Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 10 Issue 01, January-2021 A Case Study of Environmental Social Impact Assessment Methodology - Kajaki Hydropower Plant Project, Helmand, Afghanistan
Hussain Etemadi Reza Khodadadi CEO, Omran Geotechnic Company, Environmental expert, Omran Geotechnic Company, Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan.
Mohammad Amin Etemadi Marzia Hussaini Environmental expert, Omran Geotechnic Company, Social Expert, Afghanistan Ministry Of Foreign Affairs, Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan.
Sathyanarayanan S Undergraduate, Govandi, Mumbai, India.
Abstract— Construction activities in general have adverse additional 18.5 MW turbine was recently added to the existing effects on the surrounding environment. One of the efforts to powerhouse. Work on the planned service spillway radial keep the impact on the environment on check is Environmental gates, emergency spillway alternative, and raising the dam Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The most convincing crest commenced during the late 1970s but construction definition of ESIA is a comprehensive document of a project’s activities ceased during the Soviet occupation and these potential environmental, social risks and impacts (IFC – 2012). This paper aims to delineate the process involved in assessing facilities were never completed. Consequently, the reservoir the impacts of one such construction, a construction of a has never been impounded to its design level of 1045 m. powerhouse in Kajaki Dam, Afghanistan. This powerhouse was constructed next to pre-existing powerhouse which comprises of The Kajaki Dam was built in the 1950s by the American three units. Along with the construction of a powerhouse an firm Morrison-Knudsen on contract with the then emergency spillway was also constructed and the penstock (4.9- Afghanistan’s Royal Government. Two 16.52 megawatt meter diameter) was installed from the existing concrete plug in (MW) hydroelectric turbines were installed by USAID in the tunnel to the powerhouse. This paper aims to identify and 1975, along with 110 volt (v) transmission lines and assess the impacts and also provide the mitigation measures by substations that distributed the generated energy to the providing Environmental and Social Management Systems region. The dam’s power station has space between the two (ESMS) which was involved in this construction activity. existing turbines (One and Three) for a third turbine (Turbine Keywords—Environmental Impact Assessment, Social Impact Two), which was not installed before the US withdrew from Assessment, Environmental Social Management Systems. Afghanistan in 1979 following the communist coup and subsequent Soviet military intervention. The Kajaki Dam is a INTRODUCTION 90-m high embankment dam with an uncontrolled open channel spillway, which was constructed on the Helmand The Kajaki Dam was built in the 1950s by the American firm River in Afghanistan in the early 1950s to provide river Morrison-Knudsen on contract with the then Afghanistan’s control and irrigation benefits Fig. 2.1. A 33 MW Royal Government. Two 16.52 megawatt (MW) hydroelectric powerhouse was added to the project in 1975. An additional turbines were installed by USAID in 1975, along with 110 18.5 MW turbine was recently added to the existing volt (v) transmission lines and substations that distributed the powerhouse. Work on the planned service spillway radial generated energy to the region.The dam’s power station has gates, emergency spillway alternative, and raising the dam space between the two existing turbines (One and Three) for a crest commenced during the late 1970s but construction third turbine (Turbine Two), which was not installed before activities ceased during the Soviet occupation and these the US withdrew from Afghanistan in 1979 following the facilities were never completed. Consequently, the reservoir communist coup and subsequent Soviet military intervention. has never been impounded to its design level of 1045 m. The Kajaki Dam is a 90-m high embankment dam with an uncontrolled open channel spillway, which was constructed on the Helmand River in Afghanistan in the early 1950s to provide river control and irrigation benefits Fig. 2.1. A 33 MW powerhouse was added to the project in 1975. An
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FIGURE 2.1 SATELLITE IMAGE OF THE KAJAKI DAM Category B: Projects with potential less adverse environmental impacts on human surrounding environment. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects.
Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Usually, ESIA investigation for these kinds of projects is very limited.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. Table 3.1 contains the risk summary of the Environmental and Social impacts of the project. EVALUATION OF RISK
Physio-Chemical Impacts Potential Impact Category: Water Quality Table 3.1 Risk Summary of Environmental and Social
Impact Impact Potential Impact Consequence Significanc Significance (Outcome/Receptor) Level e with Mitigation
Solid waste leading to waterlogging and Minor Low Low blockage of drainage lines
Liquid waste and contaminated stormwater leading Minor Medium Low to pollution of soil, FIGURE 2.2 PROJECT FOOTPRINT AREA surface, and groundwater Solid and liquid Methodology: waste The key objectives of the ESIA are to assess the potential mismanagement Moderate Medium Low environmental and social impacts associated with the leading to the risk of disease transmission construction and operation of Kajaki Dam Phase I and to identify measures that can be adopted to avoid, minimize or Clearing and offset adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts. grubbing activities Minor Low Low With reference to the level of impacts of a project on its leading to soil surrounding environment, the World Bank classifies a erosion proposed project into four different categories as Category A, Impacts B, C and FI as follows :
Category A: Projects with likely significant negative impacts those are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. For this category, the borrower needs to develop a comprehensive and detailed ESIA.
