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Supplementary Material for Linguistic Situation in Twenty Sub-Saharan African Countries: a Survey-Based Approach

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Supplementary Material for Linguistic Situation in Twenty Sub-Saharan African Countries: a Survey-Based Approach Supplementary material for Linguistic situation in twenty Sub-Saharan African countries: a survey-based approach Katalin Buzasi (word count: 9942) 1 Introduction The aim of this supplementary material is to present available data on indigenous and European languages in the twenty sample countries and to compare them with the Afrobarometer (hereafter AB). The linguistic situation of each country is described in a table. Reported values are understood as percentages. Column 1 lists the name of groups as used and spelled in the AB codebook. The classification and the names of ethnic and linguistic groups in Q79 and Q3 are usually identical. Exceptions, if exist, are explained in the General notes under the tables. Column 2 and 3 show the share of the listed ethnic and linguistic groups based on Q79 (on ethnicity) and Q3 (on home language), respectively. Column 4 presents the share of the population speaking the listed languages as additional languages from Q88E. The total share of speakers is computed in Column 5. In order to cross-check the Afrobarometer data, the remaining columns (Column 6 to 11) present linguistic information from Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2014), the latest available national censuses, and other sources. However, census questionnaires are not standardised across countries: certain countries collect information on ethnicity, while others on home languages or both. The column headings make it clear which one of the two is reported. The General notes have two additional aims. First, they list some references which contain information on the historical origins of the language situation, the spread of languages and their use in various domains (education, media etc.) and the design of language policies. The majority of references are published in two sources. Simpson (2008) contains comprehensive description of the linguistic and language policy situation in Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and South Africa (and some other countries that are not included in the AB). The Current Issues in Language Planning and the Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (both are published by Taylor and Francis) have published works on Botswana, Malawi, Nigeria and South Africa which were later republished in Baldauf and Kaplan (2004) and Kaplan and Baldauf (2007). Although there are a huge number of sources that focus on certain languages or regions within each country, we do not list them as general reference. Second, the General notes are devoted to draw attention to the special properties of a country’s linguistic situation which eventually support the interpretation of the numbers displayed in the tables. If additional information is available on individual languages, it is presented in footnotes under the general notes. Most data in the footnotes are based on literacy surveys and the following sources collected by Albaugh (2014 and 2012): Adegbija 2007 and 1994, Anyidoho and Dakubu 2008, Baker and Jones 1998, Benson 2010, Bunyi 2007, Canvin 2007, Crystal 2003, Graddol 1997, Heugh 2007, Lewis 2009, Matiki 2006, McLaughlin 2008, Nkosana 2008, Nyika 2008, Leclerc, OIF 2007, Pawlikova-Vilhanova 1996, Skattum 2008. Moreover, we report the official language(s), the ethnic and linguistic diversity indicators, the average Index of Communication Potential based on the Afrobarometer, and the number of living languages in the 17th edition of Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2014) for each country. 2 Benin Official language: French Ethnic diversity: 0.825 Linguistic diversity: 0.816 Index of Communication Potential: 0.581 The number of languages in Ethnologue: 54 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) language/ share as share as share as total share as L1 share as ethnicity ethnicity home additional share (Ethnologue) sociolinguistic (AB) (AB) language language (AB) 1 group (AB) (AB) (census 2002)2 Fon3 31.75 34.24 25.02 59.26 27.53 39.2 (Fon: 17.02 (Fon: 17.6, Goun: 3.89) Goun: 6.3) Adja 16.88 15.43 9.35 24.78 12.89 15.2 (Adja: 4.38) (Adja: 8.7) Yoruba 13.78 13.33 11.4 24.73 13.32 12.3 (Yoruba: (Yoruba: 1.8) 5.65) Bariba 11.87 11.29 6.89 18.18 6.81 9.2 (Bariba: 5.59) Goun 7.03 6.93 - 6.93 3.89 6.3 Otamari 6.49 6.65 1.28 7.93 5.3 6.1 (Otamari: 1.46) Dendi 3.31 4.66 11.39 16.05 0.36 2.5 Yoa 3.20 2.89 1.1 3.99 5.72 4.5 (Yoa: 0.6) French4 - 0.11 45.46 45.57 0.2 - 1In Column 6, we follow the concept of the 2002 census and present the share of the broader sociolinguistic group defined in the census and in Footnote 2. Thus, the numbers are more comparable across sources. The largest individual languages within the sociolinguistic groups are presented in parentheses. 