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Microglia-Nodes of Ranvier Interaction During Repair Thomas Roux

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Microglia-Nodes of Ranvier Interaction During Repair Thomas Roux Microglia-nodes of Ranvier interaction during repair Thomas Roux To cite this version: Thomas Roux. Microglia-nodes of Ranvier interaction during repair. Neurobiology. Sorbonne Uni- versité, 2020. English. NNT : 2020SORUS146. tel-03278910 HAL Id: tel-03278910 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03278910 Submitted on 6 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ² THÈSE DE LA FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE SORBONNE UNIVERSITE École Doctorale Cerveau, Cognition, Comportement (ED3C) Présentée par Thomas ROUX POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ Neurosciences Microglia-Nodes of Ranvier interaction during repair Soutenue le 16 Décembre 2020 Devant la commission d’examen formée de : Pr. Alain Trembleau Président Pr. Catherine Lubetzki Directrice de thèse Dr. Anne Desmazières Co-directrice de thèse Pr. Christine Stadelmann Rapporteur Dr. Alain Bessis Rapporteur Dr. Roberta Magliozzi Examinatrice Pr. Etienne Audinat Examinateur Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier Alain Trembleau, Christine Stadelmann, Alain Bessis, Roberta Magliozzi, et Etienne Audinat de me faire l’honneur de juger ce travail de thèse. Un immense merci au Pr Catherine Lubetzki et au Dr Anne Desmazières de m’avoir encadré depuis le tout début du master 2 jusqu’à aujourd’hui dans mon parcours scientifique. Merci pour votre soutien, votre patience, vos nombreux conseils et votre précieux compagnonnage. Merci à Bruno Stankoff pour son accueil dans l’équipe et ses conseils toujours constructifs. Merci à tous ceux qui ont contribué à ce travail. Remerciement spécial à Rémi Ronzano avec qui j’ai partagé ce projet. Merci pour nos nombreux échanges sur nos résultats à chaque fois passionnants. Je te souhaite le meilleur pour la suite. Un immense merci à Marie-Stéphane, soutien indéfectible au sein du labo. Merci pour toute ton aide, ta disponibilité, et surtout ton sens de l’humour ! Merci à Melina qui m’a transmis beaucoup et avec qui j’ai fait mes premières armes au labo. Merci à Elisa précieuse voisine de bureau. Merci à Julien pour toute ton aide, ton efficacité. Merci à toute l’équipe italienne à Vérone, Roberta, Valentina, Stephania, Lorenzo. Merci pour votre accueil, le temps que vous avez pris pour me former. Je garderai toujours un souvenir particulier de ces deux mois. Merci également à tous les autres membres de l’équipe : merci à Boris, Nathalie et Marc, pour leurs précieux conseils. Merci à Anne-Laure pour nos discussions et ta bonne humeur. Merci à Elodie pour ta disponibilité et surtout les pauses blagues quotidiennes. Merci à Benedetta, Emilie, Matteo, Vito, Vanessa. Merci à tous ceux de l’équipe d’à côté toujours prêt à rendre service et copains de déjeuner. Merci à Corentine, Laurent, Karim, Carlos, Jean-Baptiste, Emeric. Merci à la plateforme d’imagerie ICM.quant, et à la plateforme HISTOMICS où j’ai passé un certain nombre d’heures. Merci à Dominique, Aymeric, Basile, Claire, Tudor, et Aurélien. Merci à Annick, Celia et Nicolas. Merci à tous mes amis pour leur soutien. Merci à ma famille, tout spécialement à toi Adélaïde qui a dû supporter les moments de stress, de doute, les soirées et week-ends passés à travailler. 1 Table of Content Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................8 I. Myelin, nodes of Ranvier and the myelination process .................................................................9 a) Composition and organization of myelinated fibers ..............................................................9 b) Functional properties of myelin and nodes of Ranvier ........................................................14 c) Myelination process and adaptive myelination ....................................................................16 i. Oligodendrocyte lineage and myelin ............................................................................16 ii. Formation of Nodes of Ranvier ....................................................................................20 II. Demyelination and remyelination processes in Multiple Sclerosis and its experimental models 23 a) Natural course of Multiple Sclerosis ....................................................................................23 b) Demyelination in MS ...........................................................................................................25 c) Remyelination ......................................................................................................................29 i. Remyelination in experimental models .........................................................................29 ii. Remyelination in MS ....................................................................................................33 d) Nodes of Ranvier in demyelination and remyelination ........................................................36 i. Nodes of Ranvier fate during demyelination ................................................................36 ii. Nodes of Ranvier assembly in remyelination ...............................................................37 iii. Consequence of Nodes of Ranvier alterations on neuronal physiology ........................39 iv. Nodes of Ranvier and glial cells (Fig.16) .....................................................................40 III. Microglia: a new major player in MS ..........................................................................................42 a) Description and function of microglial cells ........................................................................42 b) Classification of microglia phenotypes in health and disease ..............................................43 c) A dynamic and social cell ....................................................................................................47 d) Microglia and Multiple Sclerosis: a dual role. .....................................................................47 i. A role in inflammation ..................................................................................................48 ii. Microglial role in repair ................................................................................................49 Aims of the dissertation .............................................................................................................. 52 RESULTS ..............................................................................................................................................53 ARTICLE ...........................................................................................................................................54 NODE-MICROGLIA INTERACTION IN MS TISSUE .................................................................119 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................120 II. Materials & methods ..........................................................................................................122 III. Results ................................................................................................................................126 2 IV. Discussion ..........................................................................................................................134 GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................137 I. Characteristics of node-microglia interaction in control tissue .................................................137 II. Characteristics of node-microglia interaction in pathological states .........................................139 III. Node-microglia interaction could participate in the microglial switch in repair .......................142 IV. Microglial profiles observed in human tissues ..........................................................................144 V. Nodes of Ranvier as a glial-communication hub .......................................................................146 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................148 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 149 RESUME .................................................................................................................................... 168 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 172 3 Table of Figures Figure 1. The different domains of a myelinated neuron in the CNS ..................................................................... 11 Figure
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