A Note on the Terminology: I Use “Brick” to Refer to Flat Building Units

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INDEX

A note on the terminology: I use “brick” to refer to ﬂat building units for walls and vaults, whereas I use “tile” to refer to items that have more complex forms, such as roof tiles and box-tiles (the distinction is not appropriate for all contexts, e.g. a “tile maker” can also make bricks). For place names, I have used the name that is most common, regardless of whether it is modern or ancient, but some cross references to alternative designations are provided. The monuments and places in the Web Catalogs and the Web Figures are not included in this index. Numbers in bold indicate pages with illustrations.

ACoruna,˜ Spain, 175 Angmering, Britain (bath), 134, 136–37, Archimedes, 127, 181, 202 Aelius Aristides, 87 136, 137, 138, 142, 145 architect, 9, 10, 65, 110, 192 Aemilius Macer, 8 annona, 94, 112, 113, 196, 200 Amenhotep, son of Hapu, 49 Aeolian Islands (pumice), 31 annona militaris, 176 Menophilos, 11, 97 Aesica. See Great Chesters anthrocological (charcoal) studies, 197–98 Aretas IV, Nabatean king, 79 African Red Slip, 113, 127, 197. See also Antiochia in Pisidia, Turkey (bath), 34, Argos, Greece, 52, 69 pottery industry 35 “Serapeum”. See cult complex (Theater Agricola, 6 Antoninus Pius, 50 Baths) agricultural production, 127, 173, 176 Aphrodisias, Turkey agora drains, 52, 55 importance for construction technology, Flavian Basilica, 43 aqueducts, 52, 54, 210n66 112–13 individuals at Bath A. See cult complex (Theater A¨ın Scersciana, Libya (kiln), 215n78 Ammias Olympias, 3 Baths) Ain Sinu, Iraq, 65 Eumachus Diogenes, 3 cult complex (Theater Baths), 54–57, Alba Fucens, Italy (Emissarium), 58 inscription from, 97 56, 57, 60, 60, 64, 69 Al-Bakri (geographer), 30 Temple of Aphrodite, 3, 7 date of, 54, 210n66, 220n25 Alexander the Great, 73, 201 theater, 33 structural analysis of, 182, Alexandria, 193 Aquae Flavianae, Algeria (bath), 109, 109, 189–90, 190 intellectual center, 96, 202 111, 118, 122 cult of Asclepius at, 54, 64, 191 Kom El-Dikka baths, 28 aqueduct. See also cities – Alexandria cult of Serapis at, 54, 64 legionary bases, 96 Troas, Argos, Athens, Chersonesus, Hadrianic building program at, 54, 203 Alexandria Troas, Turkey (aqueduct), 9 Cologne, Dion, Eleusis, Gortyn, Arles, France, 8, 27 amphoras Humayma, Saldae, Sardis armchair voussoirs. See Chapter 7 in vault, 36, 99, 116, 213n4 cost, 9 covered by wooden roof, 162, 163, 173, production of, 113, 173, 176, 197, military expertise, 9, 205n37 198 214n63 organic ash morter, 27 diffusion of, 200 Ampurias, Spain, 170 three-brick vault, 52, 52, 58, 69 found in situ, 162, 163, 164, 187 Anamurium, Turkey (bath), 58 Aquitania, 170, 172, 174, 204 H-type, 156, 157, 158, 194 Anazarbus, Turkey (bath), 30, 36 arch, deﬁnition, 12–13 in villa baths, 194–95

