Clipping As Morphology: Evidence from Japanese
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University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-01-15 Clipping as Morphology: Evidence from Japanese Daniel, Adam Daniel, A. D. (2018). Clipping as Morphology: Evidence from Japanese (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/106310 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Clipping as Morphology: Evidence from Japanese by Adam Drake Daniel A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LINGUISTICS CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2018 © Adam Drake Daniel 2018 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the role of morphology in clipping through an investigation of the Japanese language. The research objectives of this thesis are to outline the roles of morphology, phonology, and semantics in the clipping process, to distinguish patterns and types of clipping, and to explore whether the clipping process should be described in the grammar, as well as to determine whether clipped forms are organized lexically. The objectives of this thesis are met through analyzing the relevant literature, compiling and analyzing a database of Japanese clipped forms, and conducting a survey study involving native Japanese speakers. A definition of clipping which is distinguished from other word-formation processes is proposed based on the analysis of the relevant literature. The analysis of the database reveals predictable patterns in clipped outputs which indicates the possibility of grammaticality in the clipping process. The results from the survey study provide further evidence of patternability in Japanese clipping. Based on the patterns of clipped forms observed in the database and survey study, clipping rules which account for these prototypical forms in Japanese clipping are proposed, as well as a conceptual model of the clipping process which pertains to components of the grammar. Finally, these clipping rules are adapted into a paradigm model which outlines the structures of clipping formation, lexical storage, and the processing involved in relating clipped forms with their sources and other inflected and/or derived forms. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people I would like to thank for helping this thesis come to fruition. First and foremost, my supervisor, Dr. Amanda Pounder, who graciously accepted to become my supervisor after I met a crossroads during my master’s program. Without her guidance and dedication, this thesis would not be what it is and my time as a master’s student would not have been the same. Secondly, I would like to thank my examination committee, Dr. Stephen Winters, who acted as my committee chair, Dr. Darin Flynn, who assisted me in my phonological queries, and Dr. Naotaka Hayashi, who provided his Japanese expertise. I would also like to thank Dr. Dennis Storoshenko for aiding in my laboratory set-up, letting me use the laboratory space and equipment, as well as his insight on statistics. I am grateful for Dr. David Bird’s assistance in my statistics ventures as he prepared my statistical graphs, he saved me many a time. I would like to thank Dr. Ben Whaley, Ms. Akiko Sharp, Ms. Ryoko Takada-Barrett, and my participants, without whose help I would not have been able to run my pilot study. Their help was invaluable and I greatly appreciate it. I must extend my gratitude to Duaa AbuAmsha, Danica MacDonald, and Christina Terpstra who took the time to aid in my presentation preparations. I would also like to give thanks to Lindsay Hracs for all the impromptu questions that I asked about writing a thesis, especially when I knew I was interrupting her own work at times. I also would like to thank Dr. Svitlana Winters whose work helped build some of the foundation for this thesis. To the people who helped me get to the University of Calgary, Drs. Stephanie Lindemann and Scott Crossley at my alma mater, Georgia State University, I give my sincerest gratitude. ii Without their belief in me and taking their time to write my letters of recommendation, I would not have been able to accomplish this work at all. The transition from Applied Linguistics to Theoretical Linguistics has not been an easy one, but I thank them for helping me to make this journey. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Mitsuru Tanaka at Sendai Taishi High School who wrote me a letter as well and was always a friendly smiling face even during my most stressful moments. Lastly, I would like to thank those dearest to me in my personal life, Stephen Smith, Carlos Vasquez, Marc Chima, my mom, and my grandma, Jean, who sadly passed away at the start of my master’s program and was unable to see me complete this milestone. They have always believed in me and wished me the best. They have gotten me through some of my toughest times in this journey and I could not thank them enough for being by my side. iii “Wij leven allen met het doel gelukkig te worden, wij leven allen verschillend en toch gelijk.” (We all live with the goal of being happy, we all live differently and yet the same.) -Anne Frank iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………...ii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………..v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….......viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Issues ..............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objectives .......................................................................................................6 1.3 Layout of the Thesis.......................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: CLIPPING IN DEFINITION AND THEORY .................................................9 2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 2.1 Exploring Definitions, Descriptions, and Classifications of Clipping ...........................9 2.2 Accounts of Japanese Clipping ....................................................................................15 2.3 Lexical and Theoretical Accounts of Clipping ............................................................24 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................34 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................36 3.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................36 3.1 Methodology for the Database Compilation ................................................................36 3.2 Methodology for the Survey Study ..............................................................................37 v 3.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………41 Chapter 4: CLIPPING DATABASE ANALYSIS……………………………………….42 4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..42 4.1 Database Findings – Phonological Clipping Types………………………….………44 4.2 Database Findings – Morphological Structures in Clipping…………………………49 4.3 Database Issues………………………………………………………………………58 4.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...59 Chapter 5: SURVEY STUDY ANALYSIS……………………………………………..60 5.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….60 5.1 Survey Findings………………………………………………………………....…...60 5.2 Survey Study Issues………………………………………………………………….67 5.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...69 Chapter 6: DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..71 6.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………....…..71 6.1 Early-Phase Clipping………………………………………………………………...73 6.2 Late-Phase Clipping………………………………………………………………….80 6.3 Clipping in the framework of Process and Paradigm Morphology…………………..85 6.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………92 Chapter 7: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………94 7.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………94 vi References………………………………………………………………………………...97 APPENDIX 1: Clipping Database………………………………………………………..104 APPENDIX 2: Survey Stimuli……………………………………………………………116 APPENDIX 3: R Statistical Models for Survey Study……………………………………142 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1………………………………………………………………………………………19 FIGURE 2………………………………………………………………………………………33 FIGURE 3………………………………………………………………………………………44 FIGURE 4………………………………………………………………………………………48 FIGURE 5………………………………………………………………………………………63 FIGURE 6………………………………………………………………………………………88 FIGURE 7………………………………………………………………………………………90 viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction This thesis investigates clipping from a morphological perspective by investigating the process in the Japanese language. In simple terms, clipping shortens word-forms and while the topic of clipping has been