Making the Most of Afghanistan's River Basins
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Case Study of Environmental Social Impact Assessment Methodology - Kajaki Hydropower Plant Project, Helmand, Afghanistan
Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 10 Issue 01, January-2021 A Case Study of Environmental Social Impact Assessment Methodology - Kajaki Hydropower Plant Project, Helmand, Afghanistan Hussain Etemadi Reza Khodadadi CEO, Omran Geotechnic Company, Environmental expert, Omran Geotechnic Company, Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan. Mohammad Amin Etemadi Marzia Hussaini Environmental expert, Omran Geotechnic Company, Social Expert, Afghanistan Ministry Of Foreign Affairs, Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan. Sathyanarayanan S Undergraduate, Govandi, Mumbai, India. Abstract— Construction activities in general have adverse additional 18.5 MW turbine was recently added to the existing effects on the surrounding environment. One of the efforts to powerhouse. Work on the planned service spillway radial keep the impact on the environment on check is Environmental gates, emergency spillway alternative, and raising the dam Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The most convincing crest commenced during the late 1970s but construction definition of ESIA is a comprehensive document of a project’s activities ceased during the Soviet occupation and these potential environmental, social risks and impacts (IFC – 2012). This paper aims to delineate the process involved in assessing facilities were never completed. Consequently, the reservoir the impacts of one such construction, a construction of a has never been impounded to its design level of 1045 m. powerhouse in Kajaki Dam, Afghanistan. This powerhouse was constructed next to pre-existing powerhouse which comprises of The Kajaki Dam was built in the 1950s by the American three units. Along with the construction of a powerhouse an firm Morrison-Knudsen on contract with the then emergency spillway was also constructed and the penstock (4.9- Afghanistan’s Royal Government. -
Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities
Order Code RL34021 Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Updated November 25, 2008 Hussein D. Hassan Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Summary Iran is home to approximately 70.5 million people who are ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. The central authority is dominated by Persians who constitute 51% of Iran’s population. Iranians speak diverse Indo-Iranian, Semitic, Armenian, and Turkic languages. The state religion is Shia, Islam. After installation by Ayatollah Khomeini of an Islamic regime in February 1979, treatment of ethnic and religious minorities grew worse. By summer of 1979, initial violent conflicts erupted between the central authority and members of several tribal, regional, and ethnic minority groups. This initial conflict dashed the hope and expectation of these minorities who were hoping for greater cultural autonomy under the newly created Islamic State. The U.S. State Department’s 2008 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, released September 19, 2008, cited Iran for widespread serious abuses, including unjust executions, politically motivated abductions by security forces, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, and arrests of women’s rights activists. According to the State Department’s 2007 Country Report on Human Rights (released on March 11, 2008), Iran’s poor human rights record worsened, and it continued to commit numerous, serious abuses. The government placed severe restrictions on freedom of religion. The report also cited violence and legal and societal discrimination against women, ethnic and religious minorities. Incitement to anti-Semitism also remained a problem. Members of the country’s non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly Baha’is, reported imprisonment, harassment, and intimidation based on their religious beliefs. -
In the Hari River Basin, with Re-Validation of P. Turcomana
Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 9 (3): 01-05, 2015 ISSN: 1307-1130, E-ISSN: 2146-0108, www.nobel.gen.tr Taxonomic Status of the Genus Paraschistura (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) in the Hari River Basin, with Re-validation of P. turcomana Hamed MOUSAVI SABET1* Saber VATANDOUST2 Arash JOULADEH ROUDBAR3 Soheil EAGDERI4 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran 2Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran 3Department Fisheries, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Mazandran, Iran 4Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author: Received: July 12, 2015 Email: [email protected] Accepted: August 23, 2015 Abstract The genus Paraschistura in the Hari River basin is reviewed, and diagnoses are presented for all the three recognized species. Paraschistura cristata and P. turcmenica are considered valid; and P. turcomana is revalidated. Paraschistura turcomana is a poorly known species from the Kushk River in the Murghab drainage at the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, its validity has been questioned and a synonymy with P. turcmenica has been suggested. In this study, we compare P. turcmenica with the syntypes of P. turcomana. A comparison with the related taxa P. cristata and P. turcmenica reveals that P. turcomana can be separated from them by 7½ branched rays in dorsal fin, scaleless body, elongated and shallow body, shallow caudal peduncle, and colour pattern including obvious dark cross bars. The presence of two additional undescribed species is suggested from the basin. Keywords: Freshwater Fishes, Loach, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. -
