ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the ten years that were spent in editing the three African Series volumes, the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers project has incurred an unusually large number of institutional, intel- lect jal, and personal debts. The preparation of the volumes would never have bee i possible without the continuing support and assistance of a wide array of nanuscript librarians, archivists, university libraries, scholars, funding age icies, university administrators, fellow editors, and friends. While the debts thus accrued over the past decade can never be adequately discharged, it is still a great pleasure to acknowledge them. They form an integral part of whatever permanent value these volumes possess. We would like here to acknowledge our deep appreciation to so many for contributing so greatly to this endeavor. In a real sense, these volumes represent the fruition of the efforts of many hands that have worked selflessly to assist in documenting the story of the African Garvey movement. We would like to thank the many archives and manuscript collections that hav ; contributed documents as well as assisted the project by responding with unfiiling courtesy and promptness to our innumerable queries for informa- dor : American Colonization Society Papers; Archives africaines, Place Royale, Brussels; Archives de Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris; Archives du Senegal, Dakar; Archives nationales du Cameroun, Yaounde; Archives of the Département évangélique français d'action apostolique, Paris; Archives of the Department of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Monrovia, Liberia; Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, Texas; Archivio storico del Ministero degli affari esteri, Pavia, Italy; Arquivo de Ministerio dos négocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Arquivo histórico de Moçambique, Maputo; Bermuda Archives, Hamilton; Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre des archives d'outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, France; Department of Archives, Black Rock Saint James, Barbados; Federal Archives and Records Center, East Poi it, Georgia; Foreign Ministry Archives, Quatre Bras, Brussels; Free State Arc lives Depot, Bloemfontein, South Africa; God's Kingdom Society Papers, Nigeria; Government Archives Service, Central Archives Depot, Pretoria, South Africa; Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Northwestern University Library, Chicago, Illinois; Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town; Kenya National Archives, Nairobi; League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland; Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Division, Schamburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library (Asior, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations); Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Direction des Archives de France, Archives nationales,

xliii THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIA PAPERS

Section Outre-mer, Paris; Natal Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; National Archives, Washington, D.C.; National Archives Division, Ministry of National Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Archives of Ghana, Accra, and Regional Offices, Cape Coast and Kumasi; National Archives of Lesotho, Maseru; National Archives of Malawi, Zomba; National Archives of Namibia, Department of National Education, Windhoek; National Archives of Nigeria, Enugu and Ibadan; National Archives of Zam- bia, Lusaka; National Archives of Zimbabwe, Harare; National Historical Publications and Records Commission, Washington, D.C.; New York Times Archives, New York; Senegal National Archives, Dakar; Service des archives, Coromandel, ìle Maurice (Mauritius); Sierra Leone Public Archives Service, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown; South African Archives, Justice Department files, Pretoria; Talladega College Historical Archives, Talladega, Alabama; Transvaal Archives Depot, Transvaal, South Africa; Tuskegee Archives, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; UCLA Department of Special Collections, Los Angeles; and Western Reserve His- torical Society, Cleveland, Ohio. A large number of libraries and their staffs have also provided documents and rendered extraordinarily valuable service in response to the project's flow of requests for bibliographical data as well as for historical and biographical materials. We wish to acknowledge and thank for their assistance: Aberdeen University Library, Aberdeen, Scotland; Biblioteca nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon; Bibliothèque nationale, Service photographique, Paris; Bibliothèque royale, Brussels; Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts; the British Library, London; Butler Library, Columbia University, New York; Cambridge Univer- sity Library, Cambridge, England; Center for African American Studies Library, UCLA; Cory Library for Historical Research, Rhodes University Library, Grahamstown, South Africa; Edinburgh University Library, Edin- burgh, Scotland; Fisk University Library Special Collections, Nashville, Ten- nessee; George Arents Research Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Ghana Library Board, Research Library on African Affairs, Accra; Guildhall Library, London; Hackney Library Services, Borough of Hackney, London; Interact Research Centre, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, England; InterDocumentation Company AG, Switzerland; Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Killie Campbell Africana Library, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Library of Parliament, Republic of South Africa, Cape Town; Lincoln's Inn Library, London; Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois; Michigan State University Special Collections, East Lansing; National Library of Jamaica, Kingston; New York Public Library; Pitts Theology Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Rhodes House Library, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England; School of Oriental and African Studies Library, University of London; South African Library, Cape Town; State Library, Pretoria, South Africa; State Library, Salem, Oregon; Syracuse University Library, Syracuse, New York; Tacoma Public Library, Tacoma, Washington;

