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Xantener Berichte 23 XANTENER BERICHTE Band 23 XANTENER BERICHTE LEGIO XXX ULPIA VICTRIX Grabung – Forschung – Präsentation Ihre Geschichte, ihre Soldaten, ihre Denkmäler herausgegeben von Martin Müller Marcus Reuter E ine Veröffentlichung des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland LV R-Archäologischer Park Xanten / LVR-RömerMuseum VERLAG PHILIPP VoN ZABERN LEGIO XXX ULPIA VICTRIX Ihre Geschichte, ihre Soldaten, ihre Denkmäler Marcus Reuter VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-8053-4586-6 LVR-Archäologischer Park Xanten LVR-RömerMuseum Alle Rechte vorbehalten Copyright Landschaftsverband Rheinland LVR-Archäologischer Park Xanten / LVR-RömerMuseum 2012 Redaktion: Linden Soft Verlag e. K., Aichwald Satz: www.comlay.de Druck: B.o.s.s Druck und Medien, Goch Printed in Germany Print kompensiert Id-Nr. 1113222 www.bvdm-online.de VRE LAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN · DARMSTADT / MAINZ I nhalt Vorwort des Herausgebers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VII Vorwort • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • IX Danksagung • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • X Einleitung – Die römischen Legionen und die legio XXX Ulpia victrix als Forschungsgegenstand • • 1 1 Geschichte • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 1.1 Die Gründung der Legion unter Traian • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 1.2 Das „Emblem“ der legio XXX Ulpia victrix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 1.3 Der Aufenthalt im Donauraum • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 1.4 Die Ankunft am Niederrhein • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 1.5 Die Zeit von Hadrian bis Commodus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 1.6 Die legio XXX Ulpia victrix unter den Severern • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 1.7 Die Zeit von 235 n. Chr. bis 260 n. Chr. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 1.8 Die Zeit des Gallischen Sonderreiches • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 1.9 Carausius • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 1.10 Die legio XXX Ulpia victrix in der Spätantike • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 2 Die Soldaten der legio XXX Ulpia victrix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 2.1 Einleitung • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 2.2 Die Legionskommandeure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 2.3 Die primipili und die Lagerpräfekten • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 2.4 Die Tribunen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 2.5 Die Centurionen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 2.6 Die optiones • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 2.7 Die Feldzeichenträger • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 2.8 Die principales • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 2.9 Die Mannschaftsdienstgrade • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 2.10 Die Veteranen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 3 Die kulturelle, soziale und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der legio XXX für den Niederrhein • • • 45 3.1 Einleitung • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 3.2 Die legio XXX Ulpia victrix – ein Spiegelbild der niedergermanischen Provinzbevölkerung? • 45 3.3 Die legio XXX und die Romanisierung am Niederrhein • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 3.4 Die Legion als Wirtschaftsfaktor • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 4 Zusammenfassung • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 5 Die Inschriften der legio XXX Ulpia victrix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 5.1 Vorwort zu Inhalt und Aufbau des Katalogteils – Das epigraphische Material der legio XXX• 51 5.2 Katalog der epigraphischen Denkmäler • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 6 Verzeichnisse • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 181 6.1 Verzeichnis der abgekürzt zitierten Literatur • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 181 6.2 Index Nominum • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 191 6.3 Index Cognominum • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 192 6.4 Abbildungsverzeichnis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 194 Vorwort des Herausgebers Die 30. Legion darf als „Hauslegion“ des römischen Xanten gelten, die über lange Zeit das mi- litärische Gesicht der Region prägte. In enger räumlicher Zuordnung zur Colonia Ulpia Trai- ana nahm sie besonderen Einfluss auf die zivile Großstadt und die gesamte Region des Nie- derrheins. Dem Autor Dr. Marcus Reuter ist es zu verdanken, die Inschriften, die mit dieser Legion in Verbindung zu bringen sind, erstmals vollständig ediert und vorgelegt