Mid-15th century, Foundation of the Saud Dynasty ...... 1 1450’s-1471, Champa Civil Wars ...... 3 1450’s-1529, Thai Wars ...... 5 1451-1526, Lodi Kings Dominate Northern India ...... 7 1454, China Subdues Burma ...... 10 1454-1481, Rise of the Ottoman Empire ...... 12 April 9, 1454, Peace of Lodi ...... 15 1455-1485, Wars of the Roses ...... 18 1456, Publication of Gutenberg’s Mazarin Bible ...... 21 1457-1480’s, Spread of Jfdo Shinshn Buddhism ...... 24 February 11, 1457, Restoration of Zhengtong ...... 27 April 14, 1457-July 2, 1504, Reign of Stephen the Great...... 30 1458-1490, Hungarian Renaissance...... 32 1459, R3o Jodha Founds Jodhpur ...... 36

1460’s

Early 1460’s, Labor Shortages Alter Europe’s Social Structure ...... 38 1460-1600, Rise of the Akan Kingdoms ...... 41 1462, Founding of the Platonic Academy...... 43 c. 1462, Kazak Empire Is Established...... 46 1462, Regiomontanus Completes the Epitome of Ptolemy’s Almagest ...... 48 1463-1479, Ottoman-Venetian War ...... 51 c. 1464-1591, Songhai Empire Dominates the Western Sudan ...... 53 1465-1487, Reign of Xianzong ...... 56 July 16, 1465-April, 1559, French-Burgundian and French-Austrian Wars ...... 58 October 19, 1466, Second Peace of Thorn ...... 61 1467, End of King Par3kramab3hu VI’s Reign ...... 65 1467-1477, bnin War ...... 67 1469-1481, Reign of the Ava King Thihathura ...... 69 1469-1492, Rule of Lorenzo de’ Medici ...... 71 1469-1508, Ak Koyunlu Dynasty Controls Iraq and Northern Iran ...... 75 October 19, 1469, Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella ...... 77

v The Renaissance & Early Modern Era

1470’s

1471-1493, Reign of Topa Inca ...... 81 March 18-22, 1471, Battle of Vijaya ...... 83 c. 1473, Ashikaga Yoshimasa Builds the Silver Pavilion ...... 85 1473, Jakob II Fugger Becomes a Merchant ...... 87 1473-1600, Witch-Hunts and Witch Trials ...... 89 1474, Great Wall of China Is Built ...... 93 1474-1479, Castilian War of Succession ...... 97 Late 15th century, Mombasa, Malindi, and Kilwa Reach Their Height ...... 99 August 29, 1475, Peace of Picquigny ...... 101 1477-1482, Work Begins on the Sistine Chapel ...... 104 1477-1600, Japan’s “Age of the Country at War” ...... 106 June 12, 1477-August 17, 1487, Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire ...... 109 August 17, 1477, Foundation of the Habsburg Dynasty ...... 112 1478, Muscovite Conquest of Novgorod ...... 115 1478-1482, Albanian-Turkish Wars End...... 118 c. 1478-1519, Leonardo da Vinci Compiles His Notebooks...... 120 April 26, 1478, Pazzi Conspiracy ...... 124 November 1, 1478, Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition ...... 126

1480’s

1480-1502, Destruction of the Golden Horde ...... 130 After 1480, Ivan the Great Organizes the “Third Rome” ...... 132 1481-1482, Founding of Elmina ...... 135 1481-1499, Ludovico Sforza Rules Milan...... 137 1481-1512, Reign of Bayezid II and Ottoman Civil Wars...... 140 1482-1492, Maximilian I Takes Control of the Low Countries ...... 142 1483-1485, Richard III Rules England ...... 146 c. 1485, Portuguese Establish a Foothold in Africa ...... 148 Beginning 1485, The Tudors Rule England ...... 150 May, 1485-April 13, 1517, Mamlnk-Ottoman Wars...... 153 1486-1487, Pico della Mirandola Writes Oration on the Dignity of Man ...... 156 August, 1487-December, 1488, Dias Rounds the Cape of Good Hope ...... 158 1488-1505, Reign of Xiaozong ...... 162 c. 1488-1594, Khmer-Thai Wars...... 164 March 5, 1488, Composition of the Renga Masterpiece Minase sangin hyakuin ...... 166 1489, 4#dil Shah Dynasty Founded ...... 169 1489, Yorkshire Rebellion ...... 171