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INDEX

armchair voussoirs (cont.) Epidaurus, Greece Burriac, Spain, 102, 194 military association with, 201 Antoninus, 86 structural analysis of, 187–88 Reggio Calabria Ca Lo Spelli, Italy (kiln), 105 ash, organic, 25–26, 27–29, 207n60. Memnon, 39, 42 Cabrera de Mar, Spain See also mortar type, organic ash Rome bath, 102–4, 104, 105, 126, 127, 202 mortar Cn. Domitius Lucanus, 117 organic ash mortar, 194 from manure ash, 28 Cn. Domitius Tullus, 117, 199 tubes as moisture-proof ceiling, 162 from plant ash, 28 Cusinia Gratilla (from Ephesus), 67 caementa in vaults ash, volcanic, 15, 19, 21–24, 36. See also Cusinius Messalinus (from Ephesus), in horizontal layers, 21 mortar type, volcanic ash mortar 67, 196 lightweight stones, 15, 19, 23, 30–33, 31, deﬁnition, 23–24 L. Cuspius Pactumeius Ruﬁnus (from 37, 200 Aspendus, Turkey Pergamum), 67, 196 radial, 19, 116, 125, 179 basilica, 58, 59 Ti. Claudius Celsus Orestianus (from radial vs. horizontal, 33–36 Small Baths, 62, 63, 85–86, 87 Pergamum), 67, 196 Caerleon, Britain (baths), 109, 133 Assur, Iraq, 65, 211n93 Ti. Claudius Iulianus (from Ephesus), calcareous tufa, 15, 32–33, 33 Athens, 52, 53 67 Calpernius Macer, 9 Aqueduct of Hadrian, 50, 52, 58, 203 southern France Cameiros, Rhodes (cistern), 37 Augustus, 4, 8, 94, 173 Clarianus, 169–70 Campania, source of pulvis, 22 Aurelius Victor, 203 southern Spain Canterbury, Britain (public baths), 140, Ausonius of Bordeaux, 174 P. Usulenus Veiento, 170 142–43, 147, 148, 191 Autun, France, 27 Quietus, 170 Caracalla, 10 brick stamp, military, 201 Carlisle, Britain (kiln), 171 Bacchias, Egypt, 49 Britain Carranque, Spain (villa), 212n1 Badajoz, Portugal (La Cocosa villa), 167 Cohors IV Breucorum (Grimscar), Carteia, Spain, 165–67, 171, 172, 173 Baelo Claudia, Spain (bath), 171–72, 171 Carthage 174 Legio II (Carlisle), 171 Antonine Baths, 30–31, 31, 37, 200 Baetulo, Spain (bath), 156–57, 157, 161, Legio IX Hispania (York), 170 cistern, 25, 27 163, 169, 172, 194, 200 Legio XX (Carlisle), 171 House of the Charioteer, 28 Baiae, Italy, 21, 22, 210n23 Morocco Kobbat Bent el Rey, 124, 125, 126 Bainton, Britain, 170 Cohors II Syrorum, 171 Yasmina cemetery, 107 Barzan, France (baths), 163 brick stamp, municipal, 68 Castabala Hieropolis, Turkey, 30 Bath, Britain, 139 bricks Catania, Sicily, 30 Sanctuary of Sulis Minerva, 141, 184, as ballast, 199 Cato, 207 194 as economic investment, 67–68, 69, 196 Caulonia, Italy (bath), 155 Great Bath, 27, 140 in walling, 43, 178 centering, 15 Sacred Spring, 143, 144, 182 trapezoidal, 52, 56, 58, 65 construction and removal of, 15–17, 119 structural analysis of, 184–87, 185, 186 Bu Ngem, Libya (bath), 109 elimination of, 15, 42, 49, 91, 99 Beauport Park, Britain (bath), 142 building contract, 10–11 for dome, 13 Bewcastle, Britain (bath), 141 Miletus theater inscription, 11 holes for, 42, 47, 60, 60, 85, 87, 91, 92 Bliesbruck, France (bath), 148, 151 Bulla Regia, Tunisia, 118–22, 127 permanent centering, 89, 89, 92, 115 Bosra, Syria (bath), 30, 36 Baths of Memmia, 34, 35, 116, 118, 120, reduction of, 46, 80–81, 161, 172 box-tile. See wall heating system 145 Chania, Crete, 36 Braga, Portugal, 176 House of Amphitrite, 119–20, 121 Charax, Crimea, 27 brick stamp, imperial House of Fishing, 119 charcoal Britain, 171 House of the Hunt, 111, 121, 122, 122 as fuel, 145, 207n57 Morocco, 171, 172, 173 House of the Treasure, 213n4 in mortar, 27–28 brick stamp, individuals modern reconstruction of tube vault, Charente, France (bath), 27 Britain 114 Chemtou, Tunisia, 124 Cabriabanus (roller stamp), 147 tomb, 107 fabrica, 107, 108, 108, 213n4, 214n35