2Source: INSAE (2003). The census reports the share of the sociolinguistic groups. The Fon group includes Fon, Goun, Aizo, Mahi, Oueme, Torri, Kotafon, Tofin, and Seto. The Adja group includes Adja, Sahoue, Xwla, Mina, Houedah, Ouatchi, and Defi. The Yoruba group in includes Nagot, Yoruba, Idaasha, Holli-Dje, Ife, Mokole, and Chabe. The Bariba group includes Bariba, Boo, and Boko. The Otamari group includes Berba, Ditamari, Waama, Natimba, Otamari, Gourmantche, Yende, Betyobe, and Gagamba. The Yoa group includes Yoa, Lokpa, Anii, Koto-Koli, Windji-Windji, Kabye, Soruba Biyobe, and Taneka. The Dendi group includes Dendi and Djerma. 3The share of the population speaking Fon-Ewe languages is about 60% in Adegbija (1994, p. 8). 4The share of the population speaking French in OIF (2007) is 8.8%, and according to the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (2010) is 32.39%. Based on the 2nd and 3rd census, the share of the population reporting to read and write in French and understanding it was 22.9% (as a share of the population aged 3 or above) in 1992 and 34.1% (as a share of the population aged 6 or above) in 2002 (Amadou Sanni and Atodjinou 2012, p. 39). 3 Botswana Official languages: English, Tswana Ethnic diversity: 0.923 (groups within the Tswana are distinguished) Linguistic diversity: 0.407 (Tswana is treated as a single language, dialects are not distinguished) Index of Communication Potential: 0.984 The number of languages in Ethnologue: 29 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) language/ share as share as share as total share as L1 share as L1 ethnicity ethnicity home additional share (Ethnologue)4 (demographic (AB) (AB) language language (AB) survey (AB) (AB) 2006)1 Setswana2 - 76.21 22.86 99.07 52.84 72.6 (7.41 as L2) Kgatla 9.12 - - - - - Kwena 9.16 - - - - - Gwato 12.73 - - - - - Ngwaketse 8.8 - - - - - Rolong 3.14 - - - - - Hurutse 3.68 - - - - - Lete 4.1 - - - - - Tswapong 5.14 1.5 0.98 2.48 0 2.2 Sarwa 3.1 1.67 1.45 3.12 0 2.2 Kalanga 14.45 8.22 7.07 15.29 7.41 8.4 Kgalagadi 7.04 4.07 3.11 7.18 1.98 2.9 Yeyi 2.38 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.99 0.5 Birwa 3.59 2.01 0.44 2.45 0.74 2.6 Mbukushu 2.43 2.04 0.85 2.89 0.99 2 English3 - - 41.75 41.75 0.002 2.1 (31.11 as L2) General notes: Information on the dimensions of the language situation including the use of language in public affairs, education and media is provided in Nyati-Ramahobo (2000) and Andersson and Janson (1997). The dialects of Tswana (Kgatla, Kwena, Lete, Ngwaketse, Ngwato, Rolong, Hurutse, Tawana, Thlaping, Tlokwa) are reported as separate ethnic groups in Q79 in the AB. 1Source: Central Statistics Office 2009. The reported percentages refer to the share of the population aged 2 or above that speak the listed languages as home language. 2The share of the population speaking Tswana is about 90% (80% as L1 and 10% as L2) in Obondo-Okoye and Sabone (1986), 93% in Baker and Jones (1998, p. 355) and 99% (90% as L1 and 9% as L2) in Adegbija (1994, p.11). In Leclerc (2009), 71.1% speaks Tswana as L1. According to the 2003 Literacy Survey (Central Statistics Office 2005, Table 38) surveying the population aged between 10 and 70 who never attended school or dropped out before Standard V, 3.5% has high and 82.9% has some writing competence, 17.4% has high and 54.6% has some reading competence, and 0.02% has high and 89.6% has some oral competence in Tswana. 3 The share of the population speaking English is 35% in Nkosana (2008, p. 288), 38% in Graddol (1997, p. 11), and 40% in Crystal (2003, p. 62). According to the 2003 Literacy Survey (Central Statistics Office 2005, Table 38) surveying the population aged between 10 and 70 who never attended school or dropped out before Standard V, 38% has high and 41% has some 4 writing competence, 34.2% has high and 36.1% has some reading competence, and 2.4% has high and 97.6% has some oral competence in English. 5 Burkina Faso Official language: French Ethnic diversity: 0.688 Linguistic diversity: 0.703 Index of Communication Potential: 0.602 The number of languages in Ethnologue: 69 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) language/ share as share as share as total share as L1 as L1 ethnicity ethnicity home additional share (Ethnologue) (census (AB) (AB) language language (AB) 2006)1 (AB) (AB)3 Moore2 54.19 52.82 14.83 67.65 30.38 50.5 Fulfulde 6.47 6.63 2.49 9.12 4.56 9.3 Bissa 5.97 6.12 0.85 6.97 2.13 3.2 Bobo 6.02 5.37 1.36 6.74 1.83 Bobo: 1.4 Bwamu: 2.1 Gourounsi 5.04 4.39 1.89 6.28 3.19 at least 4 (Grusi) Gourmanchema 3.81 3.8 1.34 5.14 3.65 6.1 Dioula 0.74 3.74 32.18 35.92 6.08 4.9 (18.23 as L2 speaker) Samo 3.28 2.82 0.78 3.60 1.39 1.9 Dagari 2.48 2.10 0.74 2.84 2.36 2.0 Marka 2.01 1.89 0.33 2.21 1.22 1.1 French3 - 1.42 29.02 30.44 - 1.3 General notes: The Bobo group in Column 6 includes Konabere, Bomu and Buamu.
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