zu haben. Da- rüber hinaus hat er die Bedeutung dieser Legion für die Entwicklung des römischen Nieder- rheins anschaulich herausgearbeitet. An der Durchführung dieses Forschungsprojektes im LVR-Archäologischen Park Xanten / LVR-RömerMuseum waren zahlreiche Kolleginnen und Kollegen beteiligt. Ein besonderer Dank gilt hier wieder einmal dem Grafiker der Dienststelle, Horst Stelter, für die Erstellung und Nachbearbeitung zahlreicher Fotos und Grafiken. Die Redaktionsarbeiten übernahmen Jörg Lindenbeck, Horst Rother und Ingo Martell, der sorgfältige Satz ist Reinhard Fiedrich zu verdanken. Der besondere Dank gilt natürlich dem Autor dieser Publikation, Marcus Reuter, der die- se Arbeit konsequent innerhalb weniger Jahre voranbrachte und abschloss. Umso erfreulicher, dass es gelungen ist, diese Forschungen wenige Wochen nach Fertigstellung des Manuskriptes als Xantener Bericht 23 vorzulegen. DR. MARTIN MÜLLER Dienststellenleiter LVR-Archäologischer Park Xanten LVR-RömerMuseum Vorwort Die dreißigste Legion zählt zu jenen Truppenkörpern des römischen Heeres, denen lange Zeit ein nur geringes wissenschaftliches Interesse entgegengebracht wurde. Dieser Umstand dürf- te auch darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass von der langjährigen Garnison der Truppe am Nie- derrhein keine archäologischen Überreste mehr erhalten geblieben sind. Das Lager Vetera II bei Xanten, wo die Legion immerhin mehr als zwei Jahrhunderte lang stationiert war, wur- de in nachantiker Zeit vollständig vom Rhein abgespült; die Überreste ruhen heute in etwa 10 Metern Tiefe unter mächtigen Kies-Ablagerungen. Aus diesem Grund ist auch der Bestand an inschriftlichen Denkmälern der Legion, zumindest in Xanten, recht überschaubar geblieben – nur etwa zwei Dutzend Steindenkmäler der legio XXX Ulpia victrix sind bislang aus dem nä- heren Umfeld ihres Standortes bekannt geworden. Die Angehörigen dieser Legion haben jedoch auch an zahlreichen anderen Orten innerhalb und außerhalb der Provinz Niedergermanien Inschriften hinterlassen, die z. T. aufschlussrei- che Einblicke in die Geschichte und innere Struktur der Truppe bieten. So sind heute aus ins- gesamt 16 verschiedenen modernen Staaten Inschriften bekannt, in denen die dreißigste Legion erwähnt wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden alle diese Denkmäler in einem wissenschaft- lichen Katalog erfasst, wobei insgesamt 163 Inschriften ermittelt werden konnten. Trotz der ungünstigen Überlieferungssituation in Xanten liegt damit ein unerwartet hoher epigraphi- scher Materialbestand vor, der durchaus mit dem anderer Legionen vergleichbar ist. Dieser Sachverhalt bot eine vielversprechende Ausgangsbasis für die nähere Untersuchung der Trup- pengeschichte, zumal sich mit dieser Thematik letztmalig E. Ritterling im Jahre 1925 – also vor über 85 Jahren! – beschäftigt hatte. Xanten, im Dezember 2011 Marcus Reuter X Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit wäre ohne die Hilfsbereitschaft und Unterstützung vieler Kolleginnen und Kolle- gen im In- und Ausland nicht zustande gekommen. Für zahlreiche anregende Diskussionen sowie für Hilfe bei der (nicht immer ganz einfachen) Beschaffung von Fotovorlagen und Fachliteratur möchte ich folgenden Personen ganz herzlich danken: Patrick Auger (Musées de Bourges), Steve Bödecker M. A. (LVR-Rheini- sches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege Bonn), Dr. Claudia Braun (Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheim), Dr. Clive Bridger-Kraus (LVR-Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege Xanten), Dr. Marion Brüggler (LVR-Rheinisches Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege Xanten), Dr. Alexandra Busch (Deutsches Archäologi- sches Institut Rom), Nadja Bühler (Nürtingen), Dr. Karsten Dahmen (Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Mu- seen zu Berlin), Joop J. V. M. Derksen (Vianen), Dr. Wilhelm Diedenhofen (Kleve), Prof. Dr. Werner Eck (Bergisch Gladbach), Dr. Harry van Enckevort (Bureau Archeologie en Monumenten, Nijmegen), Dr. Sy- bille Friedrich (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Außenstelle Mayen), Dr. Christian Gugl (Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Wien), Prof. Dr. Rudolf Haensch (Kommission für Alte Ge- schichte und Epigraphik, München), Dr. Ruud Halbertsma (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden), Georgi Iliev (Historisches Museum Stara Zagora), Dr. Karen Jeneson (Thermenmuseum Heerlen), Kurt Kleemann (Museum Remagen), Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kuhoff (Universität Augsburg), PD Dr. Michael Kunst (Deutsches A rchäologisches Institut, Madrid), Dr. Bernd Liesen (LVR-Archäologischer Park Xanten), Prof. Dr. Chris- tian Marek (Universität Zürich), Michel Martin (Musée de Arles et de la Provence antiques, Arles), Dr. Martin Müller (LVR-Archäologischer Park Xanten / LVR-RömerMuseum),
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