewish fellow citizens, and thus victors of the First World War. At a ceremony regime, that is to say from about 1781-1933. The find a new sphere of activity for their valuable in Frankfurt the speakers included the Rector of Jews mentioned here (baptised and otherwise) work. This is only an initial indication of a new the University, Professor Dr. Paul Kluke, and the were thus representative of the contribution made and necessary field of activity which it is incum­ President of the B'nai B'rith Lodge, Dr. Egon to the whole German development in these fields bent upon us to undertake ; il is not a programme Zeitlin. of activity. A sitarp distinction musi, however, of how il is to be established in theory and carried One of the numerous memorial articles appeared be drawn between this contribulion to the whole out in practice. in the Suddeutsche Zeitung; it refers to the Rathenau portrait by Edvard Munch, which was German development and the part played by Yours, etc., those Jews and Jewesses who were merely of recently shown in the Munich Exhibition " Berliner cultural, political or social significance in a limited ^WALTER OSTWALD. Koepfe". There were few pictures which could local field. This starts in its narrowest aspect in London, N.W.ll. be compared with this fascinating portrait, the small vdla^es and toivns, in cities of varying [As readers will have noted on t^age 9 oE this issue, a paper writes. " His life was put to an end at a scheme of the suggested kind has been launched for Frankfun time when men of his kind, his intellectual capacity ranges of size, in districts, Prussian provinces and a.M.—Ed.l Federal States. and his zest for reform would have been urgently needed to avert the thunderstorm by which the In this connection I must draw attention lo GERMAN WARNING ON ANTISEMITISM Weimar Republic was threatened." Nobody my review' of the memorial volume concerning The German Association for Psycho-Thera­ continued his work, not even after 1945, when the the tragic fate of the Jews of Hagen. The author, so-called Second Industrial Revolution increased Obersiadtdirekior Jellinghaus, demonstrates this peutics and Psychology, at a conference held in Wiesbaden recently, urged the formation of an the problems of rationalisation and mechanisation by reference to the two Jewish councillors in with which Rathenau had wrestled throughout his Hagen before 1933 (earnestly concerned for the official organisation to study the sources of anti­ semitism in Germany and to recommend practical life. He was an idealist and a patriot, and he public weal in this honorary office) and a Jewish mastered the German language better than his doctor who was active in the Red Cross and in measures for preventing the poison from spread­ ing. The conference was attended by leading allegedly " deutschbewusste" adversaries, thus the field of social medicine. He says: " Here in making nonsense of the prejudices of the " Voel- the local field the evidence is absolutely clear." German and foreign sociologists and psychologists, and included a number of Jews.—(J.C.) kischen ". For them, the paper writes, Rathenau This not only serves as evidence concerning the was the henchman of the hateful " system ". the Jewish viciims of the Nazi regime, hut also in " Erfuellungspolitiker "—and just " the Jew ". general as a newly attained, necessary field of NEW P.E.N. PRESIDENT " That's why he had to fall. Forty years ago. endeavour. I could personally amplify the facts Victor van Vriesland, the Dutch poet, has been And today ? Only a short while ago, a public presented by Mr. Jellinghaus with evidence con­ unanimously nominated for the Intemational opinion poll on the German-Jewish relationship cerning Hagen in the pre-\9l4 period and Ihe Presidency of P.E.N., the world organisation of revealed the attitude of quite a few Germans. nineteenth century. Similarly I could produce writers. He is unopposed and will be elected to They had nothing against the Jews, but they would examples of public activities of Jews in my second office in the autumn, when he will become the not like to see a Jew become a Federal Minister. home, Munster in Westphalia. organisation's first Jewish President. Do these people not realise that, forty years after What I know from my own experiences in a During the war, he fought in the Dutch the event, they are again helping to create the narrow sector can be demonstrated a thousand Resistance movement. conditions for the crime ol June 23rd. 1922 ?" limes over for the whole of Germany before A memorial article is also published in the Press 1933 or rather for the former German empire, BOY MARTYR COMMEMORATED and Information Bulletin of the Federal Govern­ taking into account ihe former German provinces ment. The author is an official of the Bonn of West Prussia and Posen (the Corridor and The name of Franco Cesana, a Jewish boy and Foreign Office, Dr. Erast-Georg Lange. " On Danzig). In every locality we find Jewish men the youngest member of the Italian underground June 24th. 1922." he writes, "nationalist and and women wlio have worked for the public good movement against Nazism and fascism, has been antisemitic murderers extinguished the life of a as Germans at the local and provincial level. inscribed in the Golden Book of the Jewish man who, like few others, was qualified to open Their memory must not be allowed to fade. We National Fund hv the Bologna J.N.F. Commission. new vistas, to his contemporaries." FAMILY EVENTS Merlander.