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Chersonesus, Crimea (aqueduct), 27 Ctesibus, 202 Elaeussa Sebaste, Turkey, 33, 33, 60, 213n4 Chester (Deva), Britain, 109–10, 110, 114, Ctesiphon, Iraq (arch), 50 Eleusis, Greece, 52, 54 170, 214n40 curator of works, 10 elite self-representation, 12, 196, 197, 204 Chesterholm (Vindolana), Britain, 161 Cybyra, Turkey (inscriptions), 68 Ephesus, 22, 96, 126 Chesters (Cilurnium), Britain, 109, 110, Cyzicus, Turkey, 27, 207n52 “Love House”, 22, 23 160 Baptistry of St. Mary, 85, 94 Chichester, Britain, 135, 137 Damascus, Syria, 29 Basilica of St. John, 64, 64, 94 inscription from, 149 daub. See roller stamp Basilica of St. Mary, 64 kiln at, 150 deforestation, 116–17, 197–99, 215n93 Baths of Varius (so called). See Choisy, Auguste, 5, 14, 58, 61, 210n54 Delbarj¯ın, Afghanistan, 72, 94 Scholastica Baths Cillium, Tunisia, 112 Delphi, Greece, 71 Baths of Vedius, 16, 45, 58, 209n29 T. Flavius Secundus, 112 design builders, 135, 138, 192 East Baths, 45, 46–47, 48, 208n1 Cilurnium. See Chesters Deva. See Chester harbor, 43–44, 209n27 Cimiez, France (North Baths), 163, 164, Diades (military engineer), 201 Harbor Baths, 43–45, 203, 208n1 169, 174, 191 Didyma, Turkey (oracle), 11, 97 individuals at date of, 163, 218n46 Dieberg, Germany, 148 C. Claudius Verulanus Marcellus, 43 structural analysis of, 187–88, 188 Dio Cassius, 203 C. Flavius Furius Aptus, 82 Circle of the Strait, 174, 201 Dio Chrysostom, 7 C. Licinius Maximus Julianus, 209n27 Cirta, Algeria, 214n60 Diocletian, 203 P. Varius Quintilius Valens, 81, 97 Claros, Greece (Temple of Apollo), 159, reorganization of provincial Scaptia Philippe, 43 159 administration, 11, 174, 176, 203, T. Flavius Montanus, 209n27 Claudiopolis, Turkey (baths), 9 204 Ti. Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, 67 Claudius,invasionofBritain,150 Dion, Greece, 57 Ti. Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, 67 cocciopesto. See mortar type, crushed Djerba, Tunisia. See Meninx Library of Celsus, 43, 66, 67 terracotta mortar Domitian, 209n29 Sanctuary of Artemis, 68 Coimbra, Portugal, 62, 63 Dougga, Tunisia, 121–22, 127 Scholastica Baths, 64, 81 Colchester, Britain, 130 “Licinian” Baths, 118, 119, 122 Temple of Hadrian (neocoros), 44, 203 Cologne, Germany, 27 Baths of the Cyclops, 125, 215n112 Temple to Hadrian (on Curetes St.), 81 colonization, 8, 173 House of Dionysus and Ulysses, 116, Terrace House 1, 80, 79–81, 97, 203 Columella, 199 117, 121 Domus atrium, 81, 83, 121, 180 Constantine, 4, 12, 204 House of the Ducks and Seasons, 124 Domus vestibule, 79, 94 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 97 house south of the Temple of Tellus, Terrace House 2, 61, 63, 68, 80, 203 Constantinople, 4, 12, 204 122 RU6 peristyle bath, 81–83, 82, 180 coppicing, 198 land tenure inscriptions, 112, 116, 196 RU6 room 8, 58, 59 corbeling, 49, 73 P. Marcius Quadrata, 107 Theater Baths, 45, 208n1 Corinth, Greece, 34, 36, 68 Sanctuary of Juno Caelestis, 122, 123, Epidaurus, Greece, 126 Coroneia, Greece (inscriptions), 201, 180 Northeast Baths, 86–87, 88, 88, 96, 221n42 Sanctuary of Saturn/Baal, 220n5 210n69 Cos, 22, 36, 206n58 theater, 107 Sanctuary of Aesclepius, 96 Cossyra. See Pantelleria Dura-Europus, Syria Sextus Julius Maior Antoninus Coudoux, France (villa bath), 144 bath F3, 109, 111, 110–11, 121, 214n49 Pythodorus (from Nysa), 87, 97 Couelle,¨ Jacques (architect), 128 bath M7, 66 Ermedas,` Spain (kiln), 170 cracks, in vault, 14, 60, 61, 82, 82, 190 Durobrivae, Britain, 170 estate management, 67, 112, 195–96. from foundation subsidence, 185 See also land use from heat expansion, 141, 190 Eccles, Britain, 145, 146, 171 Escolives, France (bath), 27 in opus caementicium, 14–15 Eero Saarinen (architect), 50 Estremoz, Portugal (Santa Vitoria do creep, in concrete, 15 El Djem, Tunisia (amphitheater), 25, 34 Ameixal villa), 167 Cremna, Turkey (cistern), 62 El-Koubania South, Egypt (tomb), 211n91 Etruria, source of harena fossicia, 22 Csaki-Gorb´ o,´ Hungary, 112 El Mahrine, Tunisia (kiln), 114 Euromus, Turkey, 7

