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Cytochemical Differentiation of the Axon Membrane in A- Andc-Fibres

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Cytochemical Differentiation of the Axon Membrane in A- Andc-Fibres J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.4.379 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1977, 40, 379-385 Cytochemical differentiation of the axon membrane in A- and C-fibres S. G. WAXMAN AND D. C. QUICK From the Department ofNeurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, and Program in Health Sciences and Technology, and Research Laboratory ofElectronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA SUMMARY Guinea pig and rat sciatic nerves were fixed with cacodylate-buffered aldehydes and OS04, and were stained with ferric ion and ferrocyanide. Cytoplasmic surfaces of the non-myelinated nodal axon membrane ofA-fibres display distinct electron-dense aggregates of stain. These aggregates were not observed in association with the paranodal or internodal axolemma. The membranes of C-fibres exhibit no staining under these conditions. Thus, the nodal axolemma of normal myelinated fibres is structurally distinct from both the myelinated internodal membrane, and from the axolemma of C-fibres. The ferric ion-ferrocyanide technique may provide a method for marking axonal mem- brane with normal nodal properties. Protected by copyright. In previous studies (Quick and Waxman, 1977) we therefore, extended our studies on the distribution of demonstrated that, under appropriate conditions, ferric ion binding to peripheral nerve axon mem- ferric ion is bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the branes. In the present paper we show that cytoplasmic axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier in mammalian ferric ion binding occurs only for A-fibre nodal peripheral myelinated axons. The binding of ferric membrane, and does not occur for C-fibres in the ion occurred specifically at the nodal axon membrane, peripheral nervous system. and did not occur in internodal regions. These studies indicated that the differences in ion-binding proper- Materials and methods ties are not due to different accessibility of the nodal and internodal axolemma to ferric ion, but rather to Adult guinea pigs (Hartley strain) and adult rats differences in structure between the axon membrane (Sprague-Dawley strain) were anaesthetised with at the nodes and the axon membrane in the inter- pentobarbitone, and the sciatic nerves were exposed nodes (Quick and Waxman. 1977). The development in the upper leg. The nerves were bathed in situ with a ofa cytochemical marker for normal nodal membrane cacodylate-buffered (pH 7.3) solution of 4% para- http://jnnp.bmj.com/ would be very useful for developmental and patho- formaldehyde and 5% glutaraldehyde (Karnovsky, logical studies on axons, since the degree to which 1965, 1967). After a few minutes bathing in situ, the the membrane ofthe myelinated axon exhibits normal nerves were excised, immersed in the same fixative, 'nodal' properties during development before the desheathed, and slightly teased. The tissue was formation of myelin, or in various pathological washed in cacodylate buffer and post-fixed in states in which there are abnormalities of myelin, cacodylate-buffered 1 % OS04. remains to be determined (see, for example, Ras- After aldehyde and osmium fixation, the nerve minsky and Sears, 1972; McDonald, 1974). We have, pieces were washed through three changes of distilled on September 29, 2021 by guest. water (five minutes each), immersed in 0.01 M FeCI3 for one hour at This work was supported in part by grants NS-12307, RR-05479, and room temperature, rinsed with dis- TOI-EY00090 from the National Institutes of Health, and by a grant tilled water for five minutes, and incubated in 1 % from the Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc. Dr Waxman is the recipient K4Fe(CN)6-3H20 for 20 minutes at room tem- of Research Career Development Award K04-NS-00010 from the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and perature. This staining procedure was adapted from Stroke. Landon and Langley (1971). Address for reprint requests: Dr S. G. Waxman, Harvard Neuro- logical Unit, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, Mass. The stained nerves were rinsed once in distilled 02215, USA. water, dehydrated in graded alcohol solutions, and Accepted 11 November 1976 embedded in Epon-Araldite. Silver ultrathin sections 379 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.4.379 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from 380 S. G. Waxman and D. C. Quick were examined and photographed without further Ranvier from guinea pig sciatic nerve cut in longi- staining in a Jeol IOOB transmission electron micro- tudinal section. The densest precipitates of stain are scope at 60 kV. just below the axon membrane at the node. Some of the stain is also associated with filaments and micro- Results tubules in the nodal axoplasm. Internodal and para- nodal regions of the axolemma are not stained. Figure 1 a shows an electron micrograph of a node of Figure lb shows a node of Ranvier from rat sciatic la E A ,# .. ... *s * .. Protected by copyright. ::^.. :.; .. -Na .. .......... ... .: *: .. :s -: .$ .... 