—Mr. Paul Merlander, of Women Accommodation Vacant Entries in the column Family Events 6"Marshwood House. West End Lane, RELIABLE WOMAN wanted to 1 OR 2 FURNISHED ROOMS with N.W.6 (formerly Hanover and Essen look after elderly gentleman—not cooking facilities. Use of bathroom are free of charge. Texts should be a.d. Ruhr) passed away suddenly sent in by the ISth of the month. invalid—while family on holiday and garden. Suitable for middle- while on holiday, in his 75th year. August I2th-28th. Sanders, 4 Union aged retired lady. N.2 district. Birth Deeply mourned by his wife Marta Road, Leamington Spa. Wertheim.—A son to R. A. P. Wert­ (nee Rothenberg), son Henry, Moderate rent. Box 109. heim and June (nee Hellman), David daughter-in-law Ingrid, relatives and LADY COMPANION wanted for Miscellaneous friends. active elderly professional man; CHESS PARTNER (not too good) Frank Philip, born 19th May. 1 Hill- modern Hampstead flat with resident wanted. Please write Box 110. mont Road. Hinchley Wood, Esher, CLASSIFIED staff. Box 102. Personal Surrey. Situations Vacant Deaths COO K-HOUSEKEEPER required YOUNG LADY, aged 24, good look­ Abel.—Mr. H. W. Abel, of 4 Grindal INVOICE CLERK wanted, male or afternoon/evenings from August 23rd ing, well educated, of good family female, for writing invoices, credit for 2-3 weeks. Box 101. background (German origin), wishes Place, St. Bees, passed away on July notes, etc., for very busy West End Sth at the age of 62. Deeply NANNY to mind one-year-old baby to meet young intelligent gentleman. firm. Must be absolutely accurate in for two weeks commencing 20th Object matrimony. Box 100. mourned by his wife, children and figures, salary £650 p.a. (Hours December. Modern Flat. Box 107. grandchildren. WIDOW, mid-fifties. independent 9-5.30.) No Saturdays. Please write Situation Wanted means, own house in London (Wem­ Fackenheim.—Mrs. Rosel Facfcen- in confidence to Box 103. bley), would like to meet refined heim. London (formerly Kassel), Men HOMEWORK WANTED for elderly passed away on June 30th, shortly and disabled people, one experienced gentleman, object matrimony. Box III. MAN WANTED for despatch for in finishing and embroidery. Box 105. MISSING PERSONS after her 80th birthday. Deeply very busy West End Handbag firm. mourned by her daughters. Trude Men Enquiries by AJR Somebody, able and willing to drive Bien-Willner, Josef, bom 5.5.1897, Kaschmanh, 1118 Trout Brook Drive, a Bedford van in the morning for BOOKKEEPER, up to Trial Balance West-Hartford. Conn., U.S.A.; Lotte one or two hours would be preferred. and beyond, also conversant with formerly proprietor of a Jewish Herz, 4 Onslow Gardens, London. Very good wages for the right P.A.Y.E., experienced, reliable, seeks restaurant in Vienna II. Novaragasse. N.IO; Ilse Walter, 81 Fitzjohn's applicant. Box 104. full- or part-time work. Box 106. Avenue, London, N.W.3. PROFESSIONAL CHEMIST, COMFORTABLE HOME Gray.—Mr. Harry James Gray, CHANGE OF ADDRESS A.R.I.C, with energy and initiative, beloved husband of Edith (nie In order to ensure that you get experienced in Development, Quality FOR OLD LADIES Aronheim) of 15 Grampian Gardens. Control and Production (of building your copy of AJR Information Moderate Terms N.W.2, passed away on July Sth, regularly, please be sure to inform aids and products, emulsions, etc.) 1962. Deeply moumed and sadly seeks post or co-operation with missed by his wife, relatives and us immediately of any change of 68 Shoot-up Hill, N.W.2 address. experienced business man. Please friends. write Box 108. •Phone : GLA. 5838 AJR INFORMATION August, 1962 Page 15 ORGANISATIONAL NEWS OWNER OF PHOTO ALBUM SOUGHT ** Andreas " of Berlin-Grunewald FORMER BRESLAUERS MEET IN TEL AVIV LEO BAECK INSTITUTE PRAISED The AJR received a letter from Berlin in which it is stated that in 1939 a photo album was handed The Third Meeting of the Association of former In a detailed review of S. Adler-Rudel's Die over to the Catholic Vicarage in Berlin-Schmargen­ Breslauers in Israel was marked by a noticeable Osijtiden, published by the L.B.I.. Mr. Elijahu dorf. The album had been carefully hidden and achievement: the consecration of a Home for Shulman wrote in the Yiddish monthly Vnser was found only now. The envelope reads: Elderly Breslauers in Yad Eliyahu-Tel Aviv. The Tzait, the New York organ of the Jewish Socialist Labour Movement: ". . . The small " Property of a Jewish lady of Grunewald—Boy Home consists of a special wing of the Old Age in England—Album will be collected." Horne run under the auspices of the " Women's German-Jewish community still