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Iudaea Capta Vs. Mother Zion: the Flavian Discourse on Judaeans and Its Delegitimation in 4 Ezra
Journal for the Study of Judaism 49 (2018) 498-550 Journal for the Study of Judaism brill.com/jsj Iudaea Capta vs. Mother Zion: The Flavian Discourse on Judaeans and Its Delegitimation in 4 Ezra G. Anthony Keddie1 Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada [email protected] Abstract This study proposes that the empire-wide Iudaea capta discourse should be viewed as a motivating pressure on the author of 4 Ezra. The discourse focused on Iudaea capta, Judaea captured, was pervasive across the Roman empire following the First Revolt. Though initiated by the Flavians, it became misrecognized across the Mediterranean and was expressed in a range of media. In this article, I examine the diverse evidence for this discourse and demonstrate that it not only cast Judaeans as barbaric enemies of Rome using a common set of symbols, but also attributed responsibility for a minor provincial revolt to a transregional ethnos/gens. One of the most distinctive symbols of this discourse was a personification of Judaea as a mourning woman. I argue that 4 Ezra delegitimates this Iudaea capta discourse, with its mourning woman, through the counter-image of a Mother Zion figure who transforms into the eschatological city. Keywords Iudaea capta/Judaea capta − Flavian dynasty − 4 Ezra − Roman iconography − Jewish-Roman relations − Mother Zion − apocalyptic discourse − First Jewish Revolt 1 I would like to thank Steven Friesen and L. Michael White for their helpful feedback and insightful suggestions on earlier versions of this study. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2018 | doi:10.1163/15700631-12494235Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 11:31:49PM via free access Iudaea Capta vs. -
The Restoration of the Arch of Titus in The
日本建築学会計画系論文集 第82巻 第734号,1109-1114, 2017年4月 【カテゴリーⅠ】 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 734, 1109-1114, Apr., 2017 DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/aija.82.1109 THE RESTORATION OF THE ARCH OF TITUS THE RESTORATIONIN THE OF THE NINETEENTH ARCH OF TITUS CENTURY: IN THE NINETEENTH The intention of Giuseppe Valadier regardingCENTURY: distinctions between old and new architectural materials The intervention of Giuseppe Valadier19 世紀のティトゥスの凱旋門の修復 regarding distinctions between old and new architectural materials 工法「新旧の建材の識別」に関するジュゼッペ・ヴァラディエの意図19 ୡ⣖ࡢࢸࢺࢫࡢถ᪕㛛ࡢಟ ᕤἲࠕ᪂ᪧࡢᘓᮦࡢ㆑ูࠖ㛵ࡍࡿࢪࣗࢮࢵ࣭ࣦ࣌ࣛࢹ࢚ࡢពᅗ Go OHBA * 大場 豪 ሙ * Go OHBA The Arch of Titus, restored in the first half of nineteenth century, is a restoration model in terms of certain distinctions between old and new architectural materials. To comprehend the intervention method, this study examined sources on the restoration and compared with a case study, the restoration of the eastern outer wall of the Colosseum. As a result, this study pointed that the Roman architect Giuseppe Valadier sought architectural unity that denoted for the harmony of the two different types of materials. Keywords: The Arch of Titus, restoration, Giuseppe Valadier, The Colosseum ࢸࢺࢫࡢถ᪕㛛㸪ಟ㸪ࢪࣗࢮࢵ࣭ࣦ࣌ࣛࢹ࢚, ࢥࣟࢵࢭ࢜ Recognize Introduction proposal was based on the restoration of the Arch of Titus, as he himself This study discusses the restoration of the Arch of Titus from 1818 to mentioned in Mouseion, the journal of conference’s host organization the 1823 in Rome. The intervention made the ancient monument valuable for International Museum Office4). This episode proved that people still the interplay between old and new architectural materials, a concept that is exemplified the intervention one hundred years after its implementation in taken in restoration projects abroad. -
Yalin Akcevin the Etruscans Space in Etruscan Sacred Architecture And
Yalin Akcevin The Etruscans Space in Etruscan Sacred Architecture and Its Implications on Use Abstract Space is no doubt an important subject for the Etruscan religion, whether in the inauguration of cities and sacred areas, or in the divination of omens through the Piacenza liver in divided spaces of a sacrificial liver. It is then understandable that in the architecture and layout of the temples and sacred places, the usage of space, bears specific meaning and importance to the use and sanctity of the temple. Exploring the relationship between architectural spaces, and religious and secular use of temple complexes can expand the role of the temple from simply the ritualistic. It can also be shown that temples were both monuments to gods and Etruscans, and that these places were living spaces reflecting the Etruscan sense of spatial relations and importance. I. Introduction The Etruscans, in their own rights, were people whose religion was omnipresent in their daily lives. From deciding upon the fate of battle to the inauguration of cities and sacred spaces, the Etruscans held a sense of religion close to themselves. The most prominent part of this religion however, given what is left from the Etruscans, is the emphasis on the use of space. The division and demarcation of physical space is seen in the orthogonal city plan of Marzabotto with cippus placed at prominent crossroads marking the cardinal directions, to the sixteen parts of the heaven and the sky on the Piacenza liver. Space had been used to divine from lighting, conduct augury from the flight of birds and haruspicy from the liver of sacrificial animals. -