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Potential Impact Category: Air Quality Potential Impact Category: Landscape and Visual
Potential Impact Impact Consequ Potential Impact Impact Impact Significance Consequence Impact Significance ence (Outcome/Recept (Outcome/ Significance with Level Significance with Level or) Receptor) Mitigation Mitigation
Off-site Short-term (residential, quality of life institutional, impacts from educational) Low Low Low Minor Low Low alteration of the human health existing impacts from landscape construction noise Long-term Off-site quality of life (industrial, impacts from Minor Low Low commercial) alteration of the human health Minor Low Low existing impacts from landscape construction noise Potential Impact Category: Downstream General nuisance (non- health impact) Potential Impact Low Low Low from Impact Consequenc Impact Significance construction (Outcome/Rece e Level Significance with noise ptor) Mitigation
Rapid Potential Impact Category: Noise fluctuations in Moderate High Medium downstream Potential flow Impact Impact Consequen Impact Significance (Outcome/ ce Level Significance with Mitigation Receptor) Potential Impact Category: Sedimentation Human health impacts from Potential Impact combustion gas Minor Medium Medium Impact Consequenc Impact Significance emissions and (Outcome/Rece e Level Significance with dust ptor) Mitigation Localized ambient air Massive earth Minor Medium Medium quality moving within degradation the river flood plains and Regional Major Medium Medium ambient air sections of the Minor Low Low quality adjoining degradation riverbanks and lands
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Potential Impact Category: Climate Change Potential Impact Category: Fish
Potential Impact Impact Consequenc Impact Potential Impact Significance Impact (Outcome/Rec e Level Significance Impact Consequenc Significance with Mitigation Significan eptor) (Outcome/Re e Level with ce ceptor) Mitigation Fish may Impact on encounter water flow potential Low low low and power impacts from Major Likely High generation the proposed project activities.
Biological Impacts Socio-Economic Impacts
Potential Impact Category: Impacts on Flora and Fauna Potential Impact Category: Transport Impacts
Potential Impact Impact Impact Consequen Significance Significanc Potential (Outcome/Rec ce Level with Impact e Impact Consequenc Impact eptor) Mitigation Significance (Outcome/Rec e Level Significance with Mitigation Short-term eptor) destruction of Public health habitats and Low Low Low and safety displacement impacts from of fauna vehicles Moderate Likely Medium moving at Long-term high speeds destruction of and accidents habitats and Low Low Low displacement Vehicle noise of fauna impacts for the Short-term surrounding Minor Likely Medium destruction of Low Low Low community flora and on-site workers Long-term destruction of Low Low Low Human health flora impacts from vehicle Minor Likely Medium Irreversible exhaust and impacts to fugitive dust ecological Low Medium Low systems or Road functions congestion and nuisance Low Likely Medium issues for the surrounding community
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Potential Impact Human health Impact Impact Consequenc Significance impacts from Significanc (Outcome/Rec e Level with construction e Minor Unlikely Low eptor) Mitigation noise, vibration, and Migrant air pollution labour force could disturb Human health High Likely High the privacy of impacts from improper the local Minor Unlikely Low population. management of solid and The influx liquid wastes and accommodati Human health on of and safety workforces impacts from release or will result in Minor Unlikely Low Moderate Unlikely Medium increased mismanageme concerns for nt of the safety of hazardous women and materials children. Safety risk Due to the associated movement of with security breach and vehicles Major Unlikely Medium elderly targeting by people, anti- women and Moderate Likely Low government children will groups be more exposed to Vulnerable dangerous individuals situations; and groups in the affected Potential communities burdens for being the local differentially Moderate Likely Low or population, Moderate Unlikely Medium especially for disproportiona elderly people tely affected by the project Potential Impact Category: Labor Influx because of their disadvantaged or vulnerable status Potential Impact Category: Public Health and Safety Impacts Potential Impact Category: Employment Impacts Potential Impact Impact Impact Consequenc Significance Impact Significanc Conse Impact (Outcome/Rec e Level with Potential Impact Significance e quence Significanc eptor) Mitigation (Outcome/Receptor) with Level e Mitigation
Health and safety Moder Medium Low impacts from ate improper
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Impacts/stress on Potential Impacts Air Quality Impacts local public service Moder Very systems (health Low Cover stockpiles and loads to avoid ate unlikely centers, food fugitive dust emissions markets, etc.) Minimize idling of vehicles and operation of combustion machinery Potential Impact Category: Occupational Health and Safety and equipment to the greatest extent Impacts possible
Conse Hard pack or spray access roads and Potential Impact Impact Impact quenc driveway areas to reduce dust (Outcome/Recept Significa Significance with e generation or) nce Mitigation Level
Place washed stone at site exit to
Construction minimize off-site tracking of soil and health and safety debris Major High Medium risks resulting in Proposed injury or death Generators and vehicles will be kept in Mitigation and good working order to minimize Enhancement Construction exhaust emissions Measures health and safety risks resulting in Mode Medium Medium Fugitive dust emissions will be impairment or rate minimized by appropriate methods, long-term health such as spraying water on soil, where issues required
Environmental Code of Practice (ECP) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: 8 will be implemented The objectives of this ESMP are to: Responsibility for Site Management Team • Collate and describe all mitigation measures and Mitigation (Operator/contractor) actions identified in the ESIA process to enhance positive benefits and to eliminate/reduce key Implementation environmental, socio economic and health impacts to acceptable levels • Identify and describe the monitoring required to ensure compliance with reporting commitments The ESMP includes environmental and social requirements that are common to most construction projects, as well as specific environmental and social initiatives unique to this project. Table 4.1 contains the Environmental and Social Management plans which addresses the mitigation measures to counter the Impacts.