plays an impor­ Social Service ". The Chairman of the Associa­ tant part in Jewish social and cultural life. The The album has been arranged with particularly tion, Dr. Wilhelm Freyhan, one of the last majority of the university professors in Israel are great love. Unfortunately, however, the boy is Presidents of the former Breslau Jewish com­ German Jews who have helped in promoting only called by his first name. " Andreas". He munity, gave a report of the organisation's serious research and in creating Hebrew literature must have been born in Berlin about January or activities and especially stressed the sacrifices made on philosophical subjects. Thus the German Jews February, 1933, and seems to have left for England and still to be made to maintain the new Home. have carried on the tradition of " Juedische at the end of August, 1939, because the last photos He also mentioned that the bulletins issued by Wissenschaft" which once flourished in Germany. are headed "Andreas in Berlin, August, 1939". the organisation had a circulation of 1,600 copies, "In 1954 the Council of Jews from Germany After further inquiries the writer of the letter and he paid tribute to the memory of several founded the Leo Baeck Institute to do research found out that " Andreas " lived at Berlin-Grune- former Breslauers w ho had passed away: Dr. Paul work on the Jewish past in Germany. The Insti­ wald. Elgersburger Str. 1. The owners of this Berg, Dr. Samuel Nothmann, Rabbis Dr. Wahr­ tute laid down a comprehensive programme. . . . house were in 1929 Hermann Schondorff, in 1937, mann and Wassermann and Dr. Wilhelm Cohn, This programme, which was formulated seven Maria Schneider, and in 1938 Max Hoseit. the pioneer in the field of care for the blind. years ago, has been implemented within a short The writer and his friends are anxious to pass Rechtsanwalt Dr. Grzebinasch suggested that time and in a way which deserves admiration. on the album to " Andreas ", especially as it might attempts should be made to provide accommoda­ A number of studies have been published which be the only souvenir of his family and his child­ tion for elderly Breslauers also in Jerusalem and show that the intellectual forces of German Jewry hood. Haifa. After the debate addresses were given are unbroken. The monographs and the compre­ by Mr. Benno Cohn on the duties and activities hensive Year Books are outstanding examples of Any readers who may be able to supply relevant of a Knesset deputy and by Professor Plessner serious research, diligence and productivity. In information should kindly contact the A.J.R. on the development of the " Blau-Weiss", the a way one feels ashamed if one compares these Zionist youth movement in Germany founded 50 achievements of the few remnants of German RIGHTS OF ALL HUMANITY years ago. Jewry with the Yiddish production during the same period. . . ." Dr. Gustav Warburg, permanent representative The meeting was attended by 250 members, of the B'nai B"rith to the European office of the including a number of visitors from North and AJR JOINS FIAMPSTEAD COUNCIL OF United Nations in Geneva, addressing a joint meet­ South .America. It is one of the objects of the ing of the Leo Baeck Lodge and the B'nai B'rith Association to maintain and strengthen the con­ SOCIAL SERVICES First Lodge, declared that Jews should stand up tacts between former Breslauers. The Hampst^ad Council of Social Services has for the rights of all humanity and not for Jews now incorporated many voluntary organisations in alone. Hampstead. The A.J.R. has joined the Council It was incumbent on those Jewish organisations THE HYPHEN and one of our social workers has taken part with consultative status at the United Nations, in the two meetings already held. said Dr. Warburg, to support the Quaker-spon­ The Hyphen is a group for young people from It has been decided to hold a flag day on sored convention against slavery whether or not 21 years upwards. Its activities include "At September 7th and a fair. The proceeds will be there were any Jews in slavery. This was in Homes," theatre and concert parties, rambles, car used for various charitable causes in Hampstead. accordance with the Jewish creed. Jews were outings. In September a car week-end outing The fair will take place on September Sth at ideally suited from personal experience to pro­ 'o the Canterbury Festival is planned. Details Hampstead Town Hall, from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. vide assistance to other peoples similariy perse­ about the current programme may be obtained It is hoped that our members will join in this cuted. By aiding non-Jewish refugees and State­ from the Hon. Secretary. Miss Evelyne Longini, new venture by supporting the street collection less persons the Jewish organisations in Geneva 57 Ashford Court. Ashford Road, London, N.W.2. and also by visiting the fair, which is to be opened had earned the respect and confidence of the dele­ Telephone : GLA. 0806 (evenings). by a local celebrity. gates to the Human Rights Commission.