xliv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

University of Cape Town, Africana and Special Collections Department, J. W. Jagger Library, Cape Town; University of Ibadan, Africana Collection, Ibadan, Nigeria; University of Lagos Library, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Liberia Libraries, Monrovia; University of Massachusetts Library, Amherst; University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg; Whitehall Library, Ministry of Defence, Great Scotland Yard, London; Yale University Divinity School Library, New Haven, Connecticut; and Young Men's Christian Association Library, New Yoik. Several governmental agencies contributed time and resources to the project by assisting with the collection and reproduction of documents. The project wishes to thank these agencies and their staffs for their cooperation: American Cultural Center, Johannesburg, South Africa; American Cultural Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Belgian Embassy, Washington, D.C.; Centre cukurel américain, Dakar, Senegal; Consuls General of Belgium, Chicago (Jazques Melsens) and Atlanta (Robert L. Van Overberghe); Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Gambia Public Records Office, Banjul; Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft (Municipal Art hives), the Netherlands; Greater Manchester County Record Office, New Cross, Manchester, England; Library and Records Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London; Ministère de relations extérieures, Archives et documentation, France; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Martial de la Foiirnière, Paris; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Archives africaines, de commerce extérieur et de la cooperation au développement, Brussels; Ministère de l'alphabétisation et de la culture populaire, Benin; New York Supreme Court, Hall of Records, New York; Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, England; Public Record Office, London; Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Lo idon; Service des archives du Ministère des affaires étrangères, Brussels; South African Consulate, Beverly Hills, California; U.S. Embassy, Banjul, the Ganbia; United States Information Service, Accra, Ghana; United States InfDrmation Service, Lusaka, Zambia; and Washington National Records Ce iter, Suitland, Maryland. Other public and private institutions have assisted the project. They include the Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock; Baptist Missionary Society, Lo idon; British Museum, London; California Museum of Photography, University of California at Riverside; Caribbean Cultural Center, New York; Church Missionary Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Creighton University Archives, Omaha, Nebraska; De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., Kimberley, South Africa; Edinburgh House, London; Edinburgh University Special Col- lectons, Edinburgh, Scotland; Evangelical Lutheran Mission Archives, Her- mannsburg, Germany; General Council of the Bar, London; Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia; Honourable Society of Gray's Inn Trust Fund, Lo idon; Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, London; Honourable Society of the Middle Temple, London; Institut universitaire d'études du développement, Geneva; Institute for Race Relations, Johannesburg, South Africa; Instituto nacional des estudos e pesquisa, Guinea-Bissau; The King- dom Archives, Fairwood Bible Institute, Dublin, New Hampshire; Meridor