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INDEX

Exeter, Britain (baths), 132 cult renewal, 69, 191, 203 imperialism, modern, 6 Ezbet Bashendi, Egypt (tombs), 194 interest in provinces, 52, 203 India, modern use of vaulting tubes, visit to Britain, 139, 150 128 Faverges, France (mansio bath), 170 Hadrian’s Villa, 83, 122, 125, 179, 206n58 infrastructure Fayum, 49, 64, 73–79, 94, 202 hanging vaults, 161–62, 162, 163 for terracotta production, 114, 197 Felix Romuliana. See Gamzigrad harena fossicia, 20, 22, 37 Hadrian’s interest in, 52, 69, 203 Fiesole, Italy, 218n33 for building vaults, 22 imperial, 9 Finley, Moses I., 5 testing, 24 roads and harbors, 113, 148, 176, 197, firing temperature Hartfield, Britain (kiln), 145, 146 203 gypsum, 20 Haverfield, Francis, 5, 6 Istanbul, Turkey lime, 20, 207n57 heating in baths. See also wall heating cisterns, 212n4 produced by charcoal, 207n57 system Hagia Sophia, 24–25, 27, 61, 204 terracotta, 25 convection, 132, 141–42 Obelisk of Theodosius I, 9, 10 Firuzabad, Iran, 125 efficiency of, 140–42 Italica, Spain, 34, 36, 213n4 Fishbourne, Britain (villa), 149 fuel type, 143–45 Izmir, Turkey (basilica), 61, 62 fishponds, at villas, 199–200 Heighington, Britain (kiln), 148 flanged bars for vaulting ribs, 155, 153–56, Herculaneum, 132, 133 Jerash, Jordan, 48, 212n10 161, 172 Herodes Atticus, 9, 221n9 Jesi, Italy (kiln), 105, 127 Florence, Italy, 156, 161 Heron of Alexandria, 96, 202 joggle joint, 51, 159, 193 formwork, 118 Hierapolis, Turkey Julius Caesar, 173 imprints, 56, 60, 85, 87 Museum Baths, 48 invasion of Britain, 150 reed mat, 105, 118, 119 Outer Baths, 60, 61 Justinian, 204, 212n4 Fregellae, Italy (bath), 153, 155, 161, 162, HieroIIofSyracuse,126, 202 163, 169, 172 Hippo Regius (Christian basilica), 126 kaolonitic clay, sources of, 25 Frejus,´ France, 8, 205n37 hollow voussoirs. See Chapter 6 Karanis, Egypt, 49, 73–79, 94, 126 Porte d’Oree´ Baths, 163, 174, 187, 191, as part of heating system, 132–35, 140, North Baths, 78, 78 218n45, 218n47 200 vault forms at, 76 funding of building projects, 7–9 examples found in situ, 142, 143 Kasserine, Tunisia. See Cillium by women, 7 exterior covering of vault, 140–41 keystone, 12, 13, 58, 61–62 from summa honoriaria, 8 formula for calculating span, 130, spine of brick, 141 130–31, 142, 216n4 kilns, 40 Gallaecia, 173, 174–76 made-to-order item, 147, 150, 200 capacity of, 114–15 Gamzigrad, Serbia (Palace of Galerius), 89, size of vaults, 142, 142, 143 communal, 114, 147 89, 203 structural analysis of, 182–84 fuel, 117, 198 Gandori, Morocco, 171, 219n85 Westhampnett voussoirs, 134, 139, 149 vaulting pot roof, 105, 106, 194, 127 Garonne valley, 169, 200 as part of heating system, 133–38, Kom Abu Billo, Egypt (tombs), 193 Gaujac, France (Bath B), 156, 158, 161, 142, 200 Kuh-i Khwaja, Iran, 65 163, 169, 172, 173 date of, 135 Kyaneai, Turkey (baths), 216n9 Giza, Egypt (tomb), 73, 211n91 graffiti on, 149, 149–50 Gortyn, Crete Westhampnett-type voussoirs, 139, 139, La Garde, France (villa bath), 145 aqueduct, 57 150 La Roquebrussanne, France (villa bath), odeum, 158, 159, 159, 161 Holt, Britain (kiln), 170 216n9 Great Chesters (Aesica), Britain, 160 Hooke, Robert, 49, 50 La Vautubiere,` France (villa bath), 144 Grimescar, Britain (kiln), 170 Humayma, Jordan (aqueduct), 27 Labitolosa, Spain, 167 gypsum. See also mortar type, gypsum Hyeres-les-Palmiers,` France. See Olbia Bath 1, 33, 162, 167, 173, 194, 219n61 mortar Hysaria, Bulgaria, 27 fuel type, 144 in Tunisia, 127, 195 Bath 2, 33, 160, 163, 169, 172, 173 imperial cult, 8, 160. See also neocoros Lactantius, 203 Hadrian, 9, 44, 201, 221n42 imperial treasury, 172, 219n87 Lambaesis, Algeria, 9, 108

