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The Sasanian Palaces and Their Influence in Early Islam by Lionel Bier

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The Sasanian Palaces and Their Influence in Early Islam by Lionel Bier THE SASANIAN PALACES AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN EARLY ISLAM BY LIONEL BIER THE RUINS OF PALATIAL BUILDINGS IN IRAN AND IRAQ impression that we have before us a complete have been linked with the Sasanian dynasty since unit. The graphics have prepared the ground for the nineteenth century, but the concept of a statements about the building's symmetrical plan Sasanian palace architecture goes back only six and theories about its function. decades to Oscar Reuther's study in the Survey of This transmogrification of an original survey is PersianArt.' Despite excavations and surveys un- particularly striking at Kish where Watelin uncov- dertaken since then, Reuther's work remains ered in a relatively small area what he described extraordinarily influential. Indeed, most of our as eight "Sasanian palaces." 5 Palaces I and II are impressions about the "Sasanian palace" still de- well known for their rich stucco decoration and rive from this study and particularly from the their elaborate ground plans which suggest a attractive drawings with which he illustrated it. ceremonial function. Even when the plans are Reuther's seminal work has many shortcom- hatched rather than blackened, we have become ings, which were due for the most part to the accustomed to seeing in each a more or less nature of the materials available to him. His complete building. Moorey, who has recently firsthand experience of the monuments he pre- made a fresh study of the Kish excavations, sug- sented was limited to Ctesiphon where he exca- gested that Palaces I and II may actually have vated in the late 1920s. For everything else he had been part of a single complex if not a single to defer to the accounts of others; Flandin and building,6 and the published plans are here ar- Coste, for example, and the Dieulafoys, de Mor- ranged in a pastiche as if they were (fig. 1). A gan, and Gertrude Bell. These, in turn, had based variance of some ten degrees indicated by their their Sasanian attributions on traditions embod- north arrows does notpose a significant problem; ied in the works of Arab and Persian authors planswhich showancient buildings oriented dead writing centuries after the fall of the empire. Few north are always suspect, especially in roughshod buildings at that time had been adequately re- surveys, which this one seems to have been. The corded and even fewer excavated. Add to this the published site plan, which is apparently defini- fact that these monuments have yielded virtually tive-although it has no scale-seems to indicate no epigraphic material and it is easy to under- a uniform orientation but in a different direc- stand the problems which Reuther faced in com- tion. They fit well, in any case, in their general piling his study. scale and in the thickness of their outer walls It seems to me that now, some sixty years later, which vary from room to room. What lay in a realistic conception of Sasanian palace archi- between and to the north may have fallen victim tecture continues to elude us, and that this is due to the plow, a common fate for mud-brick build- largely to an oddly uncritical acceptance of the ings, but we are not given the topographic infor- published drawings which in the end are our mation to judge. most important source of information. The older The case of Bishapur is especially interesting in plans, for example, are so familiar through fre- this respect. The original publication, which re- quent reproduction on an ever smaller scale that mains the basic work, contains awell-known plan they have become almost iconic. They most often (fig. 2) showing the great cruciform hall flanked begin, as in the case of Damghan,2 as line draw- by a rectangular court in the south and a group of ings which clearly indicate the limits of excava- three rooms in the north. 7 The plan first ap- tion and preservation, but in time they are re- peared already blackened and, like all drawings duced to their essentials. In the Survey the walls of in this style, has tended to divert attention from the palace are partially blackened for clarity.3 archaeological problems like the separation of Further along in the rescension the broken edges building phases. There is no indication, first of become less distinct. F. Kimball's reconstruc- all, that the partly sunken structure, which was tion,4 which appears in the following chapter, made of dressed stone blocks rather than the shows a clean edge at the left, adding to the usual mortared rubble, and which is actually 58 LIONEL BIER oriented differently from the rest of the build- means the parts exposed by Ghirshman-was not ing,8 almost certainly existed before the palace a palace at all but a temple for the worship of was built. Nor is there any indication that the Anahita.' 