1490’s

1490’s, Aldus Manutius Founds the Aldine Press ...... 174 1490’s, Decline of the Silk Road ...... 177 vi Contents

Beginning 1490, Development of the Camera Obscura ...... 179 c. 1490, Fragmentation of the Bahmani Sultanate ...... 182 1490-1492, Martin Behaim Builds the First World Globe...... 184 1491-1545, Christianity Is Established in the Kingdom of Kongo ...... 187 1492, Fall of Granada ...... 190 1492, Jews Are Expelled from Spain ...... 193 October 12, 1492, Columbus Lands in the Americas ...... 196 1493-1521, Ponce de León’s Voyages ...... 200 1493-1525, Reign of Huayna Capac ...... 202 1493-1528, Reign of Mohammed I Askia ...... 205 August 19, 1493-January 12, 1519, Reign of Maximilian I ...... 208 1494, Sebastian Brant Publishes The Ship of Fools ...... 211 June 7, 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas ...... 213 September, 1494-October, 1495, Charles VIII of France Invades Italy ...... 217 December 1, 1494, Poynings’ Law ...... 220 Beginning c. 1495, Reform of the Spanish Church ...... 222 1495-1497, Leonardo da Vinci Paints The Last Supper ...... 225 1495-1510, West Indian Uprisings...... 228 1497, Cornish Rebellion ...... 231 Beginning 1497, Danish-Swedish Wars ...... 234 June 24, 1497-May, 1498, Cabot’s Voyages ...... 236 January, 1498, Portuguese Reach the Swahili Coast...... 239 1499, Louis XII of France Seizes Milan ...... 241 1499-1517, Erasmus Advances Humanism in England ...... 244 1499-c. 1600, Russo-Polish Wars ...... 247

1500’s

Beginning c. 1500, Coffee, Cacao, Tobacco, and Sugar Are Sold Worldwide ...... 249 c. 1500, Netherlandish School of Painting...... 252 c. 1500, Revival of Classical Themes in Art...... 256 c. 1500, Rise of Sarmatism in Poland ...... 259 1500, Roman Jubilee...... 261 1500-1530’s, Portugal Begins to Colonize Brazil ...... 264 Early 16th century, Athapaskans Arrive in the Southwest...... 267 Early 16th century, Devotional Bhakti Traditions Emerge ...... 270 Early 16th century, Fuzuli Writes Poetry in Three Languages ...... 272 Early 16th century, Rise of the Fur Trade ...... 275 16th century, China’s Population Boom ...... 277 16th century, Decline of Moundville ...... 279 16th century, Evolution of the Galleon ...... 283 16th century, Iroquois Confederacy Is Established ...... 286 16th century, Proliferation of Firearms ...... 289 16th century, Rise of the Shenshi ...... 292 16th century, Single-Whip Reform ...... 294 16th century, Trans-Saharan Trade Enriches Akan Kingdoms ...... 296 16th century, Worldwide Inflation ...... 299 1501-1524, Reign of Ism34il I ...... 301 vii The Renaissance & Early Modern Era

1502, Beginning of the Transatlantic Slave Trade ...... 303 1502-1520, Reign of Montezuma II ...... 307 Beginning 1504, Decline of the Waf;id Dynasty ...... 310 September 22, 1504, Treaty of Blois...... 313 November 26, 1504, Joan the Mad Becomes Queen of Castile ...... 315 1505-1515, Portuguese Viceroys Establish Overseas Trade Empire ...... 317 1505-1521, Reign of Zhengde and Liu Jin ...... 321 1507, End of the Timurid Dynasty...... 323 1508, Formation of the League of Cambrai ...... 325 1508-1520, Raphael Paints His Frescoes ...... 327 1508-1512 and 1534-1541, Michelangelo Paints the Sistine Chapel ...... 331 1509-1565, Vijayanagar Wars ...... 335