250

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land use, 67–68, 195–96. See also estate Miletus, Turkey neocoros, 44, 203 management Baths of Faustina, 46, 47 networks Lavernae, Italy (inscription), 21 Humeitepe Baths, 43, 209n19 personal relationships, 117, 148, 169, Le Bourbou, France (kiln), 173, theater inscription, 11, 97–98 199–200 198 military clientela, 118 Legio III Augusta, 9, 108, 111 agent of transmission, 174, 201 trade networks, 30, 31, 37 Legio VII Gemina, 175, 220n103 involvement in building, 9, 69, 108–12, regional, 27, 30, 200 Legio XX Valeria Victrix, 170 201, 205n37, 221n19 Newport, Isle of Wight (bath), 32, Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix, 148 millstones, trade in, 30–32, 37, 200 33 Leicester, Britain (public baths), 148 Minety, Britain (kiln), 147 Nicea, Turkey (theater), 7, 9 Leon,´ Spain, 175, 176 mining in Iberia, 175, 176, 198 Nicomedia, Turkey, 9 Leptiminus, Tunisia Minori, Italy (villa), 79 Nicopolis, Greece, 43, 88 East Baths, 31, 31–32, 200 Mirobriga, Portugal (baths), 162, 167, 168, Nˆımes, France kilns, 28, 114 169 “Temple of Diana”, 160, 159–60, 161, mortar analysis at, 28–29 Misenum, Italy (inscription), 143 218n25, 218n30 Leptis Magna, Libya, 106, 106 Moesia Inferior (legions), 9 ZAC des Halles bath, 162 lex Hadriana, 112, 203 Montreal,´ France (villa bath), 162, 163 Nippur, Iraq, 65 lex Manciana, 214n57 Morgantina, Sicily (North Baths), 100, Nonius Datus (librator), 9, 201 lime, naturally hydraulic, 29 102, 105, 126 Norcia, Italy (tombs), 39 definition, 25 earliest vaulting tubes, 202 Nysa, Turkey (structure next to theater), Livy, 37 tubes as moisture-proof ceiling, 162, 94, 95, 213n58 Llafranc, Spain, 170, 173 193 Nysiros, 22 London, 130, 135, 138, 147, 150 mortar type “Governor’s Palace”, 171 crushed terracotta mortar, 23, 25, 27, Odacer, 204 Huggin Hill baths, 133 140, 141 Odessus, Bulgaria. See Var na Los Zamorales, Spain (kiln), 167 gypsum mortar, 20, 42, 107, 109 Olbia, France (North Baths), 156, 158, Loutsa, Greece (bath), 57 vaulting tubes, 116, 119, 127 169, 172, 173, 200 Lugo, Spain, 175, 176 hydraulic mortar, 25, 36–37, 61 unheated walls, 163, 169 Lusitania, 173 chemistry of, 24–25 olive cultivation, 112, 196–97 definition, 20–21 Olympia, Greece Mactar, Tunisia (inscription), 112 in opus caementicium, 19 “Baths of Nero”, 48, 57, 60, 209n39 manure (as fuel), 25, 27, 28, 207n58 lime mortar, 20 East Baths. See “Baths of Nero” Marcianella, Italy (kiln), 105 organic ash mortar, 23, 27–29, 207n60. Leonidaion Baths, 85, 206n58 Marcianopolis, Bulgaria, 27 See also ash, organic Southwest Baths, 43, 46 Marseille, France, 128 Punic influence, 28, 194, 201 opus caementicium Massa, Italy (kiln), 105, 155, 155, 172 volcanic ash mortar, 23, 26–27, 32, ancient term, 20–21 material properties 36–37. See also ash, volcanic early use in vaults, 17, 37 calcareous tufa, 32, 161 mortared rubble for vaults with gabled extrados, 56, 141 clay, 25 as vault fill, 39, 45, 58, 178 not monolithic, 14, 21 crushed terracotta mortar, 61, 221n29 definition, 21 opus reticulatum, 43, 68 gypsum mortar, 20, 118 Mozia, Sicily, 213n27 opus signinum, 207n50. See mortar type, lime mortar, 20 mud brick struts in Near East, 65 crushed terracotta mortar opus caementicium, 14–15 Myra, Turkey opus vittatum, 43, 167 scoria/pumice, 37 Brick Baths, 46, 48 Orange, France, 8, 194 terracotta/brick, 45, 61, 190, 193, Hadrianic Horrea, 52, 222 Ordona, Italy (kiln), 105 221n29 organic ash. See ash, organic Melos, 22 Narbonensis, 170, 172, 174 Ostia, Italy, 117, 209n15, 213n21, 216n7 Menelaus of Alexandria, 96 Nazi concentration camps, vaulting tubes Oudna, Tunisia. See Uthina Meninx, Tunisia (kiln), 114 at, 128 Oxyrhynchus, Egypt (pottery contract), 68