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of any spill.
The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank shall be at least 10 m above the Noise Environmental groundwater table. The distance may be Issue reduced, based on soil properties, if that distance will not result in Impact Source Overall construction activities contamination of groundwater.
Potential Impacts Noise Impacts
Set and enforce standard daytime working hours, recommended to be Proposed 06:00 to 21:00 Mitigation and Enhancement Maintain equipment and use low noise Responsibility for Measures equipment and methods where feasible Mitigation Site Management Team Implementation ECP 9 will be implemented.
Responsibility for Mitigation Site Management Team Environmental Soil Erosion Implementation Issue
Impact Source Environmental Soil Quality Issue Land clearing, excavation, tunnel boring, and other construction activities Impact Source may loosen the top soil in the Project Potential Impacts area resulting in loss of soil and possible acceleration of soil erosion Accidental release of solvents, oils and and landslides, especially in the wet lubricants can potentially result in the season. contamination of soil and consequent deterioration of groundwater and Vegetation loss will be limited to the Potential Impacts surface water quality. Soil demarcated construction area; contamination may also reduce the soil Areas such as muck disposal area, fertility reducing suitability for batching plant, labor camp and quarry agriculture. sites shall be covered with grass and shrubs after project completion. Slope stabilization measures will be Fuel tanks will be appropriately marked Proposed adopted, for example adequate vertical by content and will be stored in safe Mitigation and and horizontal drains, drainage along areas where storage capacity is 10% Enhancement roadsides, cross drainage and retaining greater than the fuel tank. The area will Measures be lined with an impervious base. walls. Slope movements will be monitored Proposed Grease traps will be installed on site, around excavation work areas. Mitigation and wherever needed, to prevent the flow of Local species shall be selected for Enhancement oily water. planting to restore the biodiversity of Measures the area in consultation with local Spill cleaning kit (shovels, plastic bags, stakeholders. absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. Responsibility for Mitigation Site Management Team An emergency plan for spill Implementation management will be prepared, all staff will be trained in the plan for the case
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Environmental Environmental Groundwater Quality Biological Environment Issue Issue
Wastewater Discharges Fueling of heavy machinery and Land clearance Impact Source transport vehicles Construction activities Impact Source Storage, handling and disposal of solid waste Storage, handling and disposal of Impacts on Flora, hazardous waste Habitat loss, Noise disturbance Potential Impacts Water Quality and General Increased exposure to atmospheric Potential Impacts Environmental pollutants Impacts Protected fish species
Recycle waste to the maximum extent, Use fencing, flagging and site boundary provide for the proper temporary controls during construction to staging and storage of waste and debris minimize disturbance to off-site on-site, implement good housekeeping habitats; in work areas ECP 10, 11, and 12 will be Transport, or oversee the subcontract Proposed implemented. for transport, of non-recyclable waste Mitigation and Minimize removal of vegetation and to the municipally-approved disposal Enhancement replant disturbed areas using native site and periodically verify delivery. Measures plant species, Segregate domestic waste in The security management plan is in appropriate receptacles and dispose at place; municipally-approved disposal site, Traffic safety rules have been manage sanitary waste systems in a implemented in the scope of the HSE manner protective of human and plan environmental health. Minimize erosion, grade and replant Responsibility for disturbed areas. Mitigation Site Management Team Proposed Protect against accidental releases of Implementation Mitigation and hazardous materials through training, Enhancement spill prevention measures, recycling
Measures and if necessary, timely cleanup and
disposal.
