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Early Islamic Architecture in Iran

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Early Islamic Architecture in Iran EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN IRAN (637-1059) ALIREZA ANISI Ph.D. THESIS THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 2007 To My wife, and in memory of my parents Contents Preface...........................................................................................................iv List of Abbreviations.................................................................................vii List of Plates ................................................................................................ix List of Figures .............................................................................................xix Introduction .................................................................................................1 I Historical and Cultural Overview ..............................................5 II Legacy of Sasanian Architecture ...............................................49 III Major Feature of Architecture and Construction ................72 IV Decoration and Inscriptions .....................................................114 Conclusion .................................................................................................137 Catalogue of Monuments ......................................................................143 Bibliography .............................................................................................353 iii PREFACE It is a pleasure to mention the help that I have received in writing this thesis. Undoubtedly, it was my great fortune that I benefited from the supervision of Robert Hillenbrand, whose comments, advice and friendship were my main help in completing this study. I am grateful to all my colleagues in the ICHO, especially those in the Gulistān Palace Museum, and in the local offices in Khurasan, Kirman, Fars, Yazd, Simnan and Mazandaran province, for all kinds of help. I am indebted to Sayyid Muḥammad Bihishtī, the previous president of ICHO, who made possible my scholarship in Edinburgh. I should like to thank my friend, ‘Abdullāh Quchānī, whose readings of and comments on inscriptions were always informative. I am thankful to the late Bāqir Shirazī and the late Muḥammad Mihryār for valuable information. For help of various kinds my warmest thanks go to Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis. I would like to thank Shahrīyār Adle for his help and suggestions and also Bernard O’Kane for i his comments on the catalogue entries. I am in debt to my friend, Amīn Mahdavī, whose technical advices was helpful in computerising the manuscript. My final and deepest thanks go to my wife, Lāla. Without her patience and support, the writing of this thesis would have been impossible. I also want to thank my son Bihnām, for his help in scanning the images of the thesis. Finally, I hope this study to commemorate the architects, builders, craftsman and artists who were the great creators of the Iranian architectural heritage. The system of transliteration is that used in Iran, the journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. The major dynasties such as ‘Abbasid, Sasanian, Saljuq, Ilkhanid, Timurid, Safavid and Qajar and also certain major cities and provinces, such as Khurasan, Isfahan, Mazandaran, Kirman, Fars, Yazd, Nishapur, Shiraz, Tabriz, Damghan, Simnan, Na’in, Ardistan, Samarqand, Bukhara, Heart, Baghdad and Samarra are not transliterated. In the text of the thesis the dates are given in the Islamic lunar calendar (Hijrī), followed by the corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar (A.D). Dates from the later 20th century are given in the solar calendar (Shamsī), followed by equivalent in the Gregorian calendar. A single date in the text is always in the Gregorian calendar. In the bibliography the dates are given where appropriate in the Islamic solar calendar followed by the date in the Gregorian calendar. ii Notice After mentioning the name of the prophet of Islam - Muḥammad - and each of the twelve Shī‘ite Imāms (and their offspring), it is customary to add the honorific phrase, ṣallā allāhu wa ālihi, “may the blessing of Allāh be upon him and his Family” and ‘alayhi al-salām, “may Allāh bless him”, respectively. Owing to limited space these honorific phrases have been shortened as (ṣ) and (‘a) in the text. iii List of Abbreviations AeI Āthār-é Īrān AI Ars Islamica AKTMSI Maqālāt-i Avvalīn Kungira Tarīkh-i Mi‘mārī va Shahr Sazī-yi Iran AMI Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran AO Ars Orientalis BMMA Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art CHI Cambridge History Iranica DKTMSI Maqālāt-i Dūvūmīn Kungira Tarīkh-i Mi‘mārī va Shahr Sazī-yi Iran EI2 Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition EIr Encyclopedia of Iran EMA Early Muslim Architecture IAA Hattstein and Delius, eds., Islam. Art and Architecture ICHO Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization IS Iranian Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society MAE Muslim Architecture of Egypt vii NOPAM National Organization for the Protection of Ancient Monuments SI Studia Iranica SBU Shahīd Bihishtī University SPA Pope and Ackerman, eds., Survey of Persian Art viii List of Plates Pl.III.1. Ribāṭ-i Ziyārat, mosque. View of qibla wall and detail of its inscription. Pl.III.2. Friday