251

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Palestrina, Italy (Temple of Fortuna), 21 Pompeiopolisin Paphlagonia, Turkey, 112 Rome palynological (pollen) studies, 197, 198, Portus, 37 Aurelian Walls, 211n1, 212n4 221n20 postcolonial approach, 6 Basilica of Maxentius, 206n58 Pantelleria, 27, 28, 31, 31, 37, 200 pottery industry, 113–15, 193. See also Basilica Ulpia, 83, 122 Parkfield (Potter’s Bar), Britain (kiln), 145, terracotta workshops Baths of Caracalla, 30, 45 146 Gaul and Germany, 151 Baths of Trajan, 30 Parthia, 64–66, 69, 96 pozzolan brick industry, 67, 196 Patara, Turkey active ingredients, 24 Colosseum, 40, 45 Baths of Vespasian, 43, 58, 59, 209n19, definition, 23, 206n20 Crypta Balbi, 126, 215n116 210n72 from manure ash, 207n59 fire of 64 CE, 17, 39 Hadrianic Horrea, 43, 44, 45, 203, pozzolana, 19, 21. See ash, volcanic Mausoleum of Hadrian, 39 222n52 terminology, 21–22 Pantheon, 32, 67, 90 Southwest Baths, 58, 59 Pozzuoli (Puteoli), Italy, 21, 37 brick ribs at, 45 Patras, Greece Pres-Bas,´ France (villa), 173, 198 hydraulic mortar, 20 Mausoleum of Marcia Maxima, 43, provincial administration, 8, 11–12, 204 lightweight caementa, 15, 30, 37 209n15 Prusa, Turkey, 7 structural analysis of, 190 stadium, 43 public building, imperial oversight, 8 Porticus Aemilia (Navalia), 37, 208, Pausanias, 52, 86 pumice, sources of, 22, 31 218n25 pendentive Puteolanus pulvis, 21 Sanctuary of the Syrian Gods, 126 definition, 72 for building harbors, 22, 25, 26 Severan baths, Palatine, 206n58 Pergamum, Turkey trade in, 27, 37 St. Paul’s Outside the Walls, 46 Hellenistic cistern, 27 Tabularium, 71 Red Hall, 26–27 Qal’eh Zohak, Azerbaijan, 65 Temple of Magna Mater, Palatine, Sanctuary of Asclepius, 87, 191 Qusayer an-Nuwayis, Jordan, 212n10 208n105 Temple of Asclepius, 33, 35, 46, 67 Trajan’s Markets, 45, 206n58, 221n29 Temple of Trajan, 15, 16, 17 ratioofarchradiustowallheight, Romulus Augustus, 204 Ti. Claudius Celsus Orestianus, 67 182 Ruscino. See Perpignan Perpignan, France (bath), 104, 105, 127 ratio of arch thickness to free span, 92, Persepolis, Iran, 65 182, 187, 206n48 Sagalassos, Turkey, 26, 68 petit appareil. See opus vittatum for arch, 12–13 Saldae, Algeria (aqueduct), 9 Petra, Jordan, 29, 78–79, 94, 96, 212n23 for dome, 14 Salleles` d’Aude, France (kiln), 198 Philippi, Greece Ravenna, Italy, 27 Salona, Croatia, 34, 35 inscription, 21 Basilica Ursiana, 126 Samaria (near Jerusalem), 212n10 octagonal church, 94 San Vitale, 114, 204, 214n69 Samos (bath), 58 Philippopolis, Syria (bath), 30, 36 Reggio Calabria, Italy (tombs), 39, 42 Santorini, volcanic ash, 22 Phoenicia, 28, 201 Regni (British Celtic tribe), 138, 149 Saqqara, Egypt, 49, 210n46 Plaxtol, Britain (kiln), 147 Rhodiapolis, Turkey (cistern), 42, 60 Sardinia, 28, 30–31, 37, 200 Pliny the Elder, 22, 46 rib voussoirs. See armchair voussoirs Sardis, Turkey pumice, 31 Riza, Greece, 88 aqueduct, 61 volcanic ash, 21, 22, 23, 24 roller stamp, 33, 132, 139, 146, 147, Bath-Gymnasium complex, 177–78, 178 Pliny the Younger, 8, 67 148 experimental bath, 132, 140, 141, Nicea theater, 7, 8 as diagnostic tool, 129–30, 200 143 request for architect, 9 London-Sussex Group, 134, 135, mausoleum of Claudia Antonia Sabina, Plutarch, 9 135–36, 145, 149 85 Pompeii, 94, 106, 133 on daub, 130, 215n3 Sarsina, Italy (tomb), 39 baths, 132 on Gallic pottery, 150 Sasanian architecture, 73, 125 House of M. Fabius Rufus, 105, 106, ROMACONS, 29 Sbeitla. See Sufetula 127 Romanitas, 67, 68, 149, 192 scaled drawings, 201, 211n91 kilns, 105, 127 Romanization, 5, 6 scoria, in vaults, 30