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Herbert Freeden (Jerusalem) GERMAN PLEAS FOR DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL THE ROAD TO ARAD The Stuttgarter Zeitung has called for the West German Government to establish normal diplo­ The King of Arad barred the way to the children —that is why Arad is being linked to the Dead matic relations with Israel. of Israel, so that they had to take the much longer Sea by a road. In the other direction, towards The paper recalled " the shameful readiness route on Transjordan and Yerikho (Num. 21. 33). Beersheba, a broad highway is now in the paving with wluch the Foreign Ministry bowed to Arab In our day Arad will again be a pivotal centre of stage. This road will not only bring the area protests against the order of precedence for communication : the road to Arad, blasted through nearer to the heart of the State, but will be one foreign diplomats in 1960". At that time the rocks and boulders, will link Tel Aviv with the of the most beautiful highways in the country, Israeli inission in Bonn was shifted to the bottom Dead Sea shore, lessening the distance between with breathtaking and unparalleled views along of the list of foreign diplomats jn the country. Beersheba and Ein Gedi by 60 km. its entire length. The paper went on to say that following this Near the Biblical fortress of Arad rises the new A mighty battle is being waged by men against snub the head of the Israeli mission. Dr. Eliezer city of Arad, which will serve as the " Dead Sea rocks, by bands of workers from Beersheba and Shinnar, absented himself from a number of City." Climatic conditions in the Dead Sea depres­ Dimona struggling all day long in an effort to diplomatic functions, and the Foreign Ministry sion are so bad that workers cannot live there. bridge the difference in height of 770 metres on had tried to hush up this delicate matter. Dimona and Beersheba are situated at a distance an eight-kilometre-long section. In the same vein the Frankfurter Rundschau, of 55 and 95 kms, respectively from Sedom. while Officials describe the laying of the last three in a leading article dealing with top questions of Arad—only 26 kms. from Sedom—is suitable as a kilometres through gaunt ravines and moonscape German Foreign Policy, writes: " Israel has a base for the workers there. Arad has the advan­ terrain as the toughest rock-shifting job ever car­ rightful claim for quickly establishing full diplo­ tage of being situated 640 metres above sea level, ried out in Israel. In use for the first time in matic relations with Germany." thus enjoying a far better climate. The Dead Sea Israel are self-propelled pneumatic drills on tracts lies some 400 metres below sea level, so that there capable of boring 20 metres down. Giant bull­ is a total drop of 1,000 metres from Arad to the dozers move in to mop up the debris. Work on BULGARIAN HERO VISITS ISRAEL Dead Sea. This makes it very difficult to construct the Arad-Dead Sea road will cost I£2m. (exclud­ the road. Added to this is the difficulty of cutting ing asphalt and drainage). Eighty immigrants from Bulgaria gathered at it out of the steep walls of towering canyons and Haifa port to welcome Liuben Assen Dimitrov, taking it across slopes scattered with high, sharp SOVIET-ISRAEL BOOK EXCHANGE a Christian from Sofia, who risked his life during rocks. the Nazi occupation to rescue Jewish friends. During the recent visit to the Soviet Union by Dimitrov hid 20 Jews in the cellar of his home To list the industrial projects on which Arad Dr. Zvi Harkavy, Director of the Central Torah to save them from deportation. From his small could be based, there are, of course, the Dead Sea Library, an agreement was signed for the Lenin­ savings as a street vendor he bought food, clothing Works ; the newly discovered phosphate and white grad Library and the Lenin Library in Moscow and cigarettes, which he took to work camps and cement deposits ; the gas fields—Arad will be the to exchange photographed copies of books and distributed to the inmates. He was seized by the first place where houses will have public gas mains; manuscripts with the Central Torah Library of police and beaten unconscious, suffering injury to petro-chemical industries ; a porcelain factory ; a Hechal Shlomo in Jerusalem. his eyes. Since then he has slowly been going jersey factory operating for export; a marble Dr. Harkavy, who toured Soviet libraries, said blind. quarry; a hotel, the " Arad-Dan," and a Solel he was received with warmth and co-operation. In an effort to help save his sight a group of Boneh rest home for its employees. He was surprised at the amount of Hebrew and his friends in Israel raised funds for his passage to The plans for Arad envisage a population of Jewish literature to be found in the libraries.— Haifa and to cover the cost of medical treatment 40,000, which will include 1,000 Dead Sea workers (J.C.) there.—(J.C.)

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