Table of Contents List of Abbreviations
وضعیت محیط زیست افغانستان فشارها، پیشرفت ها، چالشها و خﻻها The Environment of Afghanistan ( 2010 - 2017) Pressures, Progress, Challenges/Gaps Ghulam Mohammad Malikyar Dec. 2017 غﻻم محمد ملکیار حوت 1396 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 6 AFGHANISTAN'S MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS .................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Physiography ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3. Population and Population growth ............................................................................................................... 12 4. General Education and Environmental Education ....................................................................................... 12 5. Socio-economic Process and Environment ................................................................................................... 13 6. Health and Sanitation ................................................................................................................................... 14 .[3] ........................................................................................................................................................................... -
BACKGROUNDER Military a Nalysis Andeducation for Civilian Leaders June 10, 2010
INSTITUTE FOR THE Jeffrey Dressler STUDY of WAR BACKGROUNDER Military A nalysis andEducation for Civilian Leaders June 10, 2010 Will the Marines Push into Northern Helmand? Northern Helmand may be the next focal point narcotics network and home to large contingents of of U. S. and British efforts in the province, just enemy fighters, IED manufacturing compounds, four months after U.S. Marines launched the and weapons storage caches.4 Sangin and Kajaki massive Operation Moshtarak in Marjah in central initially became hotspots for the Taliban after Helmand.1 This effort, which would be significantly they were driven from Musa Qala in December smaller in size and scope than Marjah, would 2007. Since then, the Taliban have expanded their concentrate on the troublesome districts of Kajaki presence and run mobile courts and effective shadow and Sangin in northeastern Helmand. governance structures in the districts, offering popular and effective services for the population.5 Speaking to reporters in London on June 7, U.S. Taliban elements operate relatively undisturbed Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said he discussed in the dense agricultural expanse that surrounds the possibility of sending more U.S. forces to both banks of the Helmand River to the south and northeastern Helmand.2 However, Gates noted that north of Sangin. Afghan, U.S., and coalition forces any final decision would be up to General Stanley in the area have been able to conduct only limited McChrystal, commander of U.S. and NATO forces patrolling beyond the district centers and the area in Afghanistan. surrounding the Kajaki dam, which provides power for much of Helmand and portions of Kandahar. -
Deforestation in the Princely State of Dir on the North-West Frontier and the Imperial Strategy of British India
Central Asia Journal No. 86, Summer 2020 CONSERVATION OR IMPLICIT DESTRUCTION: DEFORESTATION IN THE PRINCELY STATE OF DIR ON THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER AND THE IMPERIAL STRATEGY OF BRITISH INDIA Saeeda & Khalil ur Rehman Abstract The Czarist Empire during the nineteenth century emerged on the scene as a Eurasian colonial power challenging British supremacy, especially in Central Asia. The trans-continental Russian expansion and the ensuing influence were on the march as a result of the increase in the territory controlled by Imperial Russia. Inevitably, the Russian advances in the Caucasus and Central Asia were increasingly perceived by the British as a strategic threat to the interests of the British Indian Empire. These geo- political and geo-strategic developments enhanced the importance of Afghanistan in the British perception as a first line of defense against the advancing Russians and the threat of presumed invasion of British India. Moreover, a mix of these developments also had an impact on the British strategic perception that now viewed the defense of the North-West Frontier as a vital interest for the security of British India. The strategic imperative was to deter the Czarist Empire from having any direct contact with the conquered subjects, especially the North Indian Muslims. An operational expression of this policy gradually unfolded when the Princely State of Dir was loosely incorporated, but quite not settled, into the formal framework of the imperial structure of British India. The elements of this bilateral arrangement included the supply of arms and ammunition, subsidies and formal agreements regarding governance of the state. These agreements created enough time and space for the British to pursue colonial interests in Ph.D. -
Finally, I Am Grateful for the Continuous Support of My Parents,Siblings, Husband, Host Family, and Friends
