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Life Writing As Political Critique in the Spanish Habsburg Empire (1545-1557)

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Life Writing As Political Critique in the Spanish Habsburg Empire (1545-1557) Life Writing as Political Critique in the Spanish Habsburg Empire (1545-1557) by Margaret Malia Spofford Xavier This thesis/dissertation document has been electronically approved by the following individuals: Garces,Maria Antonia (Chairperson) Cheyfitz,Eric T. (Minor Member) Castillo,Debra Ann (Minor Member) Cohen,Walter Isaac (Minor Member) LIFE WRITING AS POLITICAL CRITIQUE IN THE SPANISH HABSBURG EMPIRE (1545-1557) A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Margaret Malia Spofford Xavier August 2010 © 2010 Margaret Malia Spofford Xavier LIFE WRITING AS POLITICAL CRITIQUE IN THE SPANISH HABSBURG EMPIRE (1545-1557) Margaret Malia Spofford Xavier, Ph.D. Cornell University 2010 This dissertation examines works of life writing by “outlaws” —individuals who defied the sovereign’s law while remaining engaged with it— in the Spanish Habsburg Empire under Charles V, from 1545 to 1557. Life writing, as State-sponsored, official history (historia pro persona), focused on the lives of illustrious men and sovereigns, and was used during the early modern period as a tool of the Spanish Crown to reinforce its sovereignty. Such lives also held a synecdochal relationship to Spain’s emerging sense of national identity. As Emperor, Charles V accorded life writing unprecedented importance. Even as he sought after monarchia univeralis, he faced extreme challenges to his sovereignty during the period I study, including the crisis with the corsairs and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean, the rebellion of the conquistadors in the Americas, and the schism of the Church and Empire as a result of the Reformation in Europe. Through historia pro persona, Charles V hoped to secure his own reputation and achieve greater unity in the Holy Roman Empire. Historians who wrote about, or were considered, outlaws, by using a legal and “official” form of writing of great value to the Emperor, were thus able to craft a daring political critique. I examine four works of life writing: Francisco López de Gómara’s Crónica de los corsarios Barbarroja (1545), in which he narrates the lives of the corsairs Aruj and Khair-ad-din Barbarossa, as well as his History of the Conquest of Mexico (1552), which focuses on the life of Hernán Cortés; Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s Comentarios (1555), regarding his failed governorship in the Río de la Plata region; and Hans Staden’s True History (1557), which chronicles his captivity in Brazil in the context of the Reformation wars. These texts spoke to the precarious status of Charles V’s apparently hegemonic and homogeneous institutions and policies. In considering “unofficial” life writing alongside official historia pro persona, we gain a much richer understanding of the development of this historiographic subgenre, as well as its implications for political critique in Charles V’s transatlantic Spanish Empire. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Malia Spofford Xavier grew up in Shoreham, New York, and began learning Spanish at a young age. She graduated from Cornell University in 1999, earning a B.A. with distinction in Spanish and English Literature. Following five years of service as an officer in the United States Navy, during which she traveled extensively and worked as a nuclear engineer on an aircraft carrier, Malia decided to return to Cornell University to work towards her Ph.D. in early modern Spanish Literature with María Antonia Garcés. She is married to Bruno Meireles Xavier, who holds his Ph.D. from Cornell in Microbiology. They have a wonderful son, Nicholas Spofford Xavier, and reside in Ouro Branco, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where Malia will pursue a university teaching career. iii This dissertation is dedicated to my son Nicholas, that he may grow up to be curious, brave, and inquisitive, delving into the past and imagining the future with intelligence and compassion, appreciative of our world’s mysteries, diverse cultures, languages, and of our painful and beautiful history. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As Graduate School is a lengthy journey, I have many people and institutions to thank. The Department of Romance Studies has been a supportive and collegial environment during these past years, which, along with the Cornell Graduate School, provided me with generous funding during my degree. The Einaudi Center for European Studies awarded me a Sicca Grant to study in Simancas and Seville, Spain during the summer of 2007, which was extremely helpful in the formulation of my thesis. In addition, the two years of Sage Fellowship I received permitted me to focus on my studies and later, on writing the dissertation. I would also like to thank the School for Criticism and Theory at Cornell for providing me with a scholarship to study during summer 2006. Cornell University Library has been extremely helpful by providing me with scanned articles and chapters while I was in absentia in Brazil. The opportunities I had at Cornell to teach and develop courses were extremely valuable to me, and I am grateful for the training with which my department and supervisors provided me. The balance of freedom and support was optimal. I am especially indebted to Mary K. Redmond for her encouragement and enthusiasm, and to my co-worker Nídia Reyes for her cooperative spirit. My many bright students, as well, challenged me to excel as an instructor. My advisor and committee chair, María Antonia Garcés, whose energy, generosity, and superb scholarship are an inspiration to all, has been an invaluable mentor. Her encouragement and support greatly influenced my decision to return to Graduate School to pursue my Ph.D. Professor Garcés’ suggestion that I look into Gómara’s writing on corsairs and conquistadors opened up a fascinating area of research for me, which I hope to pursue beyond this dissertation. I thank her for motivating me to do my best work, and for always giving me the help I needed. v The other members of my committee, Debra Castillo, Eric Cheyfitz, and Walter Cohen, have given me excellent guidance and, with their range of interests and approaches, a versatile training in scholarship across the disciplines, from feminist theory, to world literature, and Native American studies. I would also like to thank the late Professor John Kronik, whose engaging seminars drew me into the complexities and pleasures of Spanish Literature as an undergraduate at Cornell. I will never forget his kindness and keen mind. The friends I have made at Cornell have been wonderful and vital for “survival” and happiness. I would especially like to extend my gratitude to my “twin” Ashley and her husband Erik, and now little Julian, for always being there, through the many highs and lows, joys and sorrows, that we experienced together. Our time at Ithaca ranged over six summers of “Blu-berry” picking up at Dawson Hill and now, strangely, we are continents apart. With these friends and others, including my colleagues, I have been lucky to celebrate many milestones at Cornell. The members of Deixa Sambar and LUBRASA, my boss at the Big Red Barn, Kris Corda, as well as my co-workers there, made for both a fun and enriching life outside of the library and classroom. Inca, our beloved St. Bernard, should be given special mention for her hours of companionship, protection, and foot warming in the frigid depths of winter. Especialmente gostaria de agradecer aos meus sogros e às minhas cunhadas por terem me ajudado tanto enquanto eu trabalhava nessa disertação: cuidando do Nicholas, preparando muitos (e deliciosos) almoços, reservando um espaço amplo com muito sol para eu escrever, e aconselhando-me a “não esquentar cabeça.” Tudo isso foi de grande importância para mim. Sem eles, eu nunca teria tido o tempo, a establilidade, e o apoio para terminar, especialmente durante nossa mudança para o Brasil. vi Most of all, though, I would like to thank my family, whose support for my education and intellectual interests has always been first. This has been an immense privilege which I was not always able to appreciate. My mother’s unflagging friendship, emotional support, and concern for my happiness and success, have gotten me through some difficult times during graduate school (and at many other points), and she has always had confidence in me despite my own doubts. She instilled in me a love for reading and language since I was very young, encouraging me to enjoy and play with words. She, of course, was also the one who decided I should study Spanish. My father, among many things, taught me to “be tough” and always stay the course, no matter how difficult. His great imagination and storytelling ability brought the unseen world to life for me. He has also been my greatest model of a passionate, dynamic, dedicated, and creative teacher. I am so thankful for my family’s love, and insistence that I always give my greatest possible effort, embracing challenges as they come. Most crucially, it is the love, patience, intelligence, and strength of my amazing husband Bruno that has sustained me each and every day since we met at the beginning of grad school. He has again and again inspired me to put my heart into my dissertation, and to courageously be myself in all arenas of my life. Without his support, insight, and example, I would never have made it through this program. And last, but never least, I want to mention my deep gratitude for the blessing of our sweet and precious son Nicky, who has taught me so much about life in such a short span of
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