252

INDEX

seaborne trade. See also Puteolanus pulvis Tacitus, on Britain, 6, 149 tile of lightweight stones, 30–32 Talavera de la Reina, Spain (El Saucedo H-type, 157, 217n12 of volcanic ash, 27 villa), 167 reuse of, 148 Second Punic War, 194 Tamuda, Morocco, 171 roof tile, 39, 68, 86, 162, 163, 171, 178 Segermes, Tunisia, 221n20 Taormina, Sicily, 30 curved, 141 Seleucia-on-the-Tigris, Iraq, 65 Taposiris Magna, Egypt (bath), 159, 193 early use of, 42 Seneca, 132 Tarsus, Turkey (bath), 30, 36 Tipasa, Algeria (tomb), 107 Septimius Severus, 184, 191, 202 Tebtunis, Egypt, 49 Tiryns, Greece, 36 Seville, Spain (inscription), 113 technological development Tivoli, Italy (Sanctuary of Hercules Shahr-i-Qumis, Iran, 65 definition/criteria, 4–5 Victor), 39, 218n25 shipwrecks, with vaulting tubes, 115 importance of bath buildings, 17, 69, Togidubnus, king of the Regni, 149 Side, Turkey 193–95 Tolegassos, Spain (villa), 170 Agora Baths, 58 technology shelf, 5, 8, 9, 36, 97, 98 Tongobriga, Portugal (baths), 165, 167–68, East Tomb, 85, 86, 94 technology transfer, 50, 68, 127, 169, 172, 173, 219n60 Temple of Apollo, 26 199–202 Trajan, 67 West Mausoleum, 84, 83–85, 85, 96, 97, itinerant tile makers, 149, 200 Parthian War, 65, 66, 69 180, 203 military recruitment, 171, 201 Tralles, Turkey (bath), 46, 48, 208n1 Simitthus, 214n60. See Chemtou written sources, 201 trass (volcanic ash), 22, 27 Sitifis, Algeria, 214n60 Tell al Rimah, Iraq, 72, 94 Trier, Germany Smyrna. See Izmir Tell Jemmeh, Israel, 65 Constantinian Basilica, 219n61 social mobility, 12, 203 Tepe Nush-i Jan, Iran, 65 Imperial Thermae, 34, 34, 143 Soknopaiou Nesos, Egypt, 49, 50, 73–79, terracotta workshops, 113 Troezen, Greece (tombs), 46, 87n4 77, 94, 212n20 innovations from, 192, 202 truss, 46, 167 house II.201, 74–75 itinerant tile makers, 145, 146, 148, tubi fittili. See vaulting tube Sparta, Greece (basilica), 62 150 tubulus. See wall heating Split, Croatia migration of craftsmen, 127, 150 tuff, 30, 32 Mausoleum of Diocletian, 83, 89–94, tile makers as design builders, 135, 138 crushed in mortar, 24, 26 90, 91, 93, 97, 213n54 Tertullian, 116 concealed staircase, 92 Tetrarchs, 11, 88, 97, 203 Ulpian, 9 crypt, 97 Thabraca, Tunisia, 214n60 Ur, Iraq, 73, 77 Palace of Diocletian, 33, 33, 34, 203 Thamusida, Morocco, 171 urbanization, 138, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, St. Albans, Britain, 29, 130 Thermes de Fleuves, 165, 167 194 St. Louis Arch, 50 Thebes, Egypt, 211n91 Uthina, Tunisia, 27, 114 Stanton Low, Britain (villa bath), 160 Dier el Medina (tomb), 49, 65 Utica, Tunisia (tomb), 107 stone saw, 48 Dra’ Abu el-Naga’ (tomb), 73 Strabo, 23, 174, 175 Ramesseum, 49 Vaison-la-Romaine, France (domus bath), Strait of Gibraltar, 171, 173, 201 tomb of Amenhotep, son of Hapu, 49 169 structural analysis Thelepte, Tunisia (bath), 110, 114, 115, Valencia, Spain (bath), 157, 194 funicular polygon method, 177, 181 118, 124 Valentine, France (villa), 174 Rankine factor (definition), 182–83 Theophrastus, 23, 28, 207n59 Varna, Bulgaria (tomb), 78, 212n4 thrust line analysis, 177 Thessaloniki, Greece Var ro, 199–200 application of, 182–90 Arch of Galerius, 64, 64 vault definition, 180–81 Church of St. Demetrius, 85, 94, 95, cut stone, 48 Suetonius, 94 212n46 geometry, 49, 72, 94, 96, 124, 124, Sufetula, Tunisia (Christian basilica), odeum, 60, 60 210n54 126 Palace of Galerius, 89, 89, 92, 203 laying out of, 92, 125 Syracuse, Sicily, 30, 126, 202 Rotunda of Galerius, 64, 88, 89, 90, 92 part of structural system, 83, 177–80 “Gymnasium”, 30 Thouria, Greece (bath), 34, 36 supported on portico, 97, 109, 111, 121, contrada Zappalabath,` 100 Thugga. See Dougga 179–80

