DOCSLIB.ORG

An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Edinburgh Research Explorer An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: further fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan Citation for published version: Sauer, E, Omrani Rekavadi, H, Wilkinson, T, Safari Tamak, E, Ainslie, R, Mahmoudi, M, Griffiths, S, Ershadi, M, Jansen Van Rensburg, J, Fattahi, M, Ratcliffe, J, Nokandeh, J, Nazifi, A, Thomas, R, Gale, R & Hoffmann, B 2007, 'An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: further fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan', Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 45, pp. 95-136. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565141> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies Publisher Rights Statement: © Sauer, E., Omrani Rekavadi, H., Wilkinson, T., Safari Tamak, E., Ainslie, R., Mahmoudi, M., Griffiths, S., Ershadi, M., Jansen Van Rensburg, J., Fattahi, M., Ratcliffe, J., Nokandeh, J., Nazifi, A., Thomas, R., Gale, R., & Hoffmann, B. (2007). An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: further fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan. Iran : Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies., 45, 95-136 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 British Institute of Persian Studies AN IMPERIAL FRONTIER OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE: FURTHER FIELDWORK AT THE GREAT WALL OF GORGAN Author(s): Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard W. Sauer, Tony Wilkinson, Esmail Safari Tamak, Roger Ainslie, Majid Mahmoudi, Seren Griffiths, Mohammad Ershadi, Julian Jansen Van Rensburg, Morteza Fattahi, James Ratcliffe, Jebrael Nokandeh, Amin Nazifi, Richard Thomas, Rowena Gale and Birgitta Hoffmann Source: Iran, Vol. 45 (2007), pp. 95-136 Published by: British Institute of Persian Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25651414 . Accessed: 16/12/2013 07:29 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. British Institute of Persian Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Iran. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.215.19.197 on Mon, 16 Dec 2013 07:29:47 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN IMPERIAL FRONTIER OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE: FURTHER FIELDWORK AT THE GREAT WALL OF GORGAN By Hamid Omrani Rekavandi (HO), EberhardW. Sauer (EWS), TonyWilkinson (TW), Esmail Safari Tamak (EST), Roger Ainslie (RA), Majid Mahmoudi (MM), Seren Griffiths(SG), Mohammad Ershadi (ME), Julian JansenVan Rensburg (JJ), Morteza Fattahi (MF), JamesRatcliffe (JR), JebraelNokandeh (JN),Amin Nazifi (AN), Richard Thomas (RT), Rowena Gale (RG) and BirgittaHoffmann (BH) Abstract The 2006 season has yielded significantnew insightsinto the Great Wall ofGorgan's relationto landscape features and settlement,notably thedivision of theassociated complexwater supply system into sectors.The westernmost part of thewall is buried deeply beneath sedimentsfrom a past transgressionof theCaspian Sea. An unexpectedly high numberof brickkilns, of standardiseddesign, shed lighton themanner of thewall's construction.Geophysical survey,satellite images and excavations have established that some or all of the associated fortswere densely occupied with buildings, thoughtto be barracks, suggestinga strongmilitary garrison. Keywords Forts; landscapeArchaeology; linearbarriers; Sasanians; water supply. I. INTRODUCTION II.THE GORGANWALL IN ITS LANDSCAPE (HO, EWS, TW & EST) (TW&HO) The second season of the joint project, between the One of the more significant results of the 2005 field Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organisation season was that a system of water supply had been (ICHTO) and the Universities of Edinburgh and incorporated into aspects of the wall design and con Durham, to explore the linear barriers of northern Iran, struction. Consequently, one of the main aims of the near modern Gorgan and Gonbad-e Kavus, took place 2006 field work by T.J. Wilkinson and H. Omrani in September 2006. Our aims included obtaining Rekavandi was to find out more about related hydraulic further dating evidence for the construction of theGreat installations as well as to understand how the Gorgan Wall of Gorgan and the duration of occupation of the Wall related to both the natural and cultural landscapes associated forts.We equally hoped to gain further of the region. These studies,which elaborate on the con insights into the extent, purpose and design