Master Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies Department of Peace and Conflict Studies Uppsala University "WE ARE FIGHTING A WATER WAR" The Character of the Upstream States and Post-TreatyTransboundary Water Conflict in Afghanistan and India MARYAM SAFI [email protected] Supervisor: Kristine Höglund Spring 2021 Map 1. Helmand River and Indus River (Source: the University of Nebraska Omaha, n.d.) 1 ABSTRACT Transboundary water treaties are often expected to prevent conflicts over waters from shared rivers. However, empirical evidence shows that some upstream countries continue to experience conflict after signing a water treaty. This study explains why some upstream countries experience high post-treaty transboundary water conflict levels while others do not. Departing from theories on the character of states, I argue that weaker upstream countries are more likely to experience post-treaty transboundary water conflict than stronger upstream states. This is because a weak upstream state has fewer capabilities, which creates an imbalance of power with its downstream riparian neighbor and presents a zero-sum game condition. As a result, the upstream state is more likely to experience a high level of conflict after signing an agreement. The hypothesis is tested on two transboundary river cases, the Helmand River Basin and the Indus River Basin, using a structured, focused comparison method. The data is collected through secondary sources, including books, journals, news articles, and reports, government records. The results of the study mainly support the theoretical arguments. It shows a significant relationship between the character of the upstream state and the level of post-treaty transboundary water conflictin the upstream state. -
Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on Its Fundamentals
International Journal of Philosophy and Theology September 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 93-106 ISSN: 2333-5750 (Print), 2333-5769 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on its Fundamentals Parisa Ghorbannejad1 Abstract Islamic Sufism started in Azerbaijan later than other Islamic regions for some reasons.Early Sufis in this region had been inspired by mysterious beliefs of Zarathustra which played an important role in future path of Sufism in Iran the consequences of which can be seen in illumination theory. This research deals with the reason of the delay in the advent of Sufism in Azerbaijan compared with other regions in a descriptive analytic method. Studies show that the deficiency of conqueror Arabs, loyalty of ethnic people to Iranian religion and the influence of theosophical beliefs such as heart's eye, meeting the right, relation between body and soul and cross evidences in heart had important effects on ideas and thoughts of Azerbaijan's first Sufis such as Ebn-e-Yazdanyar. Investigating Arab victories and conducting case studies on early Sufis' thoughts and ideas, the author attains considerable results via this research. Keywords: Sufism, Azerbaijan, Zarathustra, Ebn-e-Yazdanyar, Islam Introduction Azerbaijan territory2 with its unique geography and history, was the cultural center of Iran for many years in Sasanian era and was very important for Zarathustra religion and Magi class. 1 PhD, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch,WestAzarbayjan, Iran. -
Afghanistan Renewable Energy Development
Public Disclosure Authorized 6/26/2018 Afghanistan Renewable Energy Development Issues and Options Public Disclosure Authorized Issues and Options Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Afghanistan is facing many economic and political challenges as it deals with spreading insurgency, declining economic growth, and continuing poverty. The Government is working on a number of fronts to stimulate economic activity through its own initiatives and in partnership with International Development Organizations but will continue to be challenged in the near and medium term as a growing population seeks jobs and business opportunities. One of the initiatives that the Government of Afghanistan (GoA) has identified is to capitalize on its wealth of Renewable Energy (RE) resources with a view to both increasing the delivery of electricity services to the population and developing domestic business opportunities both directly linked to RE technology and linked to improved access to reasonably priced electricity. Specifically, the GoA has set a target to supply 10 percent of forecast electricity demand (350-500 MW) through RE by 2032. This initiative offers both opportunities and risks. The objective of the current paper is to review the potential viability of RE as part of the country’s electricity supply plan, and at the same time to identify issues that might hinder or even derail the process. Existing Electricity System The existing power supply system in Afghanistan is deficient in many respects including geographic coverage, flexibility and adequacy and cost of domestic supply. While 89 percent of households reported having some kind of access to electricity in the 2013-2014 Living Conditions Survey (ALCS)1, only 29.7 percent received their power from the grid. -
Supplement 1
