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Preliminares.Pdf (3.295Mb) PREFACE The present reader aims to give in concise fonn the main facts in the history of Spain and Spanish America. Care has been taken to choose in every case the best mate- rial available, and to include only selections free from political and relgious bias. Alterations have been made in the text where it was deemed advisable to do so. Short introductions in English precede those selections which are not wholly self-explanatory, or not complete in themselves. Much of the information usually found in notes has been included in the vocabulasy; hence a minimum of tite former. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Professor H. E. Bolton and Mr. H. 1. Priestley of the University of California for help in securing material, and to Professor Rudolph Schevill of tite tiniversity of California and Professor. Razn6n Jaén of tite United States Military Academy for reading tite proof and for many helpful and valuable suggestions. E E. S. y CONTENTS PRIMERA PARTE - HISTORIA DE ESPAÑA PAGE LA CONQUISTA ÁRABE Y EL FIN DE 1t MONARQUÍA VISIGODA Rafael Altamira y Crevea 3 ESPLENDOR DEL CALIFATO DE CÓRDOBA (SIGLO x) Rafael Altamira y Crevea 6 Fel4fte Picatoste EL CID ......... 7 BATALLA DE LAS NAVAS ..... Fernando de Castro 9 GUZMÁN EL BUENO .......Modesto Lafuente 9 LA CONQUISTA DE GRANADA (1492) Modesto Lafuente 12 DINASTÍA AUSTRIACA (1 S 1 6-i 700) Felifte Picatoste '4 BATALLA DE LEPANTO ...... Fel:)5e Picatoste ¡6 LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE .... Modesto Lafuente '7 LA PÉRDIDA DE PORTUGAL Fernando de Castro 20 LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ...... Fel:)e Picatoste 20 EL DOS DE MAYO . Rafael Altamira y Crevea 22 LA GUERRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA . Felipe Picatoste 24 SEGUNDA PARTE — HISTORIA DE AMÉRICA DESCUBRIMIENTO Y CONQUISTA DESCUBRIMIENTO DE AMÉRICA . Nicolás Estévanez 29 DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL OCÉANO PACIFICO Ángel de Altolaguirre y Duvale El MAGALLANES Y EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL ESTRECHE QUE HOY LLEVA SU NOMBRE ...... 1 vn TROZOS DE HISTORIA PAGE CONQUISTA DE Mdjico - ENTRADA EN LA CAPITAL Guillenno H. Fruto!! (Traducida al castellano flor D. José María González & la Vega) 40 LA CONQUISTA DÉ CENTRO-AM gRICA. Nicolás Estévanez 46 COLONIZACIÓN DEL PAÍS ARGENTINO Mariano A. Pelliza 50 CONQUISTA DEL PERÚ - SITIO DEL. Cuzco Guillermo H. Fresco!: (Traducida al castellano flor Joaquín García ¡casta freía) 51 EXPEDICIÓN DE PEDRO DE VALDIVIA A CHILE Francisco Valdés Vergara 57 CONQUISTA DE NUEVA GRANADA . José Coroleu 6o LAS COLONIAS ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LAS COLONIAS C. Navarro Lansanta 65 LAS PIRATERIAS DE LOS SIGLOS XVI y XVII José Corolen 67 FRANCISCO DRAKE ......... José Coroleu 68 EL GOBERNADOR AMBROSIO O'Hrnoixs Francisco Valdés Vergara 72 1 ABOLICIÓN DE LAS ENCOMIENDAS . Luis Galdames 74 TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE Y LA INDEPENDENCIA DE HAITÍ C. Navarro Lama" 75 LA INDEPENDENCIA CAUSAS PRINCIPALES DE LA INSURRECCIÓN DE LAS COLO- NIAS ESPAÑOLAS DE AMÉRICA .... José Corolcu 79 LA REVOLUCIÓN DE MAYO EN ARGENTINA Mariano A. Pelliza 82 REVOLUCIÓN DEL PARAGUAY . C. Navarro Lamarca 84 BATALLA DE CHACAB*JCO. - . Francisco Valdés Vergara 87 SIMÓN BOLÍVAR . Biblioteca de la Juventud— Biografía del Libertador Simón Bolívar CONTENTS Ix PÁGS BoLtvAR Y LA INDEPENDENCIA DE BoLivia Y DEL PERÚ Biblioteca de la Juventud 91 DESMEMBRACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (NUEVA GRANADA, VENEZUELA Y ECUADOR) A.J.Deberles 93 INDEPENDENCIA DEL URUGUAY .....José Coroleu 95 INDEPENDENCIA DE MÉjico Diccionario Encielofildico Hispano-Americano 97 La FEDERACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS CENTROAMERICANOS Francisco Montero Bananles 99 LAS REPÚBLICAS ACTUALES Las REPÚBLICAS Actusss - IDEA GENERAL C. Navarro Lamarca 101 La GUERRA DE MÉJIco CON LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Carlos Fereyra 102 Munn DE MAXIMILIANO . Miedo de Zansacois 103 D. Poiu'uuo Dlaz - ESTUDIO Hi&rdaico Melesio Farra io6 CENTRO-AMÉRICA DESDE lA SEPARACIÓN DE LAS CINCO PROVINCIAS .........Nicolás Estévanes 110 BATALLA DE YUNGAI (1839) . Francisco Valdés Vergara iii LA CAMPAÑA DE LIMA Y EL TRATADO DE ANCÓN Luis Galdam,es 114 DEVAStACIÓN DEL PARAGUAY .....A. J. Deberle, it; PANAMÁ Y EL CANAL . A. B. Hall y C. L. Chester (Traducido al castellano Por R. Diez de la Cortina) 117 NOTES 121 VOCABULARY ...............131 NOTES 3 1 Bética: a province established by tite Romana in southern Spain, bounded by the sea, tite river Guadiana, and an irregular une from a point somewhat west of the present city of Ciudad Real to a point somewhat west of tite present city of Almería. 