of the siderable amount of earlier work by Jebrael Nokandeh associated water supply system, the organisation of and Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, covered most of the brick for the as as production wall, well the location of length of thewall from near Fort 2 in the east, to beyond the wall's terminals in the west and east. The 2005 Fort 33 near theCaspian Sea in thewest. season had yielded little tangible evidence for the nature of the occupation of the forts, and the size of their garrisons and substantial furtherprogress here in III.WATER SUPPLY 2006 was a major desideratum. Unlike 2005, all our (TW&HO) efforts in the short 2006 season were concentrated on theGreat Wall of and we carried out no Gorgan further The 2005 field season had recorded threemajor canals work on theWall of Tammishe. that led water from theGorgan River, and in 2006 two This content downloaded from 129.215.19.197 on Mon, 16 Dec 2013 07:29:47 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 96 JOURNAL OF PERSIAN STUDIES 20 io is17 ]U}-<^y jV4 Gunbadr?\ ym\ \ \ ^6^\_A^ i-Qabus\ 2^^X^^^^ - 23/ \ / \ GorganWall ""1 \ CASPIAN\ ?^ * 3"v>^--^__^2^ 26 - , ^ V ?f \ Gumishan j ^Gumishan -\ N "^"^^^^ / -^^TammisheWail : J Morgan 0_^ , ^W^S ' - -~L-JS*? - ^TammisheWall_J_I Fig. I. The Gorgan Wall. Suggested sectors of the wall are as follows: east, from Fort 1-2; east central, from Fort 2-4; main, from Fort 5 west. TheDigje canal is betweenForts 16 and 17, and a possible canal is located byFort 4. more were noted, to make a total of five cross (or previously discovered by Hamid Omrani and his team). as was feeder) canals which apparently conducted water from This feature, referred to the Digje canal, the Gorgan River to the ditch on the north side of the confirmed and mapped between Forts 16 and 17. This c. m. a Gorgan Wall (Fig. 1). The western-most feeder canal 12 wide canal forms well-defined channel that now a arm was recorded during the 2006 field season (having been led water fromwhat is relict of theGorgan 2.Area the , Fig. ofembanking along /;^ -v^?^^BSH^^^^^^^^^^^HHB ^?"^1^%^^ wall tothe (thealigment parallel top \ j m;^^^^M^h||^^^^^^^^^^BH|K, ^jT ^',>^R:*K*^ withFort the .% f border) 15, rectangular i ^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^lH^^^^ '':*< ' f< ^ * '' enclosurenear the left margin, *i" , ? , V^^S^^I^^^^^^^hRw^^ % . abuttingthe wall. Four parallel 4'>A] J'^-mWI^^^^^^^^^BhR^F ' ?- If are w //ze at # ^ stripes interior, lllio '^BoH^^^^^Eff \ to *7zevva/7. CORONA - ^ ' ' ng/rt0?g/es sB*iRHl^^^^B^ 3 imagebycourtesy ofUS Geological ^ ?^Jrmwjt vi^R^^^^E^^^' ,|? > Survey,with permission. ^^m^l^J^W^tSKBL l^'^JML ?g W^K^f^W V* This content downloaded from 129.215.19.197 on Mon, 16 Dec 2013 07:29:47 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions FURTHER FIELDWORK AT THE GREAT WALL OF GORGAN 97 River, which has shifted its course about 1 km. to the may have been associated with flowing water. This bank on south, to theGorgan Wall ditch to the north. There was follows the line of thewall and ditch, and is visible no evidence of an earthen dam associated with this Corona images as a broad pale soil feature (Fig. 2), and canal, presumably because, like most of the others, it on themap of Kiani as a faint feature along the south had been removed by the dynamic and erosive Gorgan side of thewall (Kiani 1982: fig. 3). It thereforeappears River. that to the east of Fort 15, thewall gives way to a silt Less certain is a channel-like feature immediately bank thatmaintains the gradient of the terrainfrom east west of Fort 4 (Figs 11, 24). This feature joins thewell to west where a shallow valley would otherwise have defined ditch west of Fort 4, and appears to have required thewall to have followed down into the valley gathered itswater from theGorgan River c. 1.5 km. to and up the other side. Although these gradients are very the south. Unfortunately, the junction of this putative subtle, this highlights how theGorgan Wall differs from feeder canal with the river has been expunged by a many other frontierwalls: it does not follow the rises massive gully system which has subsequently eroded and falls of the terrain, but rather, in themanner of a back along the canal course south of Fort 4. canal, it attempts tomaintain a very gentle gradient (i.e. Other possible feeder canals were observed a hydraulic grade), in this case from east to west.
Recommended publications
  • Ancient Iran and the Premodern Persianate World, Graduate Specialization 1