Rodolfo Lanciani, the Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 1897, P
10/29/2010 1 Primus Adventus ad Romam Urbem Aeternam Your First Visit to Rome The Eternal City 2 Accessimus in Urbe AeternA! • Welcome, traveler! Avoiding the travails of the road, you arrived by ship at the port of Ostia; from there, you’ve had a short journey up the Via Ostiensis into Roma herself. What do you see there? 3 Quam pulchra est urbs aeterna! • What is there to see in Rome? • What are some monuments you have heard of? • How old are the buildings in Rome? • How long would it take you to see everything important? 4 Map of Roma 5 The Roman Forum • “According to the Roman legend, Romulus and Tatius, after the mediation of the Sabine women, met on the very spot where the battle had been fought, and made peace and an alliance. The spot, a low, damp, grassy field, exposed to the floods of the river Spinon, took the name of “Comitium” from the verb coire, to assemble. It is possible that, in consequence of the alliance, a road connecting the Sabine and the Roman settlements was made across these swamps; it became afterwards the Sacra Via…. 6 The Roman Forum • “…Tullus Hostilius, the third king, built a stone inclosure on the Comitium, for the meeting of the Senators, named from him Curia Hostilia; then came the state prison built by Ancus Marcius in one of the quarries (the Tullianum). The Tarquin [kings] drained the land, gave the Forum a regular (trapezoidal) shape, divided the space around its borders into building- lots, and sold them to private speculators for shops and houses, the fronts of which were to be lined with porticoes.” --Rodolfo Lanciani, The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 1897, p. -
A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite? Jodi Magness University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation Volume 8 Article 4 2001 A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite? Jodi Magness University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies Recommended Citation Magness, Jodi (2001) "A Near Eastern Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite?," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 8 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol8/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Near EasTern EThnic ElemenT Among The ETruscan EliTe? by Jodi Magness INTRODUCTION:THEPROBLEMOFETRUSCANORIGINS 1 “Virtually all archaeologists now agree that the evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of the “indigenous” theory of Etruscan origins: the development of Etruscan culture has to be understood within an evolutionary sequence of social elaboration in Etruria.” 2 “The archaeological evidence now available shows no sign of any invasion, migra- Tion, or colonisaTion in The eighTh cenTury... The formaTion of ETruscan civilisaTion occurred in ITaly by a gradual process, The final sTages of which can be documenTed in The archaeo- logical record from The ninTh To The sevenTh cenTuries BC... For This reason The problem of ETruscan origins is nowadays (righTly) relegaTed To a fooTnoTe in scholarly accounTs.” 3 he origins of the Etruscans have been the subject of debate since classical antiqui- Tty. There have traditionally been three schools of thought (or “models” or “the- ories”) regarding Etruscan origins, based on a combination of textual, archaeo- logical, and linguistic evidence.4 According to the first school of thought, the Etruscans (or Tyrrhenians = Tyrsenoi, Tyrrhenoi) originated in the eastern Mediterranean. -
The Architecture of Roman Temples
P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 The Architecture of Roman Temples - The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper University of Notre Dame iii P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C John W. Stamper 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Bembo 11/14 pt., Weiss, Trajan, and Janson System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stamper, John W. The architecture of Roman temples : the republic to the middle empire / John W. Stamper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81068-x 1. Temples, Roman – Italy – Rome. 2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome, Italy) 3. Architecture, Roman – Italy – Rome – Influence. 4. Rome (Italy) -