428 ano ser por: 1 i ¡titad notbeen for.' 7 13 Bingos: capital of tite province of tite same naxn, situated on a plateau of nortbern Castile, northern Spain. On the union oí Castile and Leon (1037) it vas made tite capital of Castile, and remained such until 1087, when tite roya¡ residence vas transferred to Toledo. Sorne aix miles to the north of Burgos ja tite village of Vivar, whence tite Cid took bis name. 7 16 Santa Gadea: on tite death of Sancho II of Castile, who vas treacherously sJain at the siege of Zamora, tite nobles of Castile invited his brotber Alfonso to be their king, provided he would swear that he had had no pan, either directly or indirectly, in Sancho's death. Of tite twelve nobles assernbled at tite church of Santa Gadea, in Burgos, the Cid vas tite only one bold enough to beard tite future sovereign and administer to him the oath. As a result, Alfonso always felt more or ¡esa enmity toward tite Cid for the affront which he felt had been placed upon him at bis coronation. 7 18 Zaragoza: Saragoasa, capital of the province of tite same name, in northeast Spain. During the Moslern dornination it vas a petty kingdom, like many other cities of tite Peninsula. -Barcelona: the capital of Catalonia, on the Mediterranean, and tite chief seaport of Spain. In 874 Barcelona vas established as an independent county. On tite marriage of Ramón Berenguer IV with Petronila, queen of Aragon, the county of Barcelona vas united with tite kingdom of Aragon (1150). 8 10 Al-MamAn: in ¡o65 Ferdinand 1 divided bis kingdom aniong bis five children: Castile vas to go to Sancho, León to Alfonso, Galicia to García, and tite towns of Zamora and Toro to bis daughters Urraca and Elvira respectively. War soon broke out between Alfonso 121 122 TROZOS DE HISTORIA and Sancho, through dic latter's ambitión to be sole ruler. In ;o tite Leonese were defeated at Golpejar, in León. Thereupon Alfonso sought refuge with the Moorish king oí Toledo, Al-Mamun. By 1072 Sancho was master oí Christian Spain, acept the city of Zamora, during the siege oí which he met his death. 9 3 arzobispo de Toledo: on May 25, 1085, Toledo was taken from dic Moors by Alfonso VI oí Castile. Two years later it was inade the capital oí Castile, and tite archbishop oí Toledo was ¡nade primate oí Spain. 9 10 las Navas de Tolosa: a tabieland in the Siena Morena range, in dic province oí Jaén, northern Andalusia. 9 13 Almohades: the original Mosiem conquest oí Spain was made by the Aral». In tIte eleventh century lthe Arab power disintegrated, tite Christians made rapid conquests, and tIte Arabs, preferring to be conquered by fellow-Moslems rathr than by Christians, invited tite help and dominion oí the Moors under the ternporarily powerful dynasty oí tite Almoravides, which ruled the southern haif oí Spain for sixty years and was then displaced by tite more vigorous Moorish dynasty oí tite Almohadss. Tbese remained strong tui their power was broken by tIte battle oí Navas de Tolosá; in sixty years after that the lan remnant oí their power even in Africa carne to an end. 9 16 una fiesta: tIte feast oí tite Triurnph oí tite Crasa falls on July ¡6, tite anniversary oí tIte battle. 12 GRANADA: with tite ending oí the Almohade rule in southern Spain, Al-Ahmar founded that oí tIte Nasrides (1238-1492). TIte capital oí tite kingdom was Granada; it iricluded in its tcrritory tite provinces oí Granada, Almería, Málaga, and Jaén. During this period tite civi- Iization oí Granada rivaled, if not surpassed, that which had, severa¡ centuries previous, made Cordova world-famous. 12 11 la Alhambra ("tite red fortreds"): tIte former palace of tIte kings oí Granada, built during tIte rwei and thirteenth centuria, and famous for its beautiful architecturel It is weIl-known to American and English readers through Washington Irving's"The Alhambra" and "TIte Conquest of Granada." 12 13 Santa Fe: three miles southwest oí dic city oí Granada; built by Isabella in eighty days during the siege oí Granada. It was laid out in tite form oí a Roman camp, with tite streets crossing one another at right angles. On November 25, 1491, the capitulation oí Granada was signed Itere. NOTES ¡23 13 1 el Genil: this river rises in the Siena Nevada, fiows in a south- ernly direction, and forma the southeastern boundary of the City oí Granada. 13 3 la puerta de los Siete Suelos: the cnt gatt leading from the Alhambra. In tbe days oí the Moorish kings of Granada it was the principal entrance to dic fortress. At the request of Boabdil it was walled np by Ferdinand and Isabella. 13 23 el rey Chico: that is, Boabdil. 14 7 Santiago: St. James the Greater is the patron saint of Spain. The battle-cry of Spain was Santiago y cierra Espafia 1" 14 14 la Epifanía: dic feast oí Epiphany is celebrated on the sixth oí January, to commemorate dic adoration of the Magi. It is known in England as Twelfth Night. 16 12 prescindir de las cortes: dic Spanish Cortes, or parliamcnt.s, composed mainty of representatives oí the larger towns, were sum- moned to vote subsidies and levy taxes, ami claimed the right to repeal laws made by them.
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