FREE ETRUSCAN AND EARLY ROMAN ARCHITECTURE PDF Axel Boethius | 264 pages | 25 Nov 1992 | Yale University Press | 9780300052909 | English | New Haven, United States Etruscan Architecture | Art History Summary. Periods and movements through time. The study of Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture 4. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture since the advent of large-scale excavations Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture the late 19th century, and since the s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy. The overviews on Etruscan architecture address very different kinds of audiences, and each has its own focus and strengths. Colonna and Donati are chapters in general books on the Etruscans for Italian as well as international readers, while Damgaard Andersen covers all aspects of early Etruscan architecture in a very systematic presentation. Barker and Rasmussen emphasizes the landscape of Etruria with accounts of excavations and remains, including architecture. A recent topic of discussion concerns the relationship between Etruscan architecture in general and the architectural traditions of ancient Rome. Works such as Cifani and Hopkins emphasize the individual characteristic features of early Roman architecture in relation to that of its Etruscan neighbors. Barker, Graeme, and Tom Rasmussen. The Etruscans. Oxford: Blackwell. Etruscan and early Roman architecture. Revised by Roger Ling and Tom Rasmussen. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. A solid overview based on archaeological evidence from Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture sites. Remains a useful reference work in spite of its date. Cifani, Gabriele. Architettura romana arcaica. A catalogue of the remains from early Rome, including famous Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture such as the Capitoline temple. Colonna, Giovanni. Urbanistica e architettura. Edited by Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, — Milan: Libri Scheiwiller. Damgaard Andersen, Helle. Etruscan architecture from the Late Orientalizing Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture the Archaic period c. PhD diss. An outstanding and clear presentation of the archaeological evidence, unfortunately not published with illustrations and complete documentation. Donati, Luigi. Civil, religious, and domestic architecture. In The Etruscans. Edited by Mario Torelli, — Haynes, Sybille. Etruscan civilization: A cultural history. London: British Museum. An extensive overview of Etruscan culture based on lateth-century discoveries and scholarship. Hopkins, John N. The topographical transformation of Archaic Rome: A new interpretation of architecture and geography in the early city. Moretti Sgubini, Anna Maria, ed. Study of lateth-century archaeological discoveries from three major Etruscan cities and a reevaluation of already excavated material. Paoletti, Orazio, and Giovannangelo Camporeale, eds. Rome: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. Two-volume collection of articles on major Etruscan sites in Italy by excavators and scholars. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. Not a member? Sign up for My OBO. Already a member? Publications Pages Publications Pages. Subscriber sign in You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Username Please enter your Username. Password Please enter your Password. Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number. Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about About Related Articles close popup. Introduction The study of Etruscan architecture suffers greatly in comparison with Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. General Overviews The overviews on Etruscan architecture address very different kinds of audiences, and each has its own focus and strengths. How to Subscribe Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Jump to Other Articles:. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Powered by: PubFactory. Etruscan and early Roman architecture - Axel Boëthius - Google книги Etruscan architecture was created between about BC and 27 BC, when the expanding civilization of ancient Rome finally absorbed Etruscan civilization. The Etruscans were considerable builders in stone, wood and other materials of temples, houses, tombs and Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture walls, as well as bridges and roads. The only structures remaining in quantity in anything like their original condition are tombs and walls, but through archaeology and other sources we have a good deal of information on what once existed. From about BC, Etruscan Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture was heavily influenced by Greek architecturewhich was itself developing through the Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture period. But increasingly, from about BC, the Romans looked directly to Greece for their styling, while sometimes retaining Etruscan shapes and purposes in their buildings. The main monumental forms of Etruscan architecture, listed in decreasing order of the surviving remains, were: the houses of the wealthy elite, the mysterious "monumental complexes", temples, city walls, and rock-cut tombs. Apart from the podia of temples and some house foundations, only the walls and rock-cut tombs were mainly in stone, and have therefore often largely survived. The early Etruscans seem to have worshipped in open air enclosures, marked off but not built over; sacrifices continued Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture be Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture outside rather than inside temples in traditional Roman religion until its end. It was only around BC, at the height of their civilization, that they began to create monumental temples, undoubtedly influenced by the Greeks. Usually, only the podium or base platform used stone, with the upper parts of wood and mud-brick, greatly reducing what survives for archaeologists. The only written account of significance on their architecture is by Vitruvius died after 15 BCwriting some two centuries after the Etruscan civilization was absorbed by Rome. He describes Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture to plan a "Tuscan temple" that appears to be a Roman "Etruscan-style" tuscanicae dispositiones temple of a type perhaps still sometimes built in his own day, rather than a really historically- minded attempt to describe original Etruscan buildings, though he may well have seen examples of these. Many aspects of his description fit what archaeologists can demonstrate, but others do not. It is in any case clear that Etruscan temples could take a number of forms, and also varied over the year period during which they were being made. There are also a few model temples in pottery, and depictions on tombs or vases. Remains Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture the architectural terracotta elements sometimes survive in considerable quantities, and museums, mostly in Italy, have good collections of attractively shaped and painted antefixes in particular. Vitruvius specifies three doors and three cellaeone for each of the main Etruscan deities, but archaeological remains do not suggest this was normal, though it is found. The exteriors of both Greek and Roman temples were originally highly decorated and colourful, especially Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture the entablature and roofs, and this was if anything even more true of Etruscan temples. When wood was used for columns, the bases and capitals were often encased in painted terracotta. The Apollo of Veii was part of an acroterion group. The groups from Luni and Talamone both now in Florence are among the most impressive. Features shared by typical Etruscan and Roman temples, and contrasting with Greek ones, begin with a strongly frontal approach, with great emphasis on the front facade, less on the sides, and very little on the back. The podia are also usually higher, and can only be entered at a section of the front, just presenting a blank platform wall elsewhere. There may only be columns at the front portico. At least in later temples, versions of Greek AeolicIonic and Corinthian capitals are found, as well as the main Tuscan ordera simpler version of the Doricbut the attention to the full Greek detailing in the entablature that the Romans pursued seems to have been lacking. Etruscan architecture shared with Ancient Egyptian architecture the use of large cavetto mouldings as a cornicethough not on the same massive scale. The cavetto