Environmental Enforce Chance Find Procedures and Traffic Issue cease work if historic/ archeological finds are encountered. Transportation of construction Impact Source Design, construct, operate, and equipment to Project site decommission the structural elements or components of the project in Potential Impacts Transport Impacts accordance with good international industry practice, taking into Manage haulage routes to avoid consideration safety risks to third Proposed sensitive establishments and use parties or affected communities. Mitigation and barriers as appropriate. Enhancement Maintain vehicles in good working Environmental Code of Practice (ECP) Measures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 will be condition. implemented. Responsibility for Responsibility for Mitigation Site Management Team Mitigation Site Management Team Implementation Implementation
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Responsibility for Site Management Team/Human Mitigation Resource Environmental Implementation Traffic Issue
Transportation of construction Environmental Impact Source Labour Influx equipment to Project site Issue
Potential Impacts Transport Impacts Employment of international workers for the Project Impact Source Goods and services received from the Manage haulage routes to avoid locals Proposed sensitive establishments and use Mitigation and barriers as appropriate. Disturbance of Social Cohesion Enhancement Maintain vehicles in good working Potential Impacts Indirect job opportunities Contribution Measures condition. to the local businesses Alcohol and Drug Policy is in place Proposed Disciplinary Action Procedure is in Responsibility for Mitigation and place Mitigation Site Management Team Enhancement Local procurement plan will be Implementation Measures developed.
Environmental Responsibility for Local Employment Issue Mitigation Site Management Team Implementation Employment of Afghan nationals Impact Source during the construction phase
Environmental Potential Impacts Labour and Working Conditions Issue Follow a transparent hiring process to help the community understand Impact Source Employment of multinational groups strategic staffing decisions and avoid conflict over hiring with the local communities. Potential Impacts Employment Impacts
Develop a training and skills program Consult with local authorities on hiring to impart best practice when training local workers and enforce a transparent local people for construction and “no-gatekeeping” policy. operational jobs. Manage construction work camps (if used) according to WB PS2 guidelines, Encourage Contractors to provide Proposed processes and standards. apprenticeship opportunities to local Mitigation and Provide workers with clear, people, encourage supply chain Enhancement understandable documentation partners to recruit local people. explaining workers’ rights and refrain Measures Proposed from harassment, intimidation, and Mitigation and Establish a local job readiness program exploitation. Enforce Human Resource Enhancement and encourage the construction supply policies specifically outlawing Measures chain to continue to invest in workers. underage workers and forced labor. Implement employee grievance policy Establish a local employment for on-site workers as part of the brokerage that will publicize job worker’s rights program. vacancies and put in place initiatives to Ensure proper security protocols and ensure employment opportunities for staff are in place throughout hard-to-reach groups. construction to provide security and safeguard property. ECP 13 will be implemented. ECP 13 will be implemented.
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Environmental Responsibility for Landscape Mitigation Site Management Team Issue Implementation Construction activities and borrow Impact Source area. Environmental Public Health and Safety Issue Potential Impacts Visual amenity
Landscaping of the site when Impact Source Project site construction is complete. This will Proposed mitigate the visual impact and reduce Mitigation and soil erosion during heavy rains and Potential Impacts Public Health and Safety Impacts Enhancement flood periods. Soils excavated during Measures construction (borrow material) may be Road signage will be fixed at used for landscaping if suitable. appropriate locations to reduce hazards Proposed associated with project-related Mitigation and vehicular traffic. Project drivers will be Responsibility for Enhancement trained on defensive driving. Vehicle Mitigation Site Management Team Measures speeds near/within the communities Implementation will be kept low, to avoid hazards and dust emissions.
Environmental Responsibility for Borrow Area and Borrow Materials Mitigation Site Management Team Issue Implementation Impact Source Borrow Site
Environmental Potential Impacts Soil Erosion Cultural Heritage Issue Reduce the volume of material Impact Source Construction activities requiring disposal as far as possible. Remaining material will be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner Impacts/disturbance to unforeseen Disposal sites will be properly filled, shaped and reworked and where Potential Impacts cultural heritage through project Proposed feasible planted with trees. Borrow activities. Mitigation and material should be obtained (as much as Enhancement Procedures shall be developed in the possible) from licensed quarries and Measures event that cultural heritage is borrow areas. Where necessary, discovered during the project appropriate restoration of the borrow construction. area such as recontouring should be Proposed ECP 14 will be implemented. If cultural carried out, and no deep ditches should Mitigation and resources are found during construction be left behind. ECP-7 will be Enhancement follow the cultural heritage law of implemented. Measures Afghanistan using the chance find procedure to identify and analyze the Responsibility for heritage and archeological resources Mitigation during construction Implementation Site Management Team
Responsibility for Mitigation Site Management Team Implementation
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RESULT: REFERENCES:
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