    Ancient Iran and the Premodern Persianate World, Graduate Specialization 1

    Ancient Iran and the Premodern Persianate World, Graduate Specialization 1 Ancient Iran and the Premodern Persianate World, Graduate Specialization Matthew P. Canepa, Director 2000 Humanities Gateway 949-824-3532 [email protected] The graduate specialization in Ancient Iran and the Premodern Persianate World is University of California, Irvine’s interdisciplinary platform for graduate study in premodern Iranian studies. It is designed to provide Ph.D. students with the interdisciplinary training they need to conduct advanced research in the art, archaeology, architecture, history, literatures, and religions of Iran, as well as those peoples, regions, and empires whose destinies were intertwined with Iran, or impacted by its cultures (e.g. ancient Greece and Rome, Armenia, or Islamic Western or South Asia). UCI boasts unparalleled faculty and programmatic resources for the study of ancient Iran and the wider premodern Persianate world, including the highest concentration of endowed chairs in ancient Iranian studies of any North American institution. With especial faculty strengths in ancient Iran, the specialization’s broader historical scope encompasses the Bronze Age cultures of the Iranian Plateau, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia up to the early modern empires of the Mughals, Safavids, and Ottomans (ca. 3500 BCE – ca. 1740 CE). The specialization’s broad conception of premodern Iranian Studies is paralleled in, and supported by, the extensive programming of UCI’s Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture (https:// www.humanities.uci.edu/persianstudies/), which provides the primary focus of the specialization’s graduate workshop. Prospective students who wish to pursue a Ph.D. in Iranian Studies at UCI must first apply (https://www.humanities.uci.edu/persianstudies/program/ grad_admit.php) and be admitted to the doctoral program through which their potential advisor accepts students, for example, the Ph.D.
  • The Sasanian Tradition in ʽabbāsid Art: Squinch Fragmentation As The

    The Sasanian Tradition in ʽabbāsid Art: Squinch Fragmentation As The

    The Sasanian Tradition in ʽAbbāsid Art: squinch fragmentation as The structural origin of the muqarnas La tradición sasánida en el arte ʿabbāssí: la fragmentación de la trompa de esquina como origen estructural de la decoración de muqarnas A tradição sassânida na arte abássida: a fragmentação do arco de canto como origem estrutural da decoração das Muqarnas Alicia CARRILLO1 Abstract: Islamic architecture presents a three-dimensional decoration system known as muqarnas. An original system created in the Near East between the second/eighth and the fourth/tenth centuries due to the fragmentation of the squinche, but it was in the fourth/eleventh century when it turned into a basic element, not only all along the Islamic territory but also in the Islamic vocabulary. However, the origin and shape of muqarnas has not been thoroughly considered by Historiography. This research tries to prove the importance of Sasanian Art in the aesthetics creation of muqarnas. Keywords: Islamic architecture – Tripartite squinches – Muqarnas –Sasanian – Middle Ages – ʽAbbāsid Caliphate. Resumen: La arquitectura islámica presenta un mecanismo de decoración tridimensional conocido como decoración de muqarnas. Un sistema novedoso creado en el Próximo Oriente entre los siglos II/VIII y IV/X a partir de la fragmentación de la trompa de esquina, y que en el siglo XI se extendió por toda la geografía del Islam para formar parte del vocabulario del arte islámico. A pesar de su importancia y amplio desarrollo, la historiografía no se ha detenido especialmente en el origen formal de la decoración de muqarnas y por ello, este estudio pone de manifiesto la influencia del arte sasánida en su concepción estética durante el Califato ʿabbāssí.
  • Language Between God and the Poets