xlv THE MARC:US GARVEY AND UNIA PAPERS

House, Cambridge, England; Midland Lutheran College Archives, Fremont, Nebraska; Alumni Office, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln; Oficina histórica, Centro de estudos africanos, University de Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Italian Documents Collection, St. Antony's College, Oxford, England; University of California at Berkeley Archives; Manuscripts and Archives Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon; Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Documentation Centre for African Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria; Underwood Photographic Archives, San Francisco, California; Vereinigte Evangelische Mission, Wuppertal, Germany; William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatcrsrand, Johannesburg; and W. E. B. Du Bois Film Project, Philadelphia. Along the way a large number of individuals in many countries have aided the various research efforts of the project. Despite their own busy schedules, they responded to the project's numerous requests for advice and assistance. We would like to thank Michael Adas, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Ade Adefuye, Nigerian High Commissioner to Jamaica; Nana Oware Agyekum II, Omanhene Akim Busume, and Akim Swedru, Ghana; Hélène d'Almeida-Topor, Paris; Mario de Andrade, Lisbon; James C. Armstrong, Field Director, Library of Congress, Nairobi, Kenya; S. K. B. Asante, University of Florida, Gainesville; Kofi Baku, Department of History, University of Ghana, Accra; Robert Baldock, University of Bristol, England; Albert Ball, Cultural Affairs Officer, United States Information Service; Arlindo Barbeitos, Luanda, Angola; Kalidu Bayu, Department of Youth and Sports, Banjul, the Gambia; William Beinart, University of Bristol; Ruby Bell-Gam, African Studies bibliographer, University Research Library, UCLA; Gerald J. Bender, Director, School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Frank A. Biletz, Department of History, University of Chicago; Richard Blackett, Department of History, Indiana University, Bloomington; Philip Bonner, Department of History, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannes- burg, South Africa; Alan R. Booth, Department of History, Ohio University, Athens; Gianni Bozzi, Rome; Belina Bozzoli, Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; John D. Brewer, Department of Social Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Richard F. Celeste, former Governor of Ohio; Tonya Chrislu, Director, International Student Services, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Gervase Clarence-Smith, Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Frank Coleman, Lincoln University Alumni Department, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania; tJames S. Coleman, UCLA; Timothy Connelly, Research Archivist, National Historical Publications and Records Commission; Philip Curtin, Department of History, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville; Richard Davis, Department of History, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Alvaro Ferrand de Almeida Fernandes, Director

xlvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Archives, Ministerio dos ncgocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Brian Digre, Department of History, University of Southern Mississippi; Bill Elkins, London; Lothar Engel, Hamburg, Germany; Linda J. Evans, Associate Curator of Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois; D. A. Farnie, Manchester, England; Magbaily Fyle, University of Sierra Leone; David Gardinier, Department of History, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Imanucl Geiss; Carlo Giglio, Director, Istituto di storia ed istituzioni dei paesi afroasiatici, Pavia, Italy; Jeffrey P. Green, West Sussex, England; Albert Grundlingh, Department of History, University of So ith Africa, Pretoria; G. M. Haliburton, Rivers State College of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Jean Herskovits, Department of History, State Uriversity of New York at Purchase; Catherine Higgs, Department of Hiitory, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida; Baruch Hirson, London; A. Baron Holmes III, Holmes, Thompson, Logan and Centrell, Attorneys at La v, Charleston, South Carolina; Allen M. Howard, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Edward D. A. Hulmes, Director, Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, University of Durham, England; Mrs. Cecilia Irvine, Edinburgh, Scotland; Lynette A. Jackson, Cclumbia University, New York; Annie Jeanmonod, assistant to the editor, Genève-Afrique, Geneva, Switzerland; Ray G. Jenkins, Birmingham, England; Douglas H. Johnson, James Currey Ltd., Oxford, England; Reverend Carey Hzrold Jones, Archbishop of West Africa, African Orthodox Church, Kankang, Ghana; James A. Jones, Department of History, West Chester State College, West Chester, Pennsylvania; Samwiri R. Karugire, Head of Department of History, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mubanga E. Kashoki, Principal, University of Zambia at Ndola, Kitwe, Zambia; Amalie Kass, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Tim Keegan, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sojth Africa; Kenneth J. King, Director, Centre of African Studies, Ur iversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Mazisi Kunene, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa; Paul La Hausse, African Studies Institute, Ur iversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Monique Latroum, Paris; Joseph J. Lauer, former African Studies bibliographer, Ur iversity Research Library, UCLA, currently at Michigan State University; Pa il Lee, Best Efforts, Inc., Highland Park, Michigan; Ian Linden; Tom Lodge, Department of Political Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; J. Lorette, Musée royal de l'Armée, Brussels; Douglas Lorimer, Department of History, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Chipasha Luchembe, Department of History, Ur iversity of Zambia, Lusaka; Maryinez Lyons, University of London; Roderick Macdonald, Syracuse University; Patrick Manning, Northeastern Ur iversity, Boston, Massachusetts; Machi Mapuranga, University of Zim- babwe, Harare; Vida Marke, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Shula Marks, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London; E. Ann McDougall, Department of Hiitory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Sister Georgia McGarry, Be ledictine College, Atchison, Kansas; Kate Modiakgotla, Ramotswa,

