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The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity

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The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity By Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Thomas Dandelet, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor Ignacio E. Navarrete Summer 2015 The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance, and Morisco Identity © 2015 by Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry All Rights Reserved The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity By Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California-Berkeley Thomas Dandelet, Chair Abstract In the Spanish city of Granada, beginning with its conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, Christian aesthetics, briefly Gothic, and then classical were imposed on the landscape. There, the revival of classical Roman culture took place against the backdrop of Islamic civilization. The Renaissance was brought to the city by its conquerors along with Christianity and Castilian law. When Granada fell, many Muslim leaders fled to North Africa. Other elite families stayed, collaborated with the new rulers and began to promote this new classical culture. The Granada Venegas were one of the families that stayed, and participated in the Renaissance in Granada by sponsoring a group of writers and poets, and they served the crown in various military capacities. They were royal, having descended from a Sultan who had ruled Granada in 1431. Cidi Yahya Al Nayar, the heir to this family, converted to Christianity prior to the conquest. Thus he was one of the Morisco elites most respected by the conquerors. My dissertation follows Cidi Yahya Al Nayar’s descendants, the Granada Venegas family, in their more than one hundred year quest to join the high nobility of Spain. This quest ended at the court of Philip IV in Madrid when Don Pedro de Granada Venegas was made a Marqúes in 1643. The Granada Venegas were Moriscos, or Muslim converts to Christianity. Most accounts of Morisco history have focused their attention on many Morisco laborers and farmers who tried to keep their cultural and religious traditions alive and who ultimately were expelled from Spain in 1609. This dissertation describes a different sort of Morisco experience—the successful assimilation of elites—which adds complexity to our understanding of this persecuted minority. The Granada Venegas family, as Moriscos, worked hard and successfully to convince their neighbors in Granada, and ultimately the crown in Madrid, that they were loyal servants and devout Christians, worthy of a noble title. 1 To my Father i Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Introduction iii Chapter 1: Legends of the Fifteenth Century Frontier: 1 Nasrid Nobility and the Reconquista Chapter 2: Religion, Politics and Urban Landscape: 33 Granada’s New Morisco Elite and The Renaissance in Granada, 1492-1571 Chapter 3: Culture and Society: 75 The Renaissance Tertulia and Chivalric Ambitions of the Granada Venegas Chapter 4: Becoming a Knight: 111 Knighthood, the Military Orders and the Purity of the Blood Chapter 5: Becoming Nobility: 154 Social Status and Morisco Identity in Seventeenth Century Madrid Dissertation Conclusion 191 Bibliography 194 Appendix 1: Granada Venegas Family Tree 220 Appendix 2: Glossary of Terms 221 ii Acknowledgements There are many people who have helped me with this project. I am especially grateful for those who gave of their time in person or over email to strategize with me and encourage me in its early stages, including A. Katie Harris and Katrina Olds who worked with me on a chapter draft at the Northwest Hispanists’ Working Group, Thomas Glick at Boston University, Adam Beaver at Princeton University, and Miguel Luís López-Guadalupe Muñoz and Enrique Soria Mesa in Spain. Among many others, I am grateful especially to the archivists of the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, the Casa de los Tiros and the Archivo Histórico Provincial de Granada, and to the National Endowment for the Humanities for including me in its 2013 Summer Seminar in New York, “Researching Early Modern Manuscripts and Printed Books,” to the libraries which welcomed our research projects, especially the Morgan Library and the Hispanic Society of America. I am thankful to Carla Rahn Phillips and the Mellon Weekend Workshops in Vernacular Paleography, and to the History Department at Berkeley for funding my final dissertation-writing year. I am thankful to Leah Middlebrook, Barbara Altmann and Stephanie Moore for being part of a panel I organized on “Olivier de la Marche in the Sixteenth Century” at the 2015 Renaissance Society of America annual meeting—our discussions and your feedback to me were very helpful to my third dissertation chapter. I am also thankful to Sarah Reeser from the University of