253

INDEX

vault type, 22 pitched brick, 88–89 Vitruvius, 22, 201 arched barrel vault, 74, 74, 76–77 pitched brick, fan technique, 94 crushed terracotta in mortar, 27, 37 barrel vault squinch vault, 70, 72–73, 74, 124 hanging vaults, 37 strength of, 39, 45, 61, 178 Trompengewolbe¨ . See squinch vault villas, 199 three-brick vault, 50–52, 54, 58, trumpet vault. See squinch vault volcanic ash in mortar, 20, 22–23, 24 65 volta a vela. See sail vault Vodica,ˇ Republic of Macedonia cloister vault. See pavilion vault vaulting pot. See kilns, vaulting pot roof (St. Leontius), 94 composite sail vault, 125, 124–26 vaulting tube, 194–95, 197, 201, 204. See volcanic ash. See also mortar type, volcanic cross vault, 71, 85 Chapter 5 ash mortar pitched brick, 212n4 bullet-shaped type, 100, 102, 102, 112, volcanic zones, 22, 24, 27, 30, 36 structural behavior, 179, 179–80 126 dome, 13, 13–14, 21, 97, 206n51 iron connectors, 100, 104, 105, 126, wall heating system, 167, 168–69 brick, 46, 67, 92, 204 202 box-tile, 129, 132–33, 140, 145, 147 of vaulting tubes, 109, 204 nozzle type (deﬁnition), 107 double ﬂue type, 134, 136–37 pitched brick, 89–94 numbers required, 114 introduction to Britain, 132 pitched brick, fan technique, 91, 91, used for portico vaults, 179–80 spacer peg/tube, 165, 168, 201, 219n60 93 water-pipe type, 100, 102, 105, 106, strut wall heating, 165, 166, 173 dome on pendentives, 72 127 tegulae mammatae, 133, 132–33, 165, 168, in Byzantine architecture, 72, 73, 77, vector, 181, 182 170, 201, 219n60 78 Verona, Italy, 39 terminology, 217n17 dome with continuous pendentives. See vertical tubes in vault, 15, 16, 17, 34, tongue and groove wall heating, 165, sail vault 206n58 164–67, 166, 171, 173, 201 half sail vault, 124, 125 Vesuvius, 30, 37 Ward-Perkins, John B., 5, 6–7, 14, 64, Hangcuppel¨ . See sail vault Vienne, France, 8, 27, 170 205n18 pavilion vault, 71 villa culture, 173, 174, 195–96 Westhampnett, Britain, 135 pendentive dome. See sail vault Britain, 137, 148, 149, 200 Winchester, Britain, 137 sail vault, 74 during Late Antiquity, 12, 148, 174, 203 Wroxeter, Britain (public baths), 143, 191 cut stone, 78 Gallaecia, 176 pitched brick, fan technique, 79, 79, Gaul, 169, 170 Xanten, Germany 82, 85 Italy, 199–200 experimental bath, 131, 140, 143 structural behavior, 179, 180 Spain, 170 hollow voussoirs at, 148, 151 supported on portico, 80–81, 83, Vindolana. See Chesterholm 180 vine cultivation, 112, 173 York, Britain, 109, 110, 170 semidome Vingone, Italy (kiln), 156, 156, 161, of vaulting tubes, 126, 128 172 Zalalovo, Hungary, 171

254