xlvii THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIA PAPERS

Botswana; Felix Monteiro, Cape Verde; Wilson J. Moses, Department of History, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Helen Mugambi, California State University, Fullerton; Esther Hall Mumford, Seattle, Washington; Jocelyn Murray, Scotland; Colleen and Bernard "Dutch" Newfield, Bensalem, Pennsylvania; Debra Newman-Ham, Library of Con- gress; Robin Palmer, Herts, England; Stephan Palmié, Amerika-Institut, Universität München, Munich, Germany; Rene Pélissier, France; Jeanne Penvenne, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Bai Ahi Phall, School of Public Health, Banjul, the Gambia; Kings M. G. Phiri, University of Malawi; Gerald Pigeon, University of California, Santa Barbara; Edward Price, Assistant Superintendent, Board of Education, Tuckahoe Union Free School District, Eastchester, New York; Barry Ratcliffe, Department of History, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Andrew Reed, Port Alfred, South Africa; Mrs. James D. Reed, Little Rock, Arkansas; J. K. Rennie, Le Vaud, Switzerland; Paul Rich, Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, University of Aston in Birmingham, England; Peter Rob-Jones, Sugar Laboratory, Akuse, Ghana; Robert Ross, Centre for the History of European Expansion, Leiden, the Netherlands; Bernard Salvaing, Centre de recherches africaines, Université de Paris I, Paris; Bonny Sands, Department of Linguistics, UCLA; Eduardo dos Santos, Director, Centro de estudos históricos ultramarinos, Lisbon; Christopher Saunders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; S. M. Serudu, Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria; |Tom Wing Shick, Department of Afro-American Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Denis Mack Smith, Senior Research Fellow Emeritus, All Souls College, Oxford, England; Randrianja Solofo, Université de Tamatave, Madagascar; Aloha P. South, Judicial, Fiscal and Social Branch, Civil Archives Division, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Dean John Spencer, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont; John Spiegler, Chicago, Illinois; Bengt Sunkler, Uppsala, Sweden; Les Switzer, School of Communica- tion, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; Laura Tabili, Department of History, Arizona State University, Tempe; Howard R. Temperley, Depart- ment of English and American Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England; Leonard Thompson, Director, Southern African Research Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Anne Thurston, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Peter Kazenga Tibenderana, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mrs. Christine Tuboko-Metzger, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Michael Twaddle, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Andrew F. Walls, Department of Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; Charles W. Weber, Wheaton College, Whcaton, Illinois; Wolfgang Werner, Cape Town, South Africa; Reverend P. A. Wethereil, Southampton, England; Daniel T. Williams, Archivist, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; Gavin Williams, Fellow and Tutor in Politics and Sociology, St. Peter's College, Oxford, England; William Worgcr, Department of History, UCLA; R. A. Yeovvart, Company Secretary, John Holt and Co., Liverpool, England; Theodore R. Young, Department of