*^b THE BOOK OF THE STATES .\ • I January, 1949 "'Sto >c THE COUNCIL OF STATE'GOVERNMENTS CHICAGO • ••• • • ••'. •" • • • • • 1 ••• • • I* »• - • • . * • ^ • • • • • • 1 ( • 1* #* t 4 •• -• ', 1 • .1 :.• . -.' . • - •>»»'• • H- • f' ' • • • • J -•» J COPYRIGHT, 1949, BY THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS jk •J . • ) • • • PBir/Tfili i;? THE'UNIfTED STATES OF AMERICA S\ A ' •• • FOREWORD 'he Book of the States, of which this volume is a supplement, is designed rto provide an authoritative source of information on-^state activities, administrations, legislatures, services, problems, and progressi It also reports on work done by the Council of State Governments, the cpm- missions on interstate cooperation, and other agencies concepned with intergovernmental problems. The present suppkinent to the 1948-1949 edition brings up to date, on the basis of information receivjed.from the states by the end of Novem ber, 1948^, the* names of the principal elective administrative officers of the states and of the members of their legislatures. Necessarily, most of the lists of legislators are unofficial, final certification hot having been possible so soon after the election of November 2. In some cases post election contests were pending;. However, every effort for accuracy has been made by state officials who provided the lists aiid by the CouncJLl_ of State Governments. » A second 1949. supplement, to be issued in July, will list appointive administrative officers in all the states, and also their elective officers and legislators, with any revisions of the. present rosters that may be required. ^ Thus the basic, biennial ^oo/t q/7^? States and its two supplements offer comprehensive information on the work of state governments, and current, convenient directories of the men and women who constitute those governments, both in their administrative organizations and in their legislatures. -
Characteristics of Water in Iranian Culture and Architecture
The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC November 2016 Special Edition EVALUATION OF SEMANTIC (CONCEPTUAL) CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER IN IRANIAN CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE Hooman Sobouti Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Zanjan Branch, Islamic AzaUniversity, Zanjan, Iran and Young Researchers and Elite Club, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran Kiana Mohammadi M.Sc.Architecture,Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch Faculty, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT Water in different cultures defines different symbolic meanings and every country depending on its climate, religion and historical experiences embedded different concepts and meaning of the water in their culture. In Iran, due to arid and hot climate there is high consideration focused on the water and looking at historical Iranian background we would find that Iranian from ancient tiles respected highly the water. In this research, using library sources and analytic-descriptive methodology, the semantic (conceptual) characteristics of the water are investigated in Iranian culture and architecture in several periods of the history. Public believes and ideas ion Iranian rich culture about water are very extensive and spreading. The water natural purity from ancient time so far, brought different beliefs in Iranian culture. Keywords: organizational silence, organizational commitment, organizational trust RESEARCH THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS WATER MEANING FINDING EXAMPLES IN PRE-ARYAN CULTURES The geological information indicates that about 10 thousand years ago, Iran was a suitable land and environment for Iranian societies living. Documents and evidence based on the myths, the oral tradition and ancient environment findings also confirm this issue. Among the remained works from pre-Aryan age, there are dissociated indicators and signs which show the importance and mythical place of the water in pre-Aryan cultures. -
Issue 2 Page 88-175 (2014) Table of Contents/İçerik 1
Journal of FisheriesSciences.com E-ISSN 1307-234X © 2014 www.fisheriessciences.com Journal of FisheriesSciences.com E-ISSN 1307-234X is published in one volume of four issues per year by www.FisheriesSciences.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Copyright © 2014 www.fisheriessciences.com All rights reserved/Bütün hakları saklıdır. Aims and Scope The Journal of FisheriesSciences.com publishes peer-reviewed articles that cover all aspects of fisheries sciences, including fishing technology, fisheries management, sea foods, aquatic (both freshwater and marine) systems, aquaculture systems and health management, aquatic food resources from freshwater, brackish and marine environments and their boundaries, including the impact of human activities on these systems. As the specified areas inevitably impinge on and interrelate with each other, the approach of the journal is multidisciplinary, and authors are encouraged to emphasise the relevance of their own work to that of other disciplines. This journal published articles in English or Turkish. Chief editor: Prof. Dr. Özkan ÖZDEN (Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Editorial assistant: Dr. Ferhat ÇAĞILTAY (Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Dr. Deniz TOSUN (Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Cover photo: Prof. Dr. Nuray ERKAN (Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) I Editorial board: Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKMIRZA (Istanbul Univ., Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Levent BAT (Sinop Univ., Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Bela H. BUCK (Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany) Prof. Dr. Fatih CAN (Mustafa Kemal Univ., Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Şükran ÇAKLI (Ege Univ., Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey) Prof.