An Analysis of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus As a Case of Etruscan Influence on Roman Religious Architec
HPS: The Journal of History & Political Science 5 Caput Mundi: An Analysis of the HPS: The Journal of History & Political Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Science 2017, Vol. 5 1-12 as a Case of Etruscan Influence on © The Author(s) 2017 Roman Religious Architecture Mario Concordia York University, Canada While Roman architecture is often generalized as being primarily of Greek influence, there are important periods where other influences can be clearly identified. This paper considers the Etruscan, Greek, and Villanovan influence on Roman religious architecture through an examination of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maxmius, also known as the Capitolium, and argues that the temple is ultimately of primarily Etruscan influence. Introduction Religious temple architecture was a dynamic, evolving tradition throughout the entire span of Roman history. From its founding, customarily dated at 753 BCE with the mythical tale of Romulus and Remus, until the eventual fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE, temples were a central piece of the majesty of Roman architecture. But, like all construction fashion, what was dominant and popular in one period would inevitably change over time. As Becker indicates in his work, “Italic Architecture of the Earlier First Millennium BCE,” many scholars believe that Roman temple architecture is completely indebted to Greek advancements and influence, and that historians should be looking at Classic Greek models when considering Roman architecture,1 but this is hardly a complete answer. While it is true that Rome began to steer toward a more Hellenistic aesthetic some time around the Late Republic to Early Empire Period, there is an entire period before that which cannot be understood in this simple way. -
Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture Free
FREE ETRUSCAN AND EARLY ROMAN ARCHITECTURE PDF Axel Boethius | 264 pages | 25 Nov 1992 | Yale University Press | 9780300052909 | English | New Haven, United States Etruscan Architecture | Art History Summary. Periods and movements through time. The study of Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture 4. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture since the advent of large-scale excavations Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture the late 19th century, and since the s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy. The overviews on Etruscan architecture address very different kinds of audiences, and each has its own focus and strengths. Colonna and Donati are chapters in general books on the Etruscans for Italian as well as international readers, while Damgaard Andersen covers all aspects of early Etruscan architecture in a very systematic presentation. Barker and Rasmussen emphasizes the landscape of Etruria with accounts of excavations and remains, including architecture. A recent topic of discussion concerns the relationship between Etruscan architecture in general and the architectural traditions of ancient Rome. -
Etruscan and Roman Architecture Spring Vip 2020
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY CSU Virtual International Program HCL 405/ARC 410 - ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE SPRING VIP 2020 Prof. Giulia Pettena - [email protected] - [email protected] Wednesday 10-11 am California 3 CSU Semester Units Office Hours: Fridays by appointment Fall 2008 COURSE DESCRIPTION Content: This course is a historical survey of the cultural and technical advancements in architecture and engineering of the two most important civilizations of ancient Italy, the Etruscans and the Romans. The course focuses on: First part - Etruscan architecture: town-planning, domestic and religious buildings, cemeteries and funerary architecture. Etruscan techniques, materials, decorations and influences on Roman architecture. Examining during the course the different aspects of the cultural contacts between Etruscans and Romans, the first term will highlight the extent of the Etruscan influence on their conquerors, the Romans. Second part - The development of Roman architecture, techniques, materials and methods, from the Etruscan Rome, through the Republic, the Age of Augustus, the Empire and the late ‘decadence’, including the architecture of the Provinces. Previous attendance to the courses ‘Etruscology’ and ‘History of Ancient Rome’ is not a prerequisite for attending this course: there will be historical introductions at the beginning of the course and for all the important periods of both the Etruscan and the Roman civilization. Some readings will be recommended as well. CSU GE category: C3, C4, or C elective Method: Illustrated lectures. Research documents for the students (bibliography, graphic materials, synopsis of the course, and color slides). Regular attendance is highly recommended, given the visual nature of the course. Classes and lectures will be held in English. -