Toronto for having me discuss a section of my first chapter in your panel on “Post-Conquest Religiosity” at the 2015 medieval conference at Kalamazoo. I am thankful also to the National Endowment for the Humanities for accepting me to the 2015 Summer Seminar “The Alhambra and Spain’s Islamic Past,” which will be an intellectual spring board for all of my future work on the history of Granada. All of you who have taught me history, literature, foreign language, music, and more over the course of my education have ultimately had your hands in this project, for we are no one without our teachers, and without the scholars who have gone before us. I am most grateful to my graduate advisor Thomas Dandelet for all of your guidance and assistance in this dissertation, and your advising during all of my years of formation at Berkeley. I look forward to teaching others out of the wealth of what you have taught me, not the least of which is about the Renaissance in the cities of Spain and Italy. My two other dissertation readers, Jonathan Sheehan and Ignacio Navarrete, have also been very supportive of this project and have helped me immensely over the course of my education at Berkeley. Thank you, Ignacio Navarrete, for all of your encouragement, and for introducing me to the field of Spanish literature. To my professors at Berkeley, Thomas Dandelet, Jonathan Sheehan, Ignacio Navarrete, Jan de Vries, Geoffrey Koziol, Maria Mavroudi, Maureen Miller, Ethan Shagan, Emilie Bergmann, Christopher Ocker, and Albert Ascoli, and my professors at Dartmouth, David Lagomarsino, Walter Simons, Kenneth Shewmaker, Ed Miller, Sheila Culbert, Emmanuel Rota, Eleonora Stoppino, Deborah Garretson, and Robert Duff, thank you for teaching me all that you have, for holding me to high standards, and for believing in me. I am especially grateful to David Lagomarsino and Walter Simons for encouraging me to pursue a graduate degree, and to David Lagomarsino, as my undergraduate advisor, for filling me with enthusiasm for early modern Europe, and for with patience and wisdom, helping me bring my first major research project to fruition. A special thank you I give to my professors of Italian history, language and literature, Emmanuel Rota and Eleonora Stoppino, and to Albert Ascoli. I am very thankful to Maria Mavroudi, Maureen Miller, Geoffrey Koziol and Walter Simons for giving me my foundation in iii the history of medieval Europe, without which I would not be able to say anything about the early modern and late medieval. I thank my alma mater, Dartmouth College, for the liberal arts education and study abroad experiences that propelled me on to higher study. “Though round the girdled earth they roam, her spell on them remains.” To my teachers at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville, FL, Nancy Prendergast, William Valentine, Deborah Hodge, Victoria Register-Freeman, Carol C. Schoenberger, John Iorii, Jeff Tippins, Taylor Smith and Peter Pierson, thank you for pushing me to excel and for helping me love learning for its own sake. To Art Peterson, also an historian of early modern Spain, who first introduced me to the Habsburgs in high school, I wish you were still here and I could talk to you about this milestone. Thank you to John Iorii, who taught me it was always, always possible to know more about the past. Thank you to Carol C. Schoenberger, who made me love geography before I ever read Fernand Braudel. Thank you as well to Beth White at Shore Country Day, for getting me started, and for keeping in touch with me ever since. To all of my colleagues and friends at Berkeley who have given me their friendship, camaraderie and support, especially Daniel Melleno, Margaret Tillman, and Simon Grote, you all have helped me more than you know. To my friends in my entering class, Doug O’Reagan, Ashley Leyba, Robert Harkins, Ti Ngo, and Hilary Falb Kalisman, I have enjoyed sharing this rollercoaster with you. To my distinguished colleague, Matthew Michel, with whom I have shared academic interests since middle school, thank you for giving of your linguistic expertise at key moments during this process. Thank you to Tanya Varela for your kind answers to some questions as well. Many other old friends have been a great support to me during this effort. I have been encouraged and inspired by the conversations I have had with countless younger friends and colleagues, and with my students, especially in my two seminars “The Knight in European History from the 12th-17th Century” and “Warriors, Nobles, and Chivalric Orders in Medieval Europe,” in Spring 2012 and Fall 2013. To my parents, David and Donna, I would not have been able to begin to write let alone finish this dissertation without you and without your unconditional love and generosity. Thank you for allowing a junior in high school to study for a summer at Oxford, where she fell in love with Europe.
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