    Language Between God and the Poets

    1 Contexts This is a book about four eleventh-century scholars who lived a millennium ago. But it is also a book about ideas that took shape as if the world outside did not exist. The authors involved conceived their accounts of language, divinity, reason, and metaphor as universal accounts of the human condition. They did not see their Muslim, Arabic, Persian, medieval, context as a determining factor in these universal accounts, and neither should we. To claim that eleventh-century Muslim scholars, writing in Arabic, expressed a universal human spirit with just as much purchase on language, mind, and reality as we achieve today is an endorsement of the position in the history of thought made famous by Leo Strauss.1 However, in order to make sense of eleventh-century texts we need to explore the books their authors had read, the debates in which they were taking part, and the a priori commitments they held: this is the methodology for the history of thought advocated by Quentin Skinner.2 THE ELEVENTH CENTURY What can we say about the eleventh century? It was known, in its own calendar, as the fifth century of the Islamic era that started in 622 a.d. with Muḥammad’s emi- gration from Mecca to Medina (al-hiǧrah; hence the name of that calendar: Hiǧrī) and was counted in lunar years thereafter. The different calendars are, of course, a translation problem. The boundaries of the eleventh-century that I am using (1000 1. Strauss (1989). 2. Skinner (2002). 7 8 Contexts and 1100) are not just artificial; they were wholly absent from the imaginations of the scholars who lived between them, for whom those same years were numbered 390 and 493.
  • MA Iranian Studies Programme Specification 2018/19

    MA Iranian Studies Programme Specification 2018/19

    Programme Specification I. Programme Details Programme title Iranian Studies Iranian Studies & Intensive Language (Arabic or Persian or Turkish) Final award (exit awards will be made as BA ☐ MA ☒ outlined in the Taught Degree Regulations) BSc ☐ MSc ☐ Other ... ☐ Mode of delivery Distance-learning ☐ On-campus ☒ Professional body accreditation (if applicable) n/a Academic year this specification was created 2016/17 Dates of any subsequent amendments II. Programme Aims: What will the programme allow you to achieve? 1. Critically assess the historical development of Iranian society, economics and culture within the context of the wider west Asian area. 2. Appreciate the complexity of the history and cultural make up of Iran. 3. Analyse Iran in accordance with an interdisciplinary curriculum and a flexible study programme. 4. Enhance their knowledge about the religious and politico-cultural influences affecting contemporary Iran and the region it is embedded in. 5. The programme allows students to cultivate or further develop a basic expertise in particular aspects of Iranian Studies. 6. The programme allows students to choose modules that meet their own needs, with respect to their interest in Iran and future career plans. 7. The programme allows students to develop their abilities to synthesize information, to think critically, to manage a complex research project and to present their results in verbal and written form. 8. In the two-year Intensive Language pathway, the student will also be expected to achieve a certain level of language proficiency, depending on language chosen and entry level (in the case of Arabic). III. Programme Learning Outcomes: What will you learn on the programme? There are four key areas in which you will develop: Learning Outcomes: Knowledge 1.
  • 2 Trade and the Economy(Second Half Of

    2 Trade and the Economy(Second Half Of

    ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction 2 TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY)* C. Poujol and V. Fourniau Contents Introduction ....................................... 51 The agrarian question .................................. 56 Infrastructure ...................................... 61 Manufacturing and trade ................................ 68 Transforming societies ................................. 73 Conclusion ....................................... 76 Introduction Russian colonization in Central Asia may have been the last phase of an expansion of the Russian state that had begun centuries earlier. However, in terms of area, it represented the largest extent of non-Russian lands to fall under Russian control, and in a rather short period: between 1820 (the year of major political and administrative decisions aimed at the Little and Middle Kazakh Hordes, or Zhuzs) and 1885 (the year of the capture of Merv). The conquest of Central Asia also brought into the Russian empire the largest non-Russian population in an equally short time. The population of Central Asia (Steppe and Turkistan regions, including the territories that were to have protectorate status forced on them) was 9–10 million in the mid-nineteenth century. * See Map 1. 51 ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction Although the motivations of the Russian empire in conquering these vast territories were essentially strategic and political, they quickly assumed a major economic dimension. They combined all the functions attributed by colonial powers
  • British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971

    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971

    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2014 Robert Steele School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives and Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Statement on Primary Sources...............................................................................................................................
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
  • Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities

    Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities

    Order Code RL34021 Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Updated November 25, 2008 Hussein D. Hassan Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Summary Iran is home to approximately 70.5 million people who are ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. The central authority is dominated by Persians who constitute 51% of Iran’s population. Iranians speak diverse Indo-Iranian, Semitic, Armenian, and Turkic languages. The state religion is Shia, Islam. After installation by Ayatollah Khomeini of an Islamic regime in February 1979, treatment of ethnic and religious minorities grew worse. By summer of 1979, initial violent conflicts erupted between the central authority and members of several tribal, regional, and ethnic minority groups. This initial conflict dashed the hope and expectation of these minorities who were hoping for greater cultural autonomy under the newly created Islamic State. The U.S. State Department’s 2008 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, released September 19, 2008, cited Iran for widespread serious abuses, including unjust executions, politically motivated abductions by security forces, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, and arrests of women’s rights activists. According to the State Department’s 2007 Country Report on Human Rights (released on March 11, 2008), Iran’s poor human rights record worsened, and it continued to commit numerous, serious abuses. The government placed severe restrictions on freedom of religion. The report also cited violence and legal and societal discrimination against women, ethnic and religious minorities. Incitement to anti-Semitism also remained a problem. Members of the country’s non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly Baha’is, reported imprisonment, harassment, and intimidation based on their religious beliefs.
  • Early Islamic Architecture in Iran

    Early Islamic Architecture in Iran

    EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN IRAN (637-1059) ALIREZA ANISI Ph.D. THESIS THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 2007 To My wife, and in memory of my parents Contents Preface...........................................................................................................iv List of Abbreviations.................................................................................vii List of Plates ................................................................................................ix List of Figures .............................................................................................xix Introduction .................................................................................................1 I Historical and Cultural Overview ..............................................5 II Legacy of Sasanian Architecture ...............................................49 III Major Feature of Architecture and Construction ................72 IV Decoration and Inscriptions .....................................................114 Conclusion .................................................................................................137 Catalogue of Monuments ......................................................................143 Bibliography .............................................................................................353 iii PREFACE It is a pleasure to mention the help that I have received in writing this thesis. Undoubtedly, it was my great fortune that I benefited from the supervision of Robert Hillenbrand, whose comments,
  • The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C.
  • Features and Influence of Islamic Architecture on Western Architecture

    Features and Influence of Islamic Architecture on Western Architecture

    Features and influence of Islamic architecture on western architecture Prepare by architect Kamal Hassan Hama List of content . Historical overview . The most important elements of Islamic architecture . Influences of Islamic architecture . Features of Islamic architecture and arts . The impact of Islamic architecture on Western architecture Historical overview Islamic architec The characteristics and characteristics of Islamic architecture were greatly influenced by the Islamic religion and the scientific renaissance that followed it. It differs from one region to another according to the weather and the previous architectural and civilizational legacy in the region, as the open courtyard is spread in the Levant, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, while it disappeared in Turkey as a result of the cold weather and in Yemen due to the architectural legacy. We also see the development of form and function over time and the change in the political, living and cultural conditions of the population ture is the structural characteristics that Muslims used to be their identity, and that architecture arose thanks to Islam in the areas that it reached such as the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, the Levant, the Maghreb, Turkey, Iran and others, in addition to the regions that ruled for long periods such as Andalusia (now Spain) and India. The most important elements of Islamic architecture Minarets Domes Contracts Saucer Niche Basement Mashrabiyas Columns and crowns Ornaments, decorations and muqarnas Minarets Minarets appeared in Islamic architecture
  • Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on Its Fundamentals

    Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on Its Fundamentals

    International Journal of Philosophy and Theology September 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 93-106 ISSN: 2333-5750 (Print), 2333-5769 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on its Fundamentals Parisa Ghorbannejad1 Abstract Islamic Sufism started in Azerbaijan later than other Islamic regions for some reasons.Early Sufis in this region had been inspired by mysterious beliefs of Zarathustra which played an important role in future path of Sufism in Iran the consequences of which can be seen in illumination theory. This research deals with the reason of the delay in the advent of Sufism in Azerbaijan compared with other regions in a descriptive analytic method. Studies show that the deficiency of conqueror Arabs, loyalty of ethnic people to Iranian religion and the influence of theosophical beliefs such as heart's eye, meeting the right, relation between body and soul and cross evidences in heart had important effects on ideas and thoughts of Azerbaijan's first Sufis such as Ebn-e-Yazdanyar. Investigating Arab victories and conducting case studies on early Sufis' thoughts and ideas, the author attains considerable results via this research. Keywords: Sufism, Azerbaijan, Zarathustra, Ebn-e-Yazdanyar, Islam Introduction Azerbaijan territory2 with its unique geography and history, was the cultural center of Iran for many years in Sasanian era and was very important for Zarathustra religion and Magi class. 1 PhD, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch,WestAzarbayjan, Iran.