Brief History of the Roman Empire -Establishment of Rome in 753 BC
Brief History of the Roman Empire -Establishment of Rome in 753 BC (or 625 BC) -Etruscan domination of Rome (615-509 BC) -Roman Republic (510 BC to 23 BC) -The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin (the language of the Romans) words 'res publica' which mean 'public matters' or 'matters of state'. Social System -Rome knew four classes of people. -The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all. -The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all. -The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich. -The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them. Emperors of the Roman Empire -Imperial Period (27BC-395AD) Augustus: Rome's first emperor. He also added many territories to the empire. Nero: He was insane. He murdered his mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions. Titus: Before he was emperor he destroyed the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. Trajan: He was a great conqueror. Under his rule the empire reached its greatest extent. Diocletian: He split the empire into two pieces - a western and an eastern empire. -Imperial Period (27BC-395AD) Hadrian: He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians. -
Architecture, by Nancy R E Meugens Bell 1
Architecture, by Nancy R E Meugens Bell 1 Architecture, by Nancy R E Meugens Bell The Project Gutenberg EBook of Architecture, by Nancy R E Meugens Bell This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Architecture Author: Nancy R E Meugens Bell Release Date: August 30, 2010 [EBook #33589] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCHITECTURE *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive.) ARCHITECTURE BY MRS. ARTHUR BELL AUTHOR OF "THE ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF ART," "MASTERPIECES OF THE GREAT Architecture, by Nancy R E Meugens Bell 2 ARTISTS," "REPRESENTATIVE PAINTERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY," ETC. [Illustration: logo] LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK 67 LONG ACRE, W.C., AND EDINBURGH NEW YORK: DODGE PUBLISHING CO. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE INTRODUCTION: WHAT ARCHITECTURE IS--MATERIALS EMPLOYED--DEFINITION OF DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE TWO MAIN STYLES, TRABEATED AND ARCUATED v I. EGYPTIAN, ASIATIC, AND EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 7 II. GREEK ARCHITECTURE 13 III. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 22 IV. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 31 V. BYZANTINE AND SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE 36 VI. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 45 VII. ANGLO-SAXON AND ANGLO-NORMAN ARCHITECTURE 52 VIII. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 60 IX. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN 72 X. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 83 XI. -
Greek Architecture
STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE Greek Architecture BARBARA A. BARLETTA Abstract however, that the list of works cited, which is provided The study of Greek architecture grew out of the me- at the end of this article, will assist the reader in locat- ticulous recording of buildings and their components by ing those contributions. 18th- and 19th-century investigators. Although the aims have changed, with an increasing emphasis on historical history of the discipline and social context, the basic methods of documentation remain the same. This essay traces the history of the disci- The study of Greek architecture has evolved consid- pline as a background to modern approaches, geographic erably from its origins in the 18th century, but some emphases, and new perspectives. It surveys the work of of the basic principles have remained the same. It was archaeological schools and conference bodies, followed initiated by architects seeking to preserve a record of by general studies of architecture and its components as monuments of the past and to use them as a source of well as individual building forms and complexes. A focus is placed on recent literature, from 1980 to the present, “good taste” in their own times. They were already fa- and on books rather than articles.* miliar with buildings in Rome, but by the 18th century, their interests had shifted to Greece. Stuart and Revett state the reasons for this shift in their 1748 applica- introduction tion for financing for what would be the first project Many contributions have been made to the field sponsored by the Society of Dilettanti.