1 4 ., 5 rv .. > .... ^ ... : * , .: .s . : ., .. lb :^* 9 ;; t ;' .. .w.: ;. ., :::. :; ;., :. --:. *::.: .: ' :'.. .8.ws9^ 9 wr2M; * ;>io;|>7> @ .: : a : ;0 - M Ks-: .; .x -. 4. + http://jnnp.bmj.com/ : . .; : ..'.:- SB;; / ,;' 11b, h t. ,.SyA ., _ w _ _E___ e ?i.W$'Y'" s on September 29, 2021 by guest. A .wt. -. 4 * .: . '.,: +:* :.'''.................. :Y ....... :. ; . t.-o Fig. I (a) Longitudinal section ofa node ofRanvier (guinea pig) in anbA-fibre . ... D stained with ferric ion andferrocyanide. The densest accumulation ofstain is in the axoplasm adjacent to the nodalne : ..axolemma. : The dashed line indicates a plane to that seen in 2. A: 4 * . n E: extracellular space; arrow: Schwann ofsection that wouldgive an image similar Fig. axoplasm; cellfingers in the nodal gap. x 13,000. (b) A similar node (rat) at higher magnification. The stain deposit is clearly intra-axonal. A: axoplasm; M: myelin in the region~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..ofFsethe terminal* loops;ge'arrows: Schwann cellfingers. x 40,000. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.4.379 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from Cytochemical differenitiation ofthe axon membrane in A- and C-fibres 381 nerve, at a higher magnification. The densest de- filaments are present, and the mitochondria are not posits of stain can be seen to be located subjacent to swollen. Similarly, the Schwann cells associated with the nodal axolemma. Lesser deposits of electron- the unmyelinated fibres appear well preserved. In dense material are associated with the axoplasmic none of the C-fibres is electron-dense precipitate ob- filaments and with the terminating myelin loops, but served subjacent to the axolemma. This is so even for no stain is present subjacent to the axolemma in the regions of the axon surfaces which are not surrounded paranodal region. There is no appreciable staining of by Schwann cell cytoplasm but which are directly extracellular components. accessible to the extracellular milieu (arrows). Further evidence that this method stains the nodal Further evidence that the absence of staining of axon, and not the extracellular component of the C-fibres is not due to inaccessibility to stain, is shown node, is shown in Fig. 2, which illustrates, in trans- in Fig. 4. This electron micrograph shows transverse verse section, the dense staining of the nodal axon sections of adjacent myelinated and non-myelinated membrane and axoplasmic filaments and tubules, in axons. A myelinated fibre sectioned in the internodal contrast to the extracellular space between the para- region (IA) shows no staining of the axon membrane. nodal Schwann cell fingers, which remains lucent. One of the myelinated axons (NA) is sectioned at a C-fibres from guinea pig sciatic nerve, stained under node of Ranvier. A dense precipitate of stain is the same conditions, are shown in Fig. 3. Ultrastruc- present subjacent to the surface membrane of the tural preservation of the C-fibres, using this fixation nodal axon, and is also associated with the axoplas- and staining technique, is good. Their surface mem- mic filaments at the node. Note that the dense pre- branes are intact, axoplasmic microtubules and cipitate is not present in the peripheral extracellular 2 Protected by copyright. .''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I*-;...^.-;*. * ;... - http://jnnp.bmj.com/ on September 29, 2021 by guest. Fig. 2 A transverse section (guinea pig) ofa stained node ofRanvier (refer to Fig. Ja). The densest stain is adjacent to the axolemma. Schwann cellfingers (arrows) and the nodal gap substance that lies between them are not stained. NA: nodal axoplasm; M: paranodal myelin; E: extracellular space. x 18,000. F J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.4.379 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from 382 S. G. Waxman and D. C. Quick 3 .,. t%x .... ; .; . -,S,,,0~~~~~~~~~~~~:' S,''S C~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .,~~~~~.X aE Protected by copyright. E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ http://jnnp.bmj.com/ on September 29, 2021 by guest. Fig. 3 Transverse section (guinea pig) ofC-fibres in tissue that was stained by the ferric ion-ferrocyanide method. This section was cutfrom the same block as was usedfor Figs. I and 2. The C-fibres are not stained, even where they are exposed to the extracellular space (arrows). C: C-fibres; E: extracellular space; IA: internodal axoplasm ofan A-fibre. x 26,000. space, and that the perinodal Schwann cell processes under these fixation and staining conditions, we often (arrow) are not seen in negative contrast. In distinct observe staining of the inner surface of the nodal contrast to the axon membrane, the membranes of membrane of A-fibres, in no case have we observed nearby C-fibres exhibit no precipitates ofstain. While, staining of C-fibre membranes, in either transverse J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.4.379 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from Cytochemical differentiation ofthe axon membrane in A- and C-fibres 383 * ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~;s * E. *, t... K., Protected by copyright. 4~~~~~~~~..3,*v,2. i : **>.',.Xt..V~~1 ..4s.;s http://jnnp.bmj.com/ iv;s 4 ;.1~~ 4 .: '¾ s,' y x >.' i.
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