1510’s c. 1510, Invention of the Watch ...... 337 1510-1578, Sa4dt Sharifs Come to Power in Morocco...... 340 December 2, 1510, Battle of Merv Establishes the Shayb3ntd Dynasty...... 342 1511-c. 1515, Melaka Falls to the Portuguese ...... 344 1512-1520, Reign of Selim I...... 347 April 11, 1512, Battle of Ravenna ...... 349 Beginning 1513, Kanf School Flourishes ...... 352 July-December, 1513, Machiavelli Writes The Prince ...... 354 August 22, 1513-July 6, 1560, Anglo-Scottish Wars ...... 357 September 29, 1513, Balboa Reaches the Pacific Ocean ...... 360 1514, Hungarian Peasants’ Revolt ...... 362 1514-1598, Portuguese Reach China ...... 365 1515-1529, Wolsey Serves as Lord Chancellor and Cardinal ...... 367 September 13-14, 1515, Battle of Marignano ...... 370 1516, Sir Thomas More Publishes Utopia ...... 372 January 23, 1516, Charles I Ascends the Throne of Spain ...... 376 August 18, 1516, Concordat of Bologna...... 379 1517, Fracastoro Develops His Theory of Fossils ...... 381 October 31, 1517, Luther Posts His Ninety-five Theses...... 383 Beginning 1519, Smallpox Kills Thousands of Indigenous Americans ...... 386 1519-1522, Magellan Expedition Circumnavigates the Globe ...... 389 April, 1519-August, 1521, Cortés Conquers Aztecs in Mexico ...... 393 June 28, 1519, Charles V Is Elected Holy Roman Emperor...... 397

1520’s

1520-1522, Comunero Revolt ...... 400 1520-1566, Reign of Süleyman ...... 402 June 5-24, 1520, Field of Cloth of Gold ...... 406 1521-1559, Valois-Habsburg Wars...... 409 1521-1567, Reign of Jiajing ...... 413 viii Contents

April-May, 1521, Luther Appears Before the Diet of Worms ...... 415 June 28, 1522-December 27, 1522, Siege and Fall of Rhodes...... 419 November 3, 1522-November 17, 1530, Correggio Paints the Assumption of the Virgin ...... 422 1523, Gustav I Vasa Becomes King of Sweden ...... 426 Spring, 1523, buchi Family Monopolizes Trade with China ...... 428 August, 1523, Franciscan Missionaries Arrive in Mexico...... 430 June, 1524-July, 1526, German Peasants’ War ...... 433 1525-1532, Huáscar and Atahualpa Share Inca Rule ...... 437 1525-1600, Ottoman-Ruled Egypt Sends Expeditions South and East ...... 439 February, 1525, Battle of Pavia ...... 441 1526-1547, Hungarian Civil Wars ...... 445 April 21, 1526, First Battle of Panipat ...... 447 August 29, 1526, Battle of Mohács ...... 450 1527-1543, Ethiopia’s Early Solomonic Period Ends ...... 452 1527-1547, Maya Resist Spanish Incursions in Yucatán ...... 455 1527-1599, Burmese Civil Wars ...... 458 March 17, 1527, Battle of Kh3nua...... 460 May 6, 1527-February, 1528, Sack of Rome ...... 462 1528, Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier Is Published ...... 465 1528-1536, Narváez’s and Cabeza de Vaca’s Expeditions ...... 468 1529-1574, North Africa Recognizes Ottoman Suzerainty ...... 471 March 7, 1529, Battle of Shimbra-Kure ...... 473 September 27-October 16, 1529, Siege of Vienna...... 475

1530’s

1530’s-1540’s, Paracelsus Presents His Theory of Disease ...... 479 December 30, 1530, Hum3ynn Inherits the Throne in India ...... 482 1531-1540, Cromwell Reforms British Government ...... 484 1531-1585, Antwerp Becomes the Commercial Capital of Europe ...... 487 February 27, 1531, Formation of the Schmalkaldic League...... 491 1532, Holbein Settles in London...... 494 1532-1536, Temmon Hokke Rebellion ...... 497 1532-1537, Pizarro Conquers the Incas in Peru ...... 499

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