John De Witt; Or, Twenty Years' Interregnum in the Stadtholder- 1 Ship of the Seventeenth Century
1859.] 205 John De Witt; or, Twenty Years' Interregnum in the Stadtholder- 1 ship of the Seventeenth Century. By M. ESQUIROU DE PARIEU, Vice-President of the Imperial Council of State, Member of the Institute of France, &c. &c. (Translated by Frederick Hendriks, Esq., Actuary of the Globe Insurance Company.) [Read before the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, Session 1858.] T HE history of the United Provinces, and of Holland especially, from the close of the Spanish rule down to the establishment of the modern monarchy of the Netherlands, is distinguished for its manifestation of a permanent struggle between different opposite principles. Liberty and authority, municipal principle and state principle, republic and monarchy, the spirit of federal isolation and that of centralization, appear to give battle to each other upon a territory itself with difficulty defended from the waves of the ocean by the watchful industry of its inhabitants. The municipal element, appears, nevertheless, as the primitive kernel of Dutch society. " The towns of Holland," says a modern historian,2 " were not, like those of other nations, mere sections of the State, for the State itself was rather an aggregation of towns, each of which constituted a distinct republic, providing for its separate defence, governed by its own laws, having its separate courts of justice and separate financial administration. The legis- lative sovereignty of the whole nation vested in the cities, which formed, in their collective capacity, the assembly of the States." The internal administration of these towns was composed of a senate; of two, three, or four burgomasters, constituting what was called the Wethouderschap; and of a certain number of échevins, or sheriffs, who exercised judicial power.
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