2 My arguments with him stem from the massive walls defining what Ghirshman called the architectural analogies he made with his frag- "triple iwan" were, as Keall recently pointed out, 9 mentary building at Hajjiabad to the south, which later additions, even though they partially cov- I do not find convincing. But his conclusion is ered the famous floor mosaics. entirely reasonable, especially since the cruci- Ghirshman also published an aerial photo- form hall at Bishapur with its associated rooms graph of the city (fig. 3) showing its grid plan, the and courts lies immediately adjacent to the sunk- river, and the citadel at the mouth of the gorge.' 0 en building at the edge of the great complex, One can see that the entire northeast corner of which was, as A. A. Safaraz proposed, most likely the city was occupied by an enormous enclosure an Anahita temple.' s of some 27,000 square meters, whose southern H. von Gall's theory that the Bishapur mosaics limit and southwest corner are plainly visible. To with their strong Dionysiac flavor alluded to the the east is a depression which represents a great Bacchic pomp borrowed by Shapur from western rectangular court measuring approximately 30 x rulers to celebrate his own military victories over 50 meters. In the centers of three sides are the the Romans' 4 would not contradict a cultic inter- remains of structures that were probably iwans. pretation because Sasanian state religion had From the fourth side a broad corridor (which has from the very beginning a strongly militaristic since been cleared by Ali Akbar Sarfaraz) led to character. If the excavated portion of the build- the excavated western portion of the palace which ing was indeed of a sacred nature, the secular seems to have comprised less than seven percent activities and specifically the audience could have of the whole. been located elsewhere in this vast complex, most Such scrutiny of a well-known photograph puts likelyin one of the iwans that opened on the great the palace of Shapur into a somewhat clearer court. In the same vein, it seems entirely possible perspective and has interesting implications for that if Sasanian Palaces I and II at Kish did the thorny problem of functional interpretation originally belong to the same building, one locale not only of Bishapur but of the Sasanian palaces could have served as an audience hall, the other in general. as a chapel. This interpretation has tended to follow two Perhaps the best example of how architectural often interconnected lines. The first has been to drawings can cloud rather than clarify almost any take the sum total of all the nefarious activities issue is the so-called Imaret-i Khusraw, the palace that would have taken place in such palaces and of Khusraw II at Qasr-i Shirin. That this building make them fit the fragmentary remains. Here we can have played such an important role in the are like the three blind men who describe the architectural history of the region is astonishing elephant variously as a snake, a tree, or a whale, because Reuther's wonderful drawing (fig. 4)'5 depending on which part of the beast we happen on which virtually all discussion has been based is to touch. The second is to see these buildings not a total fabrication. The building, which rose from as palaces at all but as fire temples. Almost all of a great platform, was in a ruined state long before the monuments now thought to have been Sasa- de Morgan came through on his mission scientifique nian palaces have at one time or another been in the 1890s. But he managed to extract a plan seen as temples, and some still are." which showed basically a series of bayts around an Once it is recognized thatwhatwe have come to open court, and an elaborate gate complex preced- think of as a more or less complete building is but ed by colonnades that were doubled at the front.'6 a small portion of one, some difficulties disap- A few years later Gertrude Bell visited the site pear. We know from the Pahlavi inscription on and produced another plan which looked vague- the Kaba Zardasht at Naqsh-i Rustam, for exam- ly like that of her predecessors except that, in- ple, that the king and queen and members of the stead of rows of paired columns, she has a simple royal court made religious sacrifices on a daily iwan hall of narrow proportions.17 Now Reuther, basis, so we can assume that the palaces and who gives no indication of having seen the place, perhaps smaller princely residences like those recognized the inconsistencies of the two surveys uncovered at Ctesiphon contained chapels of and tried his hand, explaining that he has taken some sort.
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