mosque, Raqqa. View of the qibla īwān and its groined vault. Pl.III.3. Zindān-i Hārūn, near Rayy. View of building. Pl.III.4. Bishāpūr. Remains of a ḥammām. Pl.III.5. Zindān-i Hārūn, near Rayy. View of squinch. Pl.III.6. Imāmzada J‘afar, Damghan. View of squinch. Pl.III.7.Gunbad-i Zangūla, Damghan. View of squinch. Pl.III.8. Zūzan. The recent discovered piers. Pl.III.9. Ṭūs. The recent discovered piers. Pl.IV.1.Tabriz. Remains of the miḥrāb. Pl.IV.2. Rayy. View of flat miḥrāb. Pl.1.1. Tārī Khānā. General view. Pl.1.2. Tārī Khānā. View of main aisle. Pl.1.3. Tārī Khānā. View of minaret. Pl.1.4. Tārī Khānā. Elliptical arch. Pl.1.5. Tārī Khānā. View of southern corner of the courtyard, 1312/1894. xix Pl.1.6. Tārī Khānā. View of the main aisle, 1312/1894. Pl.1.7. Tārī Khānā. Constructional detail of a column. Pl.1.8. Tārī Khānā. View of north-east arcade. Pl.2.1. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. View of a pier in the shabistān. Pl.2.2. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. View inside the shabistān. Pl.2.3. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Decorative patterns on a pier. Pl.2.4. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. View of supporting walls in shabistān. Pl.2.5. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Exterior façade, projecting semi-circular pier. Pl.2.6. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Exterior facade, grilles of open-jointed brickwork. Pl.2.7. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. View of the minaret and guldasta. Pl.2.8. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Remains of Kufic inscription on the qibla wall. Pl.2.9. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Elaborate inscription next to the miḥrāb. Pl.2.10. Friday mosque, Shūshtar. Kufic inscription of wood. Pl.3.1. Friday mosque , Fahraj. View of engaged columns. Pl.3.2. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of the small miḥrāb. Pl.3.3. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of the four-vaulted arcade. Pl.3.4. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of double elliptical squinch. Pl.3.5. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of the minaret. Pl.3.6. Friday mosque, Fahraj. Decorative pattern of stepped design. Pl.3.7. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of blind lobed arch with an ogee apex. Pl.3.8. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of blind lobed arch with a pointed apex. Pl.3.9. Friday mosque, Fahraj. View of cannular grooves. Pl.3.10.Friday mosque, Fahraj. The remains of a decorative false doorway. xx Pl.4.1. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk , Shahdād. View of entrance. Pl.4.2. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk, Shahdād. Entrance of a room in ground floor. Pl.4.3. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk, Shahdād. Interior view of a room. Pl.4.4. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk, Shahdād. View of the courtyard and the upper floor. Pl.4.5. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk, Shahdād. View of corridor in the upper floor. Pl.4.6. Qal‘a-yi Ramūk, Shahdād. View of an arrow-slit. Pl.5.1. Friday mosque, Sāva. View of the qibla īwān. Pl.5.2. Friday mosque, Sāva. View of north-western īwān. Pl.5.3. Friday mosque, Sāva. View of the minaret and eastern courtyard façade. Pl.5.4. Friday mosque, Sāva. View of two early piers. Pl.5.5. Friday mosque, Sāva. View of earliest miḥrāb attached to a pier. Pl.5.6. Friday mosque, Sāva. Fragment of an inscription painted on plaster. Pl.5.7. Friday mosque, Sāva. Detail of inscription bands on the earliest miḥrāb. Pl.6.1.Friday mosque, Ardistan. View of south-eastern and south-western īwāns. Pl.6.2.Friday mosque, Ardistan. Exterior view of dome chamber. Pl.6.3.Friday mosque, Ardistan. View of the north-eastern īwān. Pl.6.4.Friday mosque, Ardistan. The entrance on the south-west. Pl.6.5.Friday mosque, Ardistan. View of engaged column. Pl.6.6.Friday mosque, Ardistan. Remains of carved stucco. Pl.6.7.Friday mosque, Ardistan. Remains of carved stucco in upper storey. Pl.6.8.Friday mosque, Ardistan. Decorative band on the south-west of the building. Pl.6.9.Friday mosque, Ardistan. Part of a Kufic inscription band. xxi Pl.7.1. Masjid-i Malik, Kirman. View of the qibla īwān. Pl.7.2. Masjid-i Malik, Kirman. View of inside the dome chamber. Pl.7.3. Masjid-i Malik, Kirman. View of northern exterior minaret. Pl.7.4. Masjid-i Malik, Kirman. View of historical inscriptions in the qibla īwān. Pl.8.1. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of niche in the qibla wall. Pl.8.2. Friday mosque, Na’in. Domical vault in the qibla area. Pl.8.3. Friday mosque, Na’in. Interior view of the south-eastern arcade. Pl.8.4. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of north-western arcade. Pl.8.5. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of the middle niche of miḥrāb. Pl.8.6. Friday mosque, Na’in. Two-storied bay in the main aisle. Pl.8.7. Friday mosque, Na’in. A pier with engaged columns. Pl.8.8. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of stalactite domical vault. Pl.8.9. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of minaret. Pl.8.10. Friday mosque, Na’in. Detail of ornament on a column. Pl.8.11. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of the decorated spandrels. Pl.8.12. Friday mosque, Na’in. View of the miḥrāb on a pier. Pl.8.13.
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