xlviii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Spanish and Portuguese, UCLA; Dr. E. J. Yorke, Department of Defence/ International Affairs, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, Surrey, England; and Moquay Yves-Alain, Société des gens de lettres, Paris. Over the years various individuals have assisted the project with translation of foreign-language documents and phrases. We would like to thank for their ser/ices Thamsanga Flatela and Bessie Motau, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; George Gowaseb, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Michael E. Hoenisch and Susan Shepherd, John E Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany; Francine Jobatcy, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.; Jacqueline Magro; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Nc:diwe Mdunyelwa; Tiitsetso Mphenyeke, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lin- dili- Ndlebe, Los Angeles; Ansgar Simon, Department of Philosophy, UCLA; Bento Sitoe, Head of Linguistics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mc zambique; and Nhlanhla Thwala, Department of Linguistics, UCLA. The planning of the African Series as a collaborative editorial edition presented the project with numerous organizational problems. We had the ber .efit of advice from a panel of seasoned editors who readily agreed to share their expertise in setting up and supervising comparable large-scale projects. Foi their wise counsel, we should like to thank W. Speed Hill, general editor, Tht Works of Richard Hooker, Department of English, Lehman College, City University of New York; Richard Layman, editorial codirector, Dictionary of Literary Biography\ BC Research, a division of Bruccoli Clark Publishers, Co umbia, South Carolina; David A. Richardson, managing editor, The Spenser Encyclopedia, Department of English, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio; Elizabeth Hall Witherell, editor in chief, The Writings of He try D. Thoreau, Department of English, University of California, Santa Barbara; and David Woodward, editor in chief, History of Cartography, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The basic project design summarizing the recommendations of the advisory panel was prepared by Charles F. Bahmuellcr, former associate editor of the Marcus Gai vey Papers and UNIA Papers project, in February 1985; it was entitled "The Organization of a System of External Contributions to an Editing Prcject: A Summary of Research Findings." Because of the revised editorial design of the African volumes, the project had the job of identifying and commissioning a panel of scholarly contributors to i ssist in annotating the large number of African references contained in the documents. For their willingness to serve and the time that it took away from the r own projects, we should like to acknowledge and thank the following contributors: Ralph A. Austen, University of Chicago; Teresa Barnes, Univer- sity of Cape Town; Nicole Bernard-Duquenet, University of Paris; A. Adu BOÎ hen, University of Ghana; Joye L. Bowman, University of Massachusetts at /jiiherst; Helen Bradford, University of Cape Town; Tim Couzens, Univer- sity of the Witwatersrand; Adelaide M. Cromwell, Boston University; LaRay Denzer, University of Ibadan; Philippe Dewitte, Paris; Jill R. Dias, Univer-

xlix THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIA PAPERS sitv of Lisbon; Robert Edgar, Howard University; Tony Emmett, Institute for Sociological and Demographic Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Christopher Fyfe, professor emeritus, University of Edinburgh; tRita Headrick; Ian Henderson, Coventry (Lancaster) Polytech- nic, England; Arnold Hughes, University of Birmingham; Allen Isaacman, University of Minnesota; Abiola Ade Lipede, University of York; Wvatt Mac- Gaffev, Haverford College; fFran^ois Manchuelle; Patrick Manning, North- eastern University; Harold G. Marcus, Michigan State University; Richard Newman, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University; Rina L. Okonkwo, University of Nigeria, Enugu; Melvin E. Page, East Tennessee State Univer- sity; Sean Redding, Amherst College; R. S. Roberts, University of Zimbabwe; Alberto Sbacchi, Atlantic Union College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; Leon P. Spencer, Talladega College; Ibrahim Sundiata, Bran- deis University; Jean-Luc Vellut, Catholic University of Louvain; Michael O. West, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and Donald R. Wright, State University College at Cortland, State University of New York. It was also necessary to identify and appoint a team of scholars to review and evaluate the content of contributors' annotations. Of necessity, the identity of the panel of peer reviewers must remain anonymous, both collectively and individually. Their diligence and critical eye for historical detail supplied important quality control and greatly improved the African Series volumes. We wish to express the project's gratitude to all of the reviewers. In keeping with the revised plan of the series, the project appointed a special editorial advisory board made up of distinguished Africanist scholars. Their service to the project took several forms, viz., helping to identify contributing scholars and peer reviewers, finding fugitive archival documents, identifying local researchers, and, most importantly, advising on the editorial organization of the volumes. The enthusiastic support given to the project as well as their sound advice have served the project well over the past decade. We should like to acknowledge the valuable service rendered to the project by E. U. Essien- Udom, University of Ibadan; Christopher Fyfe, formerly of the University of Edinburgh; fThomas L. Hodgkin; Arnold Hughes, University of Birmingham; J. Avodele Langley, New Transcentury Foundation, Roslyn, Virginia; John Lonsdale, Trinity College, Cambridge University; Hollis R. Lynch, Columbia University; Terence O. Ranger, University of Manchester; Andrew D. Roberts, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Robert I. Rotberg, Lafayette College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; and Charles van Onselen, University of the Witwatersrand. In the years that the project has been functioning, undergraduate and graduate students have assisted with the work of research. Their special blend of resourcefulness, enthusiasm, and diligence has greatly aided the project in accomplishing its objectives. It is a pleasure to acknowledge and thank the following individuals: Natalie Baszile, Reginald Daniels, Diane Doberneck, Joshua Friedland, Patricia Karimi-Taleghani, Kairn Kleiman, Ronald Kunene, Jacqueline Magro, Abner Mariri, Gregory Pirio, Ulli Ryder, Katherine Sadler, Allison Shutt, Peter Szanton, Eric Taylor, Damion Thomas, and Victoria

I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Zimmerman. In addition, Christine Nguyen contributed valuable computer skil s and a keen understanding of editorial methodology during the revision staj;e of the manuscript. Monica Kim assisted Chin C. Kao with computer typesetting and ably completed the volume's final revisions. The project would aisc like to acknowledge the editorial contribution of Kathleen Sheldon. "he final stages of production depended upon the expertise of several ind viduals. The numerous design features and interlocking parts, to say nothing of the complex editorial methodology and huge amount of historical dat.i supporting and explicating the texts, presented a formidable copyediting challenge. Nicholas Goodhue demonstrated rare skill as copyeditor of the final manuscript. Sylvia Tidwell, the project's former copyeditor, contributed to the final revision of the biographical annotations as well as to the contribu- tor;' historical essays. Linda Robertson managed to translate suggestions from the project staff into a design that is not only efficient but also aesthetically appealing. The maps for each of the volumes were expertly prepared by Guy Baker, cartographer with the Cartography Unit, Depart- ment of Geography, University College, University of London. Wc wish to express the project's appreciation to each of them for their valuable contribu- tions. The widely variant spellings of the names of individuals and places referred to in the documents posed a serious challenge. Robin Haller carried out the difficult task of indexing the volumes with her customary diligence and acute eye for discrepancies, and in the process provided the project with a valuable additional quality-control check. Vhe University of California Press and its staff have once again proved wh;.t an important part academic publishing plays in the larger scholarly enterprise. The project's sponsoring editor and assistant director of the UC Press, Stanley Holwitz, facilitated an otherwise arduous process by assisting witli the various arrangements at every step of the production and publication process. The press's design and production director, Anthony Crouch, pro- vidrd valuable advice to the project on a variety of technical topics. Rebecca Fra.;ier, Diana Feinberg, Mina Freehill, and Susan Guttman also assisted the pro ect by smoothing the path of the manuscript toward final publication. We wish to express the project's appreciation to each of them for their profes- sior al support. Supervision of a large historical documentary editing project brings with it many responsibilities that place administrative demands on the academic institution and department with which it is affiliated. Over the past decade the Garvey project has been singularly fortunate in receiving a level of administrative support that has become all too rare in an era of academic belt-tightening. For their continuing support the project acknowledges the significant contribution made by UCLA's James S. Coleman African Studies Certer and International Studies and Overseas Programs. Without their uns :inting support and understanding of the demands of the research and editorial processes, final publication of the African Series volumes would have bee i impossible. We should like to express the project's deep appreciation to them for their invaluable support.

li THK MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIA PAPERS

Finally, the project wishes to acknowledge the institutional sponsors of the edition as well as the generous assistance received from private foundations in support of the project's work. We should like to thank the National Endow- ment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and the Ford, Rockefeller